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Unit 3 THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
наизусть
Constitutional, parliamentary, monarchy, European, community, Parliament, legislative, effect, executive, court, judicial, monarch, succeed, throne, however, decision, reign, ancient, through, examine, government, introduce, certain, royal, assent, hereditary, peer, spiritual, church, appeal, chancellor, concerning, conservative, labour, nucleus, discussion, therefore, considerable.
2. Read and memorize the following words and word combinations: наизусть
community – сообщество
Act of Parliament – парламентский акт, закон
legislative – законодательный
executive – исполнительный
to put a law into effect – проводить закон в жизнь
judicial-судебный ,
to reign – царствовать
the House of Commons (тж. The Commons) – палата общин
the House of Lords ( тж. The Lords) – палата лордов
to raise money – собирать деньги
bill – билль, законопроект
Royal Assent – королевская санкция
hereditary – наследуемый
peer – пэр, лорд
spiritual – духовный
temporal – светский
chamber – палата
Court of Appeal – апелляционный суд
Lord Chancellor – лорд-канцлер
concerning — относительно
general election – всеобщие выборы
the Conservative Party – Консервативная партия
the Labour Party – Лейбористская партия
majority – большинство
nucleus – ядро
to appoint – назначать
3. Read and translate the text:
STATE SYSTEM пересказ
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is one of the six constitutional (or parliamentary) monarchies within the European Community. The British Constitution is unwritten and is not contained in any single document. It is based on Acts of Parliament (laws).
The system of state power includes three branches: Parliament, which makes Saws (the legislative branch); the government, which puts laws into effect (the executive branch); and the law courts, which interpret Acts of Parliament (the judicial branch). The monarch, Queen Elizabeth II, who succeeded to the throne in 1952, is officially head of all three branches. Everything is done in the Queen's name. It is her government, her law courts, her armed forces and so on. She appoints all the Ministers, including the Prime Minister. Everything is done however on the advice of the elected government, and the monarch takes no part in the decision-making process. So it is often said that the Queen reigns but does not rule.
The centre of British politics is Parliament, consisting of the House of Commons and the House of Lords and the Queen as its head. Parliament is known as "Westminster", since it is housed in the Palace of Westminster, once a home of the monarchy. Like the monarchy, Parliament is an ancient institution, dating from 1265. It is the oldest Parliament in the world, that is why Great Britain is known as Mother of Parliaments.
Parliament's functions today are to raise money for government through taxation; to examine government policy, administration and spending; to discuss important political questions. But the main function is making laws. A bill (a proposal for a new law) may be introduced by any member of Parliament. But in practice most bills are proposed by the government. When both Houses agree on a text after debating, the bill is sent to the Queen for her Royal Assent, at which point it becomes an Act of Parliament. A bill which has been passed by the House of Commons is almost certain to become law, and about fifty bills become Acts each year. The Lords can only delay the process but cannot stop bills from becoming Acts. The Royal Assent is a formality: no monarch has refused a bill since 1707.
The House of Lords consists of more than 1,000 hereditary and life peers (who are not elected and not paid a salary). But only about 250 take an active part in the work of the House, including the Lords Spiritual (26 bishops of the Church of England) and the Lords Temporal, who undertake the judicial duties. (The chamber also works as the highest and final Court of Appeal). The chairman of the House of Lords is Lord Chancellor, who sits on a special seat called the Woolsack (a symbol of British welfare). The monarch's throne is in the Lords. The Queen sits on it once a year to make her speech at the opening of a new session of Parliament (concerning the government's broad programme).
The House of Commons consists of 659 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs for short). Each of them represents an area in England, Scotland, Wales or Northern Ireland. MPs are elected by the adult population at a general election every five years. The head of the Commons is the Speaker.
The British parliamentary system depends on political parties. (Nowadays the Conservative and the Labour Parties dominate in the UK). The political parties choose candidates in elections. The party which wins the majority of seats in the House of Commons forms the government (about 100 ministers), and its leader usually becomes Prime Minister. The Prime Minister chooses about 20 MPs from his or her party to become the Cabinet of Ministers. The nucleus of the government, the Cabinet acts as one body with 'collective responsibility'. It meets at №10, Downing Street (the Prime Minister's residence), and its discussions are secret. All major decisions of the government are made by the Cabinet. Therefore, it is the Cabinet that forms government policy.
The Prime Minister has considerable individual power to introduce and control policies, to represent the nation in political matters, to run the government, to appoint Cabinet Ministers and to change the Cabinet. The Prime Minister also continues to lead the majority party. The second largest party becomes the official opposition with its own leader and "Shadow cabinet".
Unit 2 THE POLITICAL SYSTEM
PART 1: THE LEGISLATIVE BRANCH.
1. Read and memorize: наизусть
legislative законодательный
approve одобрять
major большой, значительный
appointment назначение (на должность)
ambassador посол
judge судья
ratify ратифицировать
vote голос
treaty договор
raise повышать
elect избирать
term срок (службы)
resident постоянный житель
preside председательствовать
conduct руководить
debate дебаты
experienced опытный
depend (on) зависеть (от)
at least по крайней мере
2. Remember the pronunciation of the following words:
Senate
House of Representatives
Democrat
Republican
Vice-President
Senator
Cabinet
Congressman
3. Read and translate the text: пересказ
Supreme legislative power in the American government is US Congress. It consists of two houses - the Senate and the House of Representatives. The main task of Congress is to make laws. The US Senate has some special pow ers, not given to the House of Representatives. The Senate approves or disapproves major Presidential appointments of such high officials as ambassadors, Cabinet members, and federal judges. The Senate must also ratify, by a two-thirds vote, treaties between the USA and foreign countries. The House of Representatives has a special power of its own. Only a member of the House can introduce a bill to raise money, but it must be passed by the Senate before it can become a law.
The Senate.
The Senate consists of 100 members, two from each of the 50 States, who are elected for a term of six years. Congressional elections take place every two years but only one -third of the Senate is re-elected.
The Constitution says that a Senator must be at least 30 years old, a citizen of the US for nine years and a resident of the state from which he is elected. The individual seats in the Senate are numbered. Democrats sit in the western part - on Vice-President's right. Republicans sit on his left. Vice-President presides over the Senate and he conducts debates. The Senate is more conservative than the House of Representatives, as many Senators are re-elected several times and often they are more experienced politicians.
The House of Representatives.
The House, at the present time, has 435 members. The number of Representatives which each state sends to the House depends on its population. The Constitution says that each state, no matter h®w small in population, must have at least one Representative.
A Representative must be at least 25 years of age, a US citizen for seven years and live in the state from which he is elected. Congressmen of the House of Representatives do not have individual seats, by tradition Democrats sit on the Speaker's right, Republicans - on his left. The Speaker presides over the House, he conducts debates. The Speaker, like Vice-President in the Senate, may vote, but usually he does not do it.
Unit 3. PART 2: THE EXECUTIVE BRANCH.
1. Read and memorize: наизусть
citizen гражданин
term of office срок полномочий
assist помогать
foreign affairs внешняя политика
sign подписывать
in the name of от имени
diplomat дипломат
consent согласие
advice совет
duty обязанности
indefinite неопределенный
rank занимать более высокое положение
prestige престиж
seniority превосходство в положении
maintain сохранять
negotiate обсуждать условия
2. Remember the pronunciation of the following words:
Commander-in-Chief
Armed Forces
Cabinet
European
Senate
Secretary
3. Read and translate the text: пересказ
President of the USA is the head of the State and the Government, he is also the Commander-in-Chief of the US Armed Forces. President must be a natural born citizen of the USA, at least 35 years old, and for at least 14 years a resident of the USA. The term of office begins on January 20.
President is assisted by Vice-President and the Cabinet. The President and Vice-President are elected for a term of four years and can be re-elected for another term, but no longer than that.
President conducts foreign affairs, signs treaties in the name of the USA, appoints diplomats, Cabinet members, federal judges with the consent and advice of the Senate. Vice-President presides over the Senate, his other duties are indefinite. He takes the President's office if the President can not finish his term.
US President is assisted in Administration by a Cabinet of 12 members. Cabinet secretaries correspond to European ministers. They are heads of different departments. President appoints them for indefinite time. Cabinet officials serve during his term. When the President's service ends, the new President can appoint new chiefs of executive departments. Among the most important departments one should mention the Department of State which ranks ahead of other Departments in prestige and seniority. The political power of the Secretary of State has the duty of trying to maintain peace and negotiate economic and political treaties.
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