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Body language is an important – and often decisive – factor in risk communication. This is especially true of communicators, who need to show congruence between the oral information and their body language when transmitting a message, because only if they manage to do so will the message be effective. A signal for “Ok” can be expressed in many different ways on planet Earth with its diverse set of cultures.It is sometimes critical to know such variations specially if you are likely to find yourself in high-stakes meetings with international businesspeople. Hand Shaking UK, US, Germany, New Zealand: These people shake hands on meeting and on departure. If two people know each other, sometimes the handshake is skipped.Head Nodding In most of the world:This means “yes”. Bulgaria:“No”. Kissing and Hugging; Southern Europe: This is standard greeting whether the other person is known or not. It is however less common in professional settings. Men kiss women and women kiss women. Men kissing men varies between countries and within countries. It also depends if the other person is a family member. Hugging is popular between the sexes, between two women as well as between two men.
Intercultural communication skills are important in today's workplace environment. These skills can help you avoid unnecessary misunderstandings and misinterpretations due to ineffective communication. You can forestall frustration, tension and decreased productivity. Improve intercultural communication skills by learning about other peoples' cultures, behaviors and communication styles; unlock the potential for a creative and dynamic cross-cultural environment. Respect the people that you encounter. Understand that the experiences you have had may not be the same as others. Educate yourself about different cultures. Be open to learning about culture and develop a sincere interest in learning about others. Ask questions but be careful not to appear as if your interests in cultural differences are a forced effort, sterile or intolerant. ) Watch out for tone in your speech. Understand that many cultures give specific meaning to tone and body language. Remove slang from your speech. Many words in slang are misunderstood across cultures.
Cross-cultural encounters often require us to adjust the ways we approach fundamental aspects of communication, aspects which we may consider normal. Compared with conversations among people of the same cultural background, the most frequent ways that communication is adjusted in cross-cultural conversations are: 1. Vocabulary selection. Colloquial language and figures of speech often confuse the NNS. Expressions can be restated in more universal terms. 2. Grammar simplification. Long speaking turns typically contain complex grammar. Short speaking turns are often used instead. 3. Discourse pattern selection. Conversation patterns which are universal, particularly question-answer, may be used more frequently than topic-comment patterns. 4. Communication style controlled. Informal communication styles may confuse non-native speakers. Use of formality may be more frequent. 5. Rituals and expectations adjusted. Since a lack of knowledge of particular rituals (such as talking about past weekend activities on Monday morning with your colleagues) may lead to confusion, sensitivity to culture-specific rituals and expectations is developed. 6. Repair and clarification carried out. Since communication problems are likely in cross-cultural interactions, the participants must be ready and able to carry out repairs of misunderstandings.
Eye contact—which simply denotes one person looking directly at another person’s eyes—seems to have strong implications in almost every culture, although what these implications are vary extensively across the globe!
•Eye Contact in the United States. What does eye contact mean in the United States? Here, if you have good eye contact with a person, it generally signifies that you are interested in the person you are looking at and in what that person is saying. If you look down or away from a person rather than meeting his or her gaze, you are considered to be distracted or uninterested in him or her. Also, if you neglect to make eye contact with a person, you may be thought to lack self-confidence. •Eye Contact in Western Europe. On the one hand, the European customs of eye contact—especially in such countries as Spain, France and Germany—tends to be similar to that in the United States. It is considered proper and polite to maintain almost constant eye contact with another person during a business exchange or a conversation.
All countries and world regions have different cultural norms that dictate things such as emotional or behavioral constraints. Language and religion are also an aspect of culture that may create barriers between two people. It is important to research the culture of the area you may be traveling to in order to breakdown these barriers and make communication as easy as possible. Language is one of the most obvious cultural barriers. Differences in language can render two human beings completely incapable of talking to one another. Traveling or conducting business in a country that speaks a different language can leave one feeling lost and completely out of touch with the surrounding people and situations. While the language barrier is obvious, it is easily overcome. Religion is equally as obvious a cultural barrier as is language, but much more difficult to overcome. Behavior barrier include things such as looking someone in the eye when first meeting them. Emotional barriers are much like behavior barriers, in the sense that they deal with verbal and nonverbal cues. The display of emotion is something that is heavily related to cultural norms.
A fixed impression which may have little basis in fact, but is nevertheless perpetuated by persons unwilling to look more deeply into the matter. This means that a person has an opinion about someone before they have even met them. For example, an Asian student walks in to the room and aromatically assumes they are a genius. African American: There are 100s of stereotypes that African American have placed on them by not just other cultures but specific work forces as well, one being the police. Many people think that African Americans are just burglars and delinquents. This can make it very hard for African American students that are trying to just make it through school and get a good education. Another well-known stereotype is that African Americans are good at sports. This can be very true for some, but that is the case for all cultures. Asians: The main stereotypes for Asians are that they are extremely intelligent. In many cases this can be true, but there are many other cultures that have students that excel to the genius level also. Whenever a person sees someone that is of Asian descent they expect them to be very smart, but if their grades and achievements aren’t up to that person’s standard then they are look down upon. This could give that person a very low self-esteem because they don’t think they are good enough in the eyes of others. Middle Eastern: Because of the attacks on the United States in 2001 most people look at Middle Easterners as scary and harmful people. They think just because they have dark skin and dark hair that they are going to bomb something. This can be very hard for Middle Eastern students in today’s society because other students might be afraid of them because of what their parents have told them. This can cause those students to not have any friends and be very lonely.
Gesture is seen accompanying speech. Man makes gestures without speech also. Gesture is symbolic action by which a thought, a feeling or intention is voluntarily expressed in a conventionalized (established by general agreement/acceptance, or accepted usage) form. Gesture is different from the real act. For example, the real act of drinking when performed for a drinking purpose is action per se, whereas when the act of drinking is mimicked. or performed symbolically as in the case of Holy Communion in the Christian church, it becomes a gesture. The real act of smoking is action, whereas the movements that one makes as if one is smoking is gesture. In the examples given, there is some similarity between real acts and the " gestures" that indicate these real acts.. There are very many instances in which gestures do not have any similarity between themselves and the acts or objects they stand for. For instance, in the sign language used by the Red Indians (American Indians), the sign for a laddle, which is made keeping the palm curved like a laddle, comes to denote drinking and from this meaning it ultimately stands for 'water'. There is no similarity between 'water' and this gesture. Thus, the gestures become not only conventionalized but could also be holding a relationship of arbitrariness between themselves and the acts and objects they refer to.
is the tendency to believe that one's ethnic or cultural group is centrally important, and that all other groups are measured in relation to one's own. The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern tolanguage, behavior, customs, and religion. These ethnic distinctions and sub-divisions serve to define each ethnicity's unique cultural identity. The term ethnocentrism was coined by William G. Sumner, upon observing the tendency for people to differentiate between the ingroup and others. He described it as often leading to pride, vanity, beliefs of one's own group's superiority, and contempt of outsiders. Anthropologists such as Franz Boas and Bronislaw Malinowski argued that any human science had to transcend the ethnocentrism of the scientist. Both urged anthropologists to conduct ethnographicfieldwork in order to overcome their ethnocentrism. Boas developed the principle of cultural relativismand Malinowski developed the theory offunctionalism as guides for producing non-ethnocentric studies of different cultures. The booksThe Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia, by Malinowski, Patterns of Culture byRuth Benedict and Coming of Age in Samoa byMargaret Mead (two of Boas's students) are classic examples of anti-ethnocentric anthropology.
is a form communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social groups. It is used to describe the wide range of communication processes and problems that naturally appear within an organization made up of individuals from different religious, social, ethnic, and educational backgrounds. Intercultural communication is sometimes usedsynonymously with cross-cultural communication. In this sense it seeks to understand how people from different countries and culturesact, communicate and perceive the world around them. Many people in intercultural business communication argue that culture determines how individuals encode messages, what medium they choose for transmitting them, and the way messages are interpreted. As a separate notion, it studies situations where people from different cultural backgrounds interact. Aside from language, intercultural communication focuses on social attributes, thought patterns, and the cultures of different groups of people. It also involves understanding the different cultures, languages and customs of people from other countries. Intercultural communication plays a role insocial sciences such as anthropology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychology and communication studies. Intercultural communication is also referred to as the base for international businesses. There are several cross-cultural service providers around who can assist with the development of intercultural communication skills. Research is a major part of the development of intercultural communication skills.
The general terms "high context" and "low context" (popularized by Edward Hall) are used to describe broad-brush cultural differences between societies.
High context refers to societies or groups where people have close connections over a long period of time. Many aspects of cultural behavior are not made explicit because most members know what to do and what to think from years of interaction with each other. Your family is probably an example of a high context environment. Low context refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some specific reason. In these societies, cultural behavior and beliefs may need to be spelled out explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave.
Conventions of politeness vary considerably between language communities, not least in their linguistic form. In most societies, however, there appears to be a correlation between more formal styles and a higher level of overt politeness. Politeness may be defined in a number of ways and will depend on a variety of factors, including the relative age and social distance between speakers, the context, and how well the speakers know one another. Several ways which make good politeness convention: 1 Ways to greet each others and farewells; 2 Addressing terms; 3 Ways to praise others; 4 Ways to express thanks. In a word, when we are communicating with people from different cultures, it is best to consult what is appropriate in their culture and act with regard to that, so as to avoid misunderstandings caused by culture differences. Because of the limitation of the author, this paper has not collected data in other more specific aspects, e.g. gender difference, taboo words, etc. That may be covered in researches afterwards.
Within the interdependent, global and multi-cultural marketplace of the 21st century, cross cultural differences in the approaches to and practices of business people across the world are important to learn. Cross cultural gift giving etiquette involves considering the following points:. Who is receiving the gift? Is it a person or a group? What is the status of the receiver(s)?. What types of gifts are acceptable or unacceptable?. What is the protocol associated with gift giving and receiving?. Should gifts be reciprocated? Gift Giving Etiquette in Saudi Arabia
. Gifts should only be given to the most intimate of friends.. Gifts should be of the highest quality.. Never buy gold or silk as a present for men.. Silver is acceptable.. Always give/receive gifts with the right hand.. Saudis enjoy wearing scent - itr. The most popular is oud which can cost as much as £1000 an ounce.. It is not bad etiquette to open gifts when received.
ethnorelativism means making judgments of other cultures using their cultural rules. Instead of looking at оur culture as just one of many, еасh with valid realities, values, assumptions, we see оur ways of interaction as the absolute truth. In other words, оur ouw group is seen as the standard of what is good, normal or positive. For example, some cultures believe that people should succeed because of what they do, not whome they know. People from this kind of cultire mау have а negative attitude toward реорlе who believe that connections (whome уоu know) are more important than performance in determining job success. Тhе problem is that this kind of thinking does not help us understand that worldviews, which sharply differ from оur own, are just as valuable and workable as ours within their society. Empathy .When we interact with people from other cultures, we are going to bе confronted with hundreds of specific behaviors, ideas and values which are going to seem unusual, even surprising. There is по way to prepare in advance for аll of the dffferences that you will bе asked to deal with. However, what we can do is to work оn developing а tool that will help us to bе more effective communicators when interacting with реорlе who have cultural pattems that differ ftom оur own. That tool is empathy.
We often begin life with gendered identities. When newborns arrive, they may be greeted with clothes in either blue or pink. To establish a gender identity for a baby, visitors may ask if it’s a boy or a girl. But gender is not the same as biological sex. This distinction is important in understanding how our views on biological sex influence gender identities. We communicate our gender identity, and popular culture tells us what it means to be a man or a woman. For example, some activities are considered more masculine or more feminine. Similarly, the programs that people watch on television – soap operas, football games, and so on – affect how they socialize with others and come to understand what it means to be a man or a woman. Our expression of gender identity not only communicates who we think we are but also constructs a sense of who we want to be. We learn what masculinity and femininity mean in our culture, and we negotiate how we communicate our gender identity to others. There are implications for intercultural communication as well. Gender means different things in different cultures. For example, single women cannot travel freely in many Muslim countries. And gender identity for many Muslim women means that the sphere of activity and power is primarily in the home and not in public.
As we age, we tap into cultural notions of how someone our age should act, look, and behave, that is we establish an age identity. And even as we communicate how we feel about our age to others, we receive messages from the media telling us how we should feel. Thus, as we grow older, we sometimes feel that we are either too old or too young for a certain “look”. These feelings stem from an understanding of what age means and how we identify with that age. Some people feel old at 30; others feel young at 40. Our notions of age and youth are all based on cultural conventions and they change as we grow older. When we are quite young, a college student seems old. But when we are in college, we do not feel so old. Different generations often have different philosophies, values, and ways of speaking.
Racial passing refers to a person classified as a member of one racial group also accepted as a member of a different racial group. The term was used especially in the U.S. to describe a person of mixed-race heritage assimilating into the white majority during times when legal and social conventions of hypodescent classified the person as a minority, subject to racial segregation and discrimination.
ETHNIC IDENTITY:
The extent to which one identifies with a particular ethnic group(s). Refers to one’s sense of belonging to an ethnic group and the part of one’s thinking, perceptions, feelings, and behavior that is due to ethnic group membership. The ethnic group tends to be one in which the individual claims heritage (Phinney, 1996). Ethnic identity is separate from one’s personal identity as an individual, although the two may reciprocally influence each other.
A cultural marker may be considered something very specific that distinguishes one culture from another. It is an identifying item and may include something physical, a practice or tradition, concept, a specific person, happening or landmark. Sometimes people are considered cultural markers as well as unique types of food. Cultural markers are events or facets of our society that illustrate or reveal cultural or societal norms, and shifts in those norms.
is when two or more cultures disagree about there believe or way of life Culture clash is the misunderstandings, and disagreements between different cultures. Culture is learned. The clash is the unlearning and relearning of new cultures.Cultural conflict is a type of conflict that occurs when different cultural values and beliefs clash. It has been used to explain violence and crime.
Jonathan H. Turner defines it as a conflict caused by "differences in cultural values and beliefs that place people at odds with one another".[1] On a micro level, Alexander Grewe discusses a cultural conflict between guests of different culture and nationality as seen in a British 1970 sitcom, Fawlty Towers.[2] He defines this conflict as one that occurs when people expectations of a certain behavior coming from their cultural backgrounds are not met, as others have different cultural backgrounds and different expectations.
Individualist cultures, such as those of the United States and Western Europe, emphasize personal achievement regardless of the expense of group goals, resulting in a strong sense of competition. Collectivist cultures, such as those of China, Korea, and Japan, emphasize family and work group goals above individual needs or desires. Collectivism and individualism deeply pervade cultures. People simply take their culture's stance for granted. In the U.S., everything from 'self-serve' buffet tables to corporate structure to cowboy movies to payment card rules reflect the deeply ingrained individualism. Both collectivist and individualistic cultures have their failings. People in individualist cultures are susceptible to loneliness, and people in collectivist cultures can have a strong fear of rejection. Elders who instill collectivist rejection rules in youngsters are often rejected by foreign direct investment from individualist capital.
1. Commuпicative codes
а) verbal code - language;
b) nоn - verbal code
Individuals gather, give and receive information through language. Language is the most obvious difficulty in intercultural communiсаtiоn. As language has developed in the context of а particular culture ofnecessity, it reflects that culture.
2. World view. It is considered to bе one of the most important cognitive mechanisms influencing communication. World view is the representation of the intemal view of an individual or а group which is organized according to cultural preconceptions reflecting basic values, believes & attitudes.
Intrapersonal communication is language use or thought internal to the communicator. It can be useful to envision intrapersonal communication occurring in the mind of the individual in a model which contains a sender, receiver, and feedback loop. Although successful communication is generally defined as being between two or more individuals, issues concerning the useful nature of intrapersonal communication made some argue that this definition is too narrow. Interpersonal communication is exchange of information between two or more people. It is also an area of study. Related skills are learned and can be improved. During interpersonal communication there is message sending and message receiving. This can be conducted using both direct and indirect methods. Successful interpersonal communication is when the message senders and the message receivers understand the message.
1.CONTEXT Intercultural competence is contextual. Competence is not independent of the relationships and situations within which communication occurs. Competence is not an individual attribute; rather it is a characteristic of the association between individuals.
2. APPROPRIATENESS AND EFFECTIVENESS Appropriate- those behaviors that are regarded as proper and suitable given the expectations generated by a given culture, the constraints of the specific situation, and the nature of the relationship between the interact ants. Effective- those behaviors that lead to the achievement of desired outcomes.
3.KNOWLEDGE The cognitive information you need to have about the people, the context, and the norms of appropriateness that operate in a specific culture. Two types: Culture-general- provides insights into the intercultural communication process abstractly, regardless of culture. Culture-specific-knowledge used to understand a particular culture. 4. MOTIVATION The overall set of emotional associations that people have as they anticipate and actually communicate interculturally. Feelings- the emotional or affective states that you experience with someone from a different culture. Intentions- what guides your choices in a particular intercultural interaction. Your goals, plans, objectives, and desires.
5. ACTION The actual performance of those behaviors that are regarded as appropriate and effective. You can have the necessary information, be motivated by the appropriate feelings and intentions but still lack the behavior skills necessary to achieve competence.
Symbols are probably the most common things taken for granted. The simplest most everyday things are symbols. To the human mind, symbols are cultural representations of reality. Every culture has its own set of symbols associated with different experiences and perceptions . Symbols occur in different forms: verbal, nonverbal, written, unwritten. Language—a system of verbal and sometimes written representations that are culturally specific and convey meaning about the world. Religion influences culture in many ways.Religion is like a way of life. Many people take their religion very seriously, so their lives and cultures are majorly affected by their religion. Technology has affected culture by making life easier to live. Electrical devices and computers have made work much easier. This, in turn, has given people more free time, which makes room for more technology as people look to be entertained. Cuisine is a characteristic style of cooking practices and traditions, often associated with a specific culture. Holidays. Generally holidays are intended to allow individuals to celebrate or commemorate something of cultural or religious significance.
Prejudice is an unfounded attitude toward an out group based on a comparison with one’s in group. In other words it is a negative attitude toward a cultural group based on little or no experience. Prejudice is prejudging, without knowledge or examination of the available information. Whereas stereotypes tell us what a group is like, prejudice tells us how we are likely to feel about that group. It often consists of judgments made about an individual based on assumptions about the out groups that individual is presumed to represent. Some prejudices consist of the irrational suspicion or hatred of a particular group or religion. With a negative attitude toward an outgroup is translated into action, the resulting behavior is called discrimination, defined as the process of treating individuals unequally on the basis of their ethnicity, gender, age, sexual orientation, or other characteristics. Prejudice is an attitude, while discrimination is overt behavior to exclude, avoid, or distance oneself from other groups. Discrimination may be based on racism or any of the other “isms” related to belonging to a cultural group (sexism, ageism, elitism). If one belongs to a more powerful group and holds prejudices toward another, less powerful, group, resulting actions toward members of that group are based on an “ism” and so can be called discrimination.
Racial identity is defined as "a sense of group or collective identity based on one's perception that he or she shares a common heritage with a particular racial group."
The construct, ethnic identity, can best be understood through an examination of its etymological origins. The term ethnic has Latin and Greek origins – ethnicus and ethnikas both meaning nation. It can and has been used historically to refer to people as heathens. Ethos, in Greek, means custom, disposition or trait. Ethnikas and ethos taken together therefore can mean a band of people (nation) living together who share and acknowledge common customs. The second part of the construct, identity, has Latin origins and is derived from the word identitas; the word is formed from idem meaning same.Thus, the term is used to express the notion of sameness, likeness, and oneness. More precisely, identity means “the sameness of a person or thing at all times in all circumstances; the condition or fact that a person or thing is itself and not something else”
Multiculturalism is a broader term referring to more than one culture
whereas biculturalism is a more specific term referring to exactly two cultures. Although the terms “multicultural” and “bicultural” are typically used to describe individuals, they can also be used to describe nations (e.g., bicultural Canada, where Anglo and Francophone cultures co-exist), and institutions and policies (e.g., multicultural education). Although the term is recent, the concept of biculturalism dates back to the origins of modern Canada (1774, when British authorities allowed French Canadians full use of their language, system of civil law, and freedom to practice their Roman Catholic practices). Biculturalism should not be confused with bilingualism (having fluency in two languages), although these terms are conceptually related since often (but not always) bicultural individuals and institutions are also bilingual. Multicultural identity and acculturation are tightly intertwined, with multi/biculturalism being one of four ways to acculturate; therefore, we review the development of acculturation
theory and the definition of biculturalism from an acculturation standpoint before delving further into our discussion of multicultural identity.
Beliefs are an individual’s representations of the outside world. Some beliefs are seen as very likely to be true. Others are seen as less probable. Beliefs serve as the storage system for the content of our past experiences, including thoughts, memories. Beliefs are shaped by the individual’s culture. When a belief is held by most members of a culture we call it a cultural belief. Attitudes, like beliefs, are internal events and not directly observable by other people. Attitudes are emotional responses to objects, ideas, and people. Attitudes store these emotional responses in the same way that beliefs store the content of past events. People express opinions, observable verbal behavior, and engage in other behaviors, partially on the basis of their attitudes and beliefs. Attitudes and beliefs form a storage system for culture within the individual. Attitudes and beliefs are internal and are not publicly observable. We cannot know your attitudes or your beliefs directly, but we can observe what we say (our expressed opinions) and what we do (our behavior). Many attitudes are based on cultural values. In the United States, freedom is a dominant value. In others, it’s just one value among others. The meaning of any value, including freedom, differs across cultures.Values are what people who share a culture regard strongly as good or bad. Values have an evaluative component. They often concern desired goals, such as the values of mature love, world peace. Values also concern ways of behaving that lead to these goals, such as valuing thrift, honesty, or speaking and acting quietly so as not to make noise that disturbs other people. Cultural values involve judgments (they specify what is good or bad) and are normative (they state or imply what should be). For instance, most people in the United States feel that bullfighting is disgusting and cruel. But to many Mexicans and Spaniards it is an important and exciting sport.