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Method of lexicological research.
The research methods are closely connected with the general trends in Linguistics.
The morphological analysis.
The 1st ma was suggested by L. Bloomfield, but it was later developed by many linguists. It’s known as the analysis into immediate constituents.
Analysis into immediate constituents.
The method is based on morphological divisibility of a word which is involved in certain structural correlates.
L. Bloomfield analysis of the word “ungentlemanly”.
The 1st cut is the morpheme un- as a negative prefix. Many words are built on the pattern un- + adj stem: uncertain, uneasy, etc. As the 1st cut we obtain the folowing immediate constituents.
Next, we are able to separate the final morpheme + -ly: masterly, womanly, etc.
At the 2nd cut we obtain the following constituents: gentleman + -ly.
The 3rd cut has its peculiarities. The division into gent + leman is impossible as no such patterns exist in English, so the cut is gentle + man. So we state: adj stem + man. The element - man - maybe classified as a semi-affix or as a variant of the free form – man.
If we compare the adj – gentle – with such adj-s as: noble, subtle, little. They contain the suffix: -le added by a bound stem.
But there’s no such structure as noun stem –le, so the word – gent – is a homonymof the bound stem.
Distributional analysis.
“Distribution” is the occurrence of a lexical unit relative to other lexical units of the same levels: words to words, morphemes to morphemes.
In other words, the position which a lexical unit occupies or may occupy in a sentence or in the flow of speech: The boy… home.
The missing words are easily identified as a verb. It may be: goes, came, ran, went.
This, the component of meaning that is distributionaly identified is the par-of-speech meaning.
Words have different lexical meanings in different distributional patterns: “to treat” has different lexical meanings: to treat smb kingly, to treat smb to ice-cream.
Componental analysis.
The smallest units of meaning are sentences or senses. In the lexical item “woman” several semems may be singled out, such as human, female, adult.
The analysis of the word “girl” will show the following semems: human, female, young.
The last component of two words differentiates them and makes impossible to mix up the words in the process of analysis.
The analysis as a rule is formalized as the symbolic representation of meaning.
Each sememe is given a certain letter (A,B,C,D…): red and scarlet. They differ only in one component, i.e. intensity of colour. It maybe illustrated as:
Transformational analysis.
It maybe defined as repatterning/reorganisation of various distributional structures in order to difference or sameness of meaning of identical distributional patterns. DP are in some cases polysemantic transformatinal procedures: he has a car, he is kind, he failed. The rules of transformation are rather strict. There are many restrictions both at syntactic and lexical levels.
The relationships between lexical units and words are the same.
Replacement of the notional verb by an auxiliuty or link verb.
The sentences have identical distributional structure. But only in the 2nd one verb “make” can be substituted by “become/be”.
We add a word-group “in Moscow” – John is happy in Moscow. It has the meaning while the 2nd one is senseless.