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Task 1. Read the text.
Russian System of Education
Russians have always shown a great concern for education. The right for education is stated in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It is ensured by compulsory secondary school, vocational schools, and higher education institutions. It is also ensured by various evening courses and the system of state scholarship and grants. There are about 3000 Higher Education Establishments in Russia. All modern specialties (more than 500 specializations) are represented there. Degrees received in Russian Universities are highly appreciated all over the world.
The system of education in Russia has considerably changed over the past five years. Universities have begun implementing a system similar to that of Britain and the USA: 4 years for a Bachelor's degree and 2 years for a Master's degree. These changes are still in progress.
Russia has a universal system of free education and a literacy rate of 99%. Compulsory education ends at the age of 16, although 96% of the population completes some form of further education. Competition for places in universities and other prestigious academic institutions is rather stiff.
School education:
Basic general education lasts nine years. The stages of compulsory schooling in Russia are: primary school for children of 6-7 to 10 (1st to 4th grades); secondary school for those from 10 to 16 (5th to 9th grades); and high secondary school from 16 to 17-18 (10th and 11th grades). On the whole, school takes 10-11 years of study. Every school has a "core curriculum" of academic subjects. Students can leave school after finishing the senior stage (they receive 'secondary incomplete education', or go to high school (in this case they get 'secondary complete education').
Non-university level higher education institutions also offer three- to four-year professional and secondary general education and vocational training. Secondary general education ends when students are 17-18. Secondary education leads to the award of the Certificate of Secondary Complete General Education. Graduates of secondary schools can apply to a higher education institution.
Higher education:
Higher education is provided by state and private accredited higher education institutions (universities, academies, institutes, etc.). Education in state universities is not often free of charge - mostly for those students who show higher results at entrance exams. However, approximately one-third of the students pay tuition fees. In private higher education institutions all students have to pay for tuition. Higher education is under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation, which is responsible for the accreditation and licensing of educational institutions and for developing and maintaining the state educational standards.
There are three levels of higher education:
Academic Year:
The academic year lasts from September to May or June and is divided into two academic semesters.
After completing higher education, one can pursue postgraduate studies (aspirantura in Russian), which takes three years. After the defense of the thesis, 'Candidate of Science' (or Kandidat nauk) degree is awarded. This is considered equivalent to the Ph.D. degree according to the American system.
Glossary:
Task 2. Answer the questions:
1. How many Higher Educational Establishments are there in Russia?
2. What new system have Universities begun implementing?
3. What are the stages of the compulsory schooling in Russia?
4. Is education in state universities free of charge?
5. What are the levels of higher education?
6. What studies can one pursue after completing higher education?