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Unit 10
development of industrial robotics
Vocabulary
vocabulary Exercises
I. Read and translate the words of the same stem:
II. Find the English equivalents for the Russian words:
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a. combination b. machine tool c. research d. robotics e. location f. part g. to discuss h. programming i. to base j. to install k. development |
III. Make up the word-combinations and translate them:
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a. the use of robots b. useful work c. the first corporation in robotics d. the development of industrial robotics e. a mechanical arm f. the parts |
Text 10A
I. Read and translate the text:
Industrial Robotics
Industrial robotics is an automation technology that has received considerable attention since about 1960. This section will discuss the development of industrial robotics, the design of the robot manipulator, and the methods of programming robots.
Development of Robotics
Robotics is based on two related technologies: numerical control and teleoperators.
Numerical control (NC) is a method of controlling machine tool axes by means of numbers that have been coded on a punched paper tape or other media. It was developed during the late 1940s and early 1950s. The first numerical control machine tool was demonstrated in 1952 in the United States at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT1). The subsequent research at MIT led to the development of the APT (Automatically Programmed Tools) language for programming machine tools.
A teleoperator is a mechanical manipulator that is controlled by a human from a remote location. The initial work on the design of teleoperators can be traced to the handling of radioactive materials in the early 1940s. In a typical implementation, a human moves a mechanical arm and hand at one location, and these motions are duplicated by the manipulator at another location.
Industrial robotics can be considered a combination of numerical control and teleoperator technologies. Numerical control provides the concept of a programmable industrial machine, and teleoperator technology contributes the notion of a mechanical arm to perform useful work. The first industrial robot was installed in 1961 to unload parts from a die-casting operation. Its development was due largely to the efforts of the Americans George C. Devol, an inventor, and Joseph F. Engelberger, a businessman. Devol originated the design for a programmable manipulator, the U.S. patent for which was issued in 1961. Engelberger teamed with Devol to promote the use of robots in industry and to establish the first corporation in robotics – Unimation , Inc.
Note:
1MIT – Massachusetts Institute of Technology – Массачусетский технологический институт
II. Complete the sentences and translate them:
III. Translate the sentences into English using the words from the text:
Grammar revision exercise
I. Read and translate the sentences paying attention to the functions of the Infinitive:
1. a. To consider the development of industrial robotics means to consider the development of automation technology.
b. To consider the development of industrial robotics it is necessary to consider the development of automation technology.
2. a. To control machine tools by means of numbers means to apply the method of numerical control.
b. To control machine tools by means of numbers it is necessary to apply the method of numerical control.
3. a. To program machine tools is possible by means of the APT language.
b. To program machine tools one should know the APT language.
4. a. To study the principles of industrial robotics requires the knowledge of numerical control and teleoperator technologies.
b. To study the principles of industrial robotics one must study numerical control and teleoperator technologies.
5. a. To unload parts from a die-casting operation was the function of the first industrial robot in 1961.
b. To unload parts from a die-casting operation the first industrial robot was installed in 1961.
6. a. To promote the use of robots in industry was an idea of Americans.
b. To promote the use of robots in industry the first corporation in robotics was established in America.
7. a. To provide the method of numerical control is important for increasing the productivity of machine tools.
b. To increase the productivity of machine tools the method of numerical control is to be provided.
Oral Practice Tasks
I. Agree or disagree to the following statements. Use the expressions:
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Agreement
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Disagreement
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II. Complete the sentences with the facts from the text:
1. It is necessary to note that robotics is based on two related technologies: … 2. Numerical control (NC) is … .
3. A teleoperator is … .
4. As a rule, numerical control provides … .
5. Teleoperator technology contributes … .
III. Answer the questions:
IV. Retell the text in short using the plan below:
1. Two related technologies of industrial robotics .
2. Numerical control.
3. Teleoperator.
4. The concept of a programmable industrial machine.
5. The notion of a mechanical arm.
6. The development of the first industrial robot.
Text 10 b
Translate the text in written form using a dictionary:
Adaptive robots
The development in robotics is towards adaptive robots having sensory abilities. Initially, the requirement is for robots to have a sense of vision and touch. This will allow a robot to identify the correct part among dissimilar items and pick it up regardless of its position. Robots of this type are being introduced into assembly lines.
The theoretical basis of the work needed to develop sophisticated adaptive robots is referred to as "Artificial Intelligence" (AI). A robot's ability to "see", for example, is a problem in "pattern recognition". Problems in this area are concerned more with developing suitable software rather than with building suitable robots.
Although this discussion has centred on industrial robots, robots and robotic principles are being used in unmanned space missions and in deep ocean diving equipment.
Text 10 c
Look through the text and do the tasks below:
ROBOTS' NERVOUS SYSTEM
Robots, in order to perform many functions, need a nervous system and organs of sense1 as well as a brain2. A human being has eyes and ears, a nose, a mouth and a sense of feel8. Depending on the task it is to perform, a robot can have any of these built into it.
Robots’ eyes, for example, are generally made up of photoelectric cells3. A robot’s eye can consist of one cell, or of hundreds of cells placed close together. A one-cell eye isn't able to do much more than tell the difference between light and dark, while some of more complex ones are able to see colour and to detect movement.
Robots can be taught to hear various types of sounds. Usually they are made so that they can hear only those sounds which are important to them. For instance, a robot designed to hear the sound of a jet aircraft4 would have no reason to hear the voice of a bird. Robots’ ears are better than human ears for a given single function because they are not distracted by unimportant sounds.
Robots’ hearing is possible because sound is a form of energy. It comes in waves. Some sound waves have high frequency5, others have low frequencies. A robot can be adjusted to detect differences in frequency. If sounds of a given frequency are important to a robot's job, it acts on them. Otherwise, the brain ignores the sound.
Robots’ noses can detect different odours6 because the elements that make up those odours change the composition of the air that carries them. Robots’ noses are adjusted to analyse the air passing through their nostrils and from the air composition tell what that air smells7 like.
Robots feel8 in the same way that humans do. Tiny wire fingers can go across a surface and, from the way the surface pushes the wires around, the robot can tell whether the surface is smooth9 or rough10. Robots can also tell the difference between two temperatures. Another kind of robots’ feel8 sensor11 can feel8 the exact temperature more accurately than any thermometer.
Notes:
1 sense – чувство
2 brain – мозг
3 cell – элемент
4 jet aircraft – реактивный самолет
5 frequency – частота
6 odour – запах
7 to smell – пахнуть
8 to feel – чувствовать; осязать; ощущать
feel – осязание; ощущение
9 smooth – ровный; гладкий
10 rough – неровный; грубый
11 sensor – чувствительный элемент; датчик
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