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Homonyms are words which are identical in sound and spelling, or, at least, in one of these aspects, but different in their meaning.
bank, n.- a shore bank, n.-an institution for receiving, lending, exchanging, and safeguarding money
ball, n. - a sphere; any spherical body ball, n.-a large dancing party
In the process of communication they are more of an encumbrance, leading sometimes to confusion and misunderstanding. Yet it is this very characteristic which makes them one of the most important sources of popular humour. The pun is a joke based upon the play upon words of similar form but different meaning
Sources of Homonyms:
Phonetic changes which words- undergo in the course of their historical development. Night and knight
Borrowing. A borrowed word may, in the final stage of its phonetic adaptation, duplicate in form either a native word or another borrowing. rite, n. - to write, v.- right, adj. the second and third words are of native origin whereas rite is a Latin borrowing (< Lat.ritus)(observance of a ceremony) the rites of hospitality –обычаи гостепреимства
Conversion - comb, n.- to comb, v., pale, adj.- to pale, v., to make, v,- make, n. (make of car) . Homonyms of this type, which are the same in sound and spelling but refer to different categories of parts of speech, are called lexico-grammatical homonyms.
Shortening. E.g. fan, n. in the sense of “an enthusiastic admirer of some kind of sport or of an actor, singer, etc.” is a shortening produced from fanatic.
Words made by sound-imitation) can also form pairs of homonyms with other words: e, g. bang, n. (”a loud, sudden, explosive noise”) - bang, n. (”a fringe of hair combed over the forehead”).
Two or more homonyms can “originate from different meanings of the same word when, for some reason, the semantic structure of the word breaks into several parts. This type of formation of homonyms is called split polysemy.
Examples of split of polysemy:
Board - a long and thin piece of timber
Board - daily meals especially provided for pay.
Board - an official group of persons who direct or supervise some activity. A board of directors
All the meanings developed from the meaning ” a table”.
Classification of Homonyms
3 subdivisions of homonyms :
homonyms proper - words same in sound and in spelling.
fit - perfectly fitting clothes
fit - nervous spasm
homophones - the same in sound, different in spelling
been // bean
homographs -the same in spelling, different in sound
to lead - go before, show the way
lead - a heavy rather soft metal
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