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C E L L S
Exercise 1. Practise the pronunciation:
Cell [sel], nucleus [rnju:kliəs], nuclei ['nju:kliai], cytoplasm ['saitəplæzm], microscopy [maikrə'skopi], mammalian [mæ'meiliən], alive [ə'laiv], double [dΛbl], organelle ['o:gənə1], granule ['grænju:l], cellular ['seljulə], bacteria [bæk'tiəriə], pinocytosis [painəsai'təusis], tiny [taini], environment [in'vaiər(ə)nmənt]
Exercise 2. Topic vocabulary:
A large number -большое количество
To survive - выживать
Reason - причина
Aside from- помимо
Staining characteristics- свойство окрашиваться
inclusion -включение
to maintain - поддерживать
to refer to - относиться
to ingest - глотать, проглатывать
inflammation - воспаление
to combat - бороться
leakage —протекание, утечка
Exercise 3. Form new words using suffices and translate them:
- LY: structural, frequent, high, rare, rapid, slow
- FUL: harm, use, pain, care, hope, wonder
Exercise 4. Give Russian equivalents of the following word combinations:
A short life span, spherical structure, red blood cells, keratinized cells, a pathologic process, staining characteristics, a double membrane, secretory and pigment granules, tiny holes, the cellular membrane, unwanted substances, absorption of liquids, harmful substances.
Exercise 4.Read and translate the text:
CELLS
A large number of cells make up our body. They range from small cells, some of which have a short life span, to others which are extremely large and which may survive in the body as long as we remain alive.
Structurally, each of the cells is divided into two main parts, the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The nucleus is a large, spherical structure: it is surrounded by cytoplasm. It is a most important structure for several reasons. It is important because it is present in all mammalian cells except red blood cells and keratinized cells. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process. Aside from their staining characteristics, which make them useful to histologists, nuclei are important biologically.
A double membrane, the nuclear membrane, separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm. The cytoplasm has been shown through electron microscopy to contain many well-organized structures, called organelles and inclusions. The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.
The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm. The cellular membrane contains lipid and protein molecules. The membrane also contains tiny holes, called pores. The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment. Serving as a highly selective barrier, the membrane keeps certain unwanted substances from entering the cell but admits other substances that are necessary for maintaining cellular life.
Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids through a cellular membrane. Phagocytosis refers to the process of ingestion or moving of solids through the cell membrane. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against bacteria, or other harmful substances, since these substances are ingested by the cells that combat inflammation.
POST-TEXT ASSIGNMENTS
Exercise 5. Answer the questions to the text:
1. What is the role of the nucleus?
2. What is the function of the cellular membrane?
3. What is a mechanism of defense against bacteria?
4. How is each cell divided?
5. What is the nucleus surrounded by?
6. What separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?
7. What does the cellular membrane contain?
Exercise 6. Arrange the sentences in order of their appearance in the text:
1. The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.
2. Structurally each of the cells is divided into two main parts...
3. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.
4. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against bacteria...
5. A double membrane... separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
6. The cellular membrane contains lipid and protein molecules.
Exercise 7. Complete the sentences:
1. The inclusions contain food and secretory and....
2. Structurally, each of the cells is divided into two parts,....
3. Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing ....
4. A double membrane separates the nucleus from ....
5. The cellular membrane contains lipid and ....
6. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defense against....
Exercise 8. Translate the sentences:
Структурно каждая клетка делится на 2 основные части.
Ядро- это большая сферическая структура, окруженная цитоплазмой.
Очень часто ядро является основой для диагностики патологического процесса.
Ядерная оболочка отделяет ядро от цитоплазмы.
Клеточная оболочка – это тонкая оболочка, окружающая цитоплазму.
Клеточная оболочка предотвращает утечку внутренних клеточных структур в окружающую среду.
Фагоцитоз – это механизм защиты от бактерий или других вредных веществ.
Exercise 9. Put questions to the underlined words:
The cell membrane is the thin membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.
Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids through a cellular membrane.
Very frequently nuclei serve as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.
The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm.
The inclusions contain food and secretory and pigment granules.
The cellular membrane prevents leakage of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment.
Exercise 10. Describe;
a) the structure of the cell.
b) the nucleus
c) the cytoplasm
d) the cell membrane
Exercise 11. Repeat the names of medical specialists:
Some of these words look so much alike that we often confuse them. See if you can get them straight. Here are some specialists with brief descriptions of their specialties. Check the one correct title that fits the description in each case.
1. He treats children's diseases.
a. He is an orthopaedist, b. He is a pediatrician, c. He is a pathologist.
2. He corrects deformities of the body.
a. He is a gynaecologist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is a pathologist.
3. He straightens crooked teeth
a. He is an orthodontist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is a pathologist.
4. He is a medical doctor who specializes in diseases of the eye.
a. He is an oculist, b. He is an optician, c. He is an orthopaedist.
5. He makes your eyeglasses.
a. He is an oculist, b. He is an orthopaedist, c. He is an optician.
6. He specializes in disorders of the mind.
a. He is an intern, b. He is a psychiatrist. c. He is a physiotherapist.
7. He treats diseases by electricity.
a. He is a pathologist, b. He is a physiotherapist, c. He is a psychologist.
8. His specialty is taking and interpreting X rays.
a. He is a gynaecologist, b. He is a neurologist, c. He is a radiologist.
9. He specializes in diseases of the nervous system.
a. He is a cardiologist. b. He is a dermatologist, c. He is a neurologist.
10. He treats diseases of old age.
a. He is a cardiologist. b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a pediatrician.
11. He specializes in skin diseases.
a. He is a dermatologist, b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a pathologist.
12. He treats women's diseases.
a. He is a dermatologist, b. He is a geriatrician, c. He is a gynaecologist.
13. He brings children into the world.
a. He is a gynaecologist. b. He is an obstetrician. c. He is a pediatrician.
TEST
1. The nucleus is surrounded by …
a. metachondrium
b. saline media
c. red blood cells
d. cytoplasm
e. white blood cells
2. The cytoplasm contains many well-organized structures called … and …
a. red and white blood cells
b. haemoglobin and ansinophils
c. water and lymph
d. organelles and inclusions
e. lipid and protein molecules
3. The cell membrane is the … membrane which surrounds the cytoplasm.
a. thick
b. wide
c. long
d. narrow
e. thin
4. The cellular membrane prevents … of the inner cellular structures into the surrounding environment.
a. rupture
b. damage
c. leakage
d. ingestion
e. moving
5. Structurally each of the cells is divided into …
a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four
e. five
6. The nucleus is a large, … structure.
a. round
b. square
c. triangular
d. spherical
e. comma-shaped
7. Very frequently nuclei … as the basis for diagnosing a pathologic process.
a. include
b. serve
c. form
d. have
e. take
8. The nuclear membrane separates the nucleus … the cytoplasm
a. at
b. to
c. by
d. between
e. from
9. Pinocytosis is the process of absorption of liquids … a cellular membrane.
a. in
b. trough
c. from
d. in
e. at
10. Phagocytosis is a mechanism of defence against … .
a. foreign bodies
b. enemies
c. bacteria
d. small animals
e. viruses