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Институт права социального управления и безопасности
Контрольная работа по английскому языку
EXERCISE 1. Fill in the table according to the given example. Not all forms will be used for each word. Use dictionary, if necessary. Translate the words into Russian.
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Verb |
Noun(thing or concept) |
Noun(person) |
Adjective |
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proceed |
procedure |
procedural |
|
|
injure |
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require |
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offend |
offender |
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prosecute |
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treat |
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act |
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harm |
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victimize |
victimization |
victim |
victimized |
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prohibit |
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codify |
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judge |
EXERCISE 2. Choose the correct word from the list to complete each sentence. Translate the sentences into Russian.
|
offender procedure prohibited victim injured |
Harm requirements codes treatment |
judgment action prosecution codified Act |
Reading and language study
(II) A distinction is also made between public law and private law. Public law is concerned with the structure of government, the duties and powers of officials, and the relationship between the individual and the state. It includes such subjects as constitutional law, administrative law, criminal law and procedure, and law relating to the proprietary powers of the state and its political subdivisions. Private law is concerned with both substantive and procedural rules governing relationships between individuals (the law of torts or private injuries, contracts, property, wills, inheritance, marriage, divorce, adoption, and the like).
(III) *A more familiar distinction is between civil law and criminal law. Civil law, as private law, consists of a body of rules and procedures tended to govern the conduct of individuals in their relationships with others. Violations of civil statutes, called torts, are private wrongs for which the injured individual may seek redress in the courts for the harm he or she experienced. In most cases, some form of payment is required from the offender to compensate for the injury he or she has caused. Criminal law is concerned with the definition of crime and the prosecution and penal treatment of offenders. Although a criminal act may cause harm to some individual, crimes are regarded as offenses against the state or "the people." A crime is a "public," as opposed to a "private," wrong. It is the state, not the harmed individual that takes action against the offender. Occasionally, a criminal action may be followed up by a civil suit such as in a rape case where the victim may seek financial compensation in addition to criminal sanctions.
(IV) A distinction can also be made between civil law and common law. In this context, civil law refers to legal systems whose development was greatly influenced by Roman law, a collection of codes compiled in the Corpus Juris Civilis (Code Civil). Civil-law systems are codified systems, and the basic law is found in codes. These are statutes that are enacted by national parliaments. France is an example of a civil law system. The civil code of France, which first appeared in 1804, is called the Code Napoleon and embodies the civil law of the country. By contrast, common law resisted codification. Law is not based on acts of parliament but on case law, which relies on precedents set by judges to decide a case. Thus, it is "judge-made" law as distinguished from legislation or "enacted" law. *
EXERCISE 3. Scan the text and find definitions to these legal terms:
EXERCISE 4. Read the text carefully and complete the sentences given below.
EXERCISE 5. Using the paragraph reference given in brackets, find in the text the English equivalents for these Russian legal terms and expressions.
EXERCISE 9. Translate the text TYPES OF LAW into Russian.