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PAPER
Try to imagine your life without paper: no newspapers, schoolbooks, letters from friends, telephone books and so on.
Before paper was invented papyrus was used for many thousands of years in Egypt. Papyrus was made from the thin skin of a kind of rush plant by the same name. Our ward “paper” is derived from “papyrus**. During these early davs vellum. a fine calfskin, was also used for writing material.
It is said that the paper we have today was invented by Chinese about the 100 AD. The Arabs introduced this rag-made paper to the western world in the 10th century. Paper, however, had little use in Europe until after thе invention of printing about 1450. Now paper is so widely used that it is often taken for granted.
Yet, its manufacture is complex and requires the skills of foresters, farmers, chemists and other technicians, tradesman.
Basically paper is thin layer of vegetable fibers. Its appearance and usage are affected by the types of the fiber used, the method of preparation of the various substances which may be added, the final processing.
Most papers are composed of wood fibers, cotton, flax, hemp, bamboo, grass and other vegetable fibers may be used. In fact, there is no phase in the field of human activity where paper is not of great importance. The printing industry, for instance, requires vast quantities of the high grade papers. Worldwide production of paper and paper products has increased from some 20 million tons annually to that of 80 million tons today.
COMMENTS:
rush - тростник
vellum - пергамент
fine calfskin - тонкая телячья кожа
A.D. (от лат. anno Domini) - нашей эры
rag-made paper — бумага, изготовленная из ветоши (тряпья)
is taken for granted - само собой разумеющееся, привычное
manufacture - производство
to require - нуждаться (в чем-л.), требовать (чего-л.)
tradesman - торговец
layer - слой
vegetable fiber - растительное волокно appearance - внешний вид substances - добавки
final processing - окончательная обработка flax - лен
hemp - конопля
vast quantity - огромное количество
high grade paper - высококачественная бумага to increase - увеличиваться, возрастать
annually - ежегодно