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1. MEDICAL EXAMINATION. Main emphasis in our country is laid on prevention or prophylactics. The saying has it that “an ounce of prevention is worth a pound of cure". Periodical medical examinations are practiced in our college, since a thorough examination helps to nip a disease in the bud (подавить болезнь в зародыше). So every year we have to go to the local polyclinic for a medical examination. I have to visit several doctors, among them are: a dentist, an oculist, a surgeon, a neuropathologist, the ear nose throat doctor, the GP and others. I should also go through some laboratory tests. Besides they may find it necessary that you should be X-rayed.To tell the truth I hate to visit the dentist. When I see the dentist's chair with the drill, I feel dizzy. When you sit down in the chair the dentist begins to examine your teeth. He may put in a filling or if the tooth is bad the dentist extracts it.When you go to the eye-doctor (it also called oculist) he tests your eyesight. You sit down opposite the chart with letters of different sizes and read out the letters. If you wear glasses you should take them with you.Next is the ear-nose- and throat specialist who sits with his reflector pushed up against his forehead. He examines your ears, throat and nose. If you have an earache or a shooting pain in your ear or your throat is sore, the doctor will give you a good piece of advice and write out a prescription and you will have all the chances to be all right soon. The surgeon examines your spine and feet. If you have some distortion of spine or a flat foot he will advise you to go to the swimming-pool, to do different physical exercises and to have massage.And the last doctor you come to is your GP. He measures your blood pressure checks your temperature, sounds your lungs (chest). He will ask you some questions concerning your health and give you some practical pieces of advice about your diet. |
4.The Hospital Routine. Being in the hospital is very difficult. As a patient, a lot of things are done to you at inconvenient times and it can feel very much like you have no control. There are, however, some routines in the hospital that are predictable. Knowing these routines can help you feel a little less frustrated or confused.Knowing who everyone is and what they are doing to help you is important. Taking care of patients takes an entire team of people working together. For each patient, there is at least one doctor. Often there are several doctors---one doctor for the patient’s main problem and other doctors to help or “consult." For example, if you had a surgery, you might have a surgeon but another doctor may help manage your heart or your diabetes. If you are at a teaching hospital, or university hospital, you will also be seen by doctors that are still learning the skills of their specialty. These are called resident physicians or intern physicians.Doctors are only a small part of the healthcare team. Every patient also has a nurse who helps to take care of the patient. The nurses make sure each patient gets the correct medicines, helps patients with questions and concerns, and helps patients if the patient gets sicker. Many nurses also have assistances, called nursing assistants. Nursing assistants help nurses to take vital signs and help nurses bathe patients. Healthcare teams may have many members. Respiratory therapists help with breathing machines, oxygen, and breathing treatments. Nutritionists help make certain patients are getting enough nutrition and pharmacists review medicines ordered by doctors to make sure they do not interact, the doses are correct and that the medicines are made properly. Phlebotomists are trained to help the doctors and nurses get the blood that is needed for tests. Social workers, or specially trained nurses help patients and their families with organizing care in the hospital (organizing family meetings, etc) and with planning for discharge. Physical therapists and occupational therapists help patients with strength and movemen |
5.Drugs. More people are abusing drugs today than in any other time in history of mankind, and many of those people are youth.Understanding what drugs are is fundamental for understanding their potential abuse. Drugs are a psychoactive substance.A psychoactive substance is something that people take to change the way they feel, think or behave. Some of these substances are called drugs and others, like alcohol and tobacco, are considered dangerous, but are not called drugs. The term drug also covers a number of substances that must be used under medical supervision to treat illnesses.I am going to talk about drugs as those man-made or naturally occurring substances used without medical supervision, basically to change the way a person feels, thinks or behaves.In the past, most drugs were made from plants. That is, plants were grown and then converted into drugs such as coca paste, opium and marijuana. Over the years, these crude products were further processed to drugs like cocaine and heroin and finally, in the 20th century, people found out how to make drugs from chemicals.These are called man-made or synthetic drugs and include ecstasy, LSD, etc. These were initially manufactured for largely experimental reasons and only later were used for recreational purposes. Now, however, with the increased size and scope of the drug trade, people set out to invent drugs especially for human consumption.For the first time in human history, a whole industrial complex creates and produces drugs that are meant to be used for the sole purpose of «having fun.» People use drugs just to escape the reality, to have fun. The majority of them are young, even very young, who do not understand what might happen to them because of drugs. 16.the worlds famous galleries and museums Speaking about art galleries of Moscow we must mention the most famous galleries.The State Tretyakov gallery is one of the best known picture galleries in Russia. It takes its name from its founder Pavel Tretyakov, a Moscow merchant. In the 19th century Tretyakov |
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7.Smoking, Smoking is the best way to bad health. Today half the men and a quarter of the women in the world smoke on the average.Some people think that there is not much sense in refraining from smoking, since the inhabitants of many cities and even villages breathe air contaminated with industrial and automobile wastes. They are very wrong. Vehicle exhaust gases are harmful in themselves, but a smoking driver is subjected to something far more dangerous.Take another example: according to WHO (World Health Organisation) figures, the sick rate is higher among smoking workers of the heavy engineering, chemical, ceramic, mining, building, cement and rubber industries.The harm of tobacco smoke on women should be especially emphasized. In particular, smoking may affect the course of pregnancy. Smoking women may bring into the world crippled or abnormal children.The evidence that exposure to other people's smoke is dangerous to health is now incontrovertible. The exposure to secondhand smoke is a serious health risk to non-smokers, increasing their chance of contracting lung cancer and heart disease. The degree of risk depends on the extent and duration of exposure. Particularly there is a high risk among workers in the hospitality industries (bar staff, casino workers and other employees in workplaces where smoking is routine). It is estimated that secondhand smoke causes one premature death a week.In the past few years some measures have been taken to reduce smoking. There has been a growing awareness of the dangers of smoking throughout the world. The anti-smoking campaigns launched in a number of countries have brought about extensive public censure of this harmful habit and a decrease in the number of smokers among some groups of the population. 8.Stress and heart diseases.It depends on what you mean by stress.Physical stress (i.e., exertion) is, in general, good for you. It is actually the lack of physical stress – the sedentary lifestyle – that causes heart disease. Of course, if you already have coronary artery disease then physical exertion can indeed precipitate angina or even a heart attack. |
19. Mass media is communication—whether written, broadcast, or spoken—that reaches a large audience. This includes television, radio,advertising, movies, the Internet, newspapers, magazines, and so forth. Mass media is a significant force in modern culture. Communities and individuals are bombarded constantly with messages from a multitude of sources including TV, billboards, and magazines, to name a few. These messages promote not only products, but moods, attitudes, and a sense of what is and is not important. Mass media makes possible the concept of celebrity: without the ability of movies, magazines, and news media to reach across thousands of miles, people could not become famous. In fact, only political and business leaders, as well as the few notorious outlaws, were famous in the past. Only in recent times have actors, singers, and other social elites become celebrities or “stars.” Three main sociological perspectives on the role of media exist: the limited-effects theory, the class-dominant theory, and the culturalist theory.The limited-effects theory argues that because people generally choose what to watch or read based on what they already believe, media exerts a negligible influence. This theory originated and was tested in the 1940s and 1950s. Studies that examined the ability of media to influence voting found that well-informed people relied more on personal experience, prior knowledge, and their own ideas. However, media “experts” more likely swayed those who were less informed. But this theory came into existence when the availability and dominance of media was far less widespread. The class-dominant theory argues that the media reflects and projects the view of a minority elite, which controls it. Those people who own and control the corporations that produce media comprise this elite. This a few people have the ability to manipulate what people can see or hear. For example, owners can easily avoid or silence stories that expose their unethical behavior. The culturalist theory, developed in the 1980s and 1990s, combines the other two theories and claims that people interact with media to create their own meanings out of the images and messages they receive. This theory sees audiences as playing an active rather than passive role in relation to mass media. Audiences choose what and how much to watch among a wide range of options. |
began to collect Russian paintings. He visited all the exhibitions and art studios and bought the best pictures. Little by little Tretyakov extended his interests and began to collect earlier Russian paintings.In 1881 Tretyakov opened gallery in St.-Petersburg to the public, 11 years later he donated it to the city of Moscow. Since then the gallery has received hundred paintingsfrom other museums and private collections. The Tretyakov gallery reflects the whole history of Russian paintings from the 11th century to the present day.State Pushkin museum of fine art also is one of the famous and largest museum in Russia. The building was built in Greek style by Roman Klein in 1898-1912 to house a museum of fine art, founded by the initiative of professor Ivan Cvetayev. Since 1937 it has been known as the Pushkin museum of fine art. It has one of the world's largest ancient collections of European art. Now the picture gallery has over 2 thousands works of various schools of painting.The Pushkin museum periodically holds exhibition of the art of various countries and of individual outstanding artistofpast andpresen 22.Violence. Many studies show a correlation between television violence and violent behavior in humans, especially children. Again and again, television characters face major and minor problems, and their solutions frequently involve violence because violence is considered to be more interesting to watch than passive solution of the problem. According to this viewpoint, when viewers, especially children, venture out into the real world they will first consider violence rather than safer solutions, because they have the pattern ingrained in their minds. Overall, violent media is said to give children unrealistic views of the world, and make them more fearful than they should be by giving them the impression that the world is a dangerous place full of murder and cruelty. It is highly recommended that parents should pay close attention to what their children are exposed to and regulate it to prevent any negative impact. 9.Environmental diseases.People have always polluted their surroundings. But until now pollution was not such a serious problem. People lived in uncrowned rural areas and did not have pollution — causing machines.With the development of crowded industrial cities which put huge amounts of pollutants into small areas, the problem has become more important. Automobiles and other new inventions make pollution steadily worse. Since the late 1960's people have |
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But it is not the physical stress that causes the coronary artery disease in the first place.There is a fair amount of circumstantial evidence that emotional stress can be a risk factor for cardiac disease. But nobody can avoid all emotional stress (and really, who would want to?) The degree of risk imparted by emotional stress depends on the type of stress, and how we react to it. The emotional stress caused by a lack of a sense of control over one’s life is especially bad for us. (So your unreasonable boss may really be killing you.) But even more important is our response to such stress. People who can react relatively serenely to emotional stress seem to suffer no ill effects. But people who react with a teeth-clenching frustration may be increasing their risk for coronary artery disease over the long-term. Studies are underway to assess whether stress management training can reduce the increased risk imparted by emotional stress. 30.The sights of Minsk.Minsk is the capital of the Republic of Belarus, its political, economic, scientific and cultural centre. It is one of the oldest and most beautiful cities in our republic.Minsk is situated on the river Svisloch and occupies an area of 200 square kilometres. Its population is about 1,8 million.During the Great Patriotic War Minsk was destroyed by German invaders almost completely. In post-war years the city was rebuilt anew. Modern Minsk is a city of numerous plants and factories, modern buildings, tree-lined streets, beautiful parks and gardens. It is also a big traffic centre with a large network of railways, roads, airlines and two Metro lines.Minsk has a highly developed industry. There are hundreds of industrial enterprises in the city which produce tractors and automobiles, motor-cycles and bicycles, TV-sets and radio-sets, watches and refrigerators, electronic computers, textile, footwear, food and other goods. Our Belarus tractors and MAZ trucks enjoy a high reputation both in our country and abroad.Minsk is also known as a city of science and students. There is the Academy of Sciences and 16 state higher educational establishments there, the biggest of which are the University and the Polytechnical Academy.The cultural life of the people in the Belarusian capital is varied and interesting. In Minsk there are 6 theatres, a number of concert halls, a circus, dozens of cinemas, many palaces of culture, libraries and clubs. The most famous theatres are the Opera and Ballet Theatre, the Yanka Kupala State Academic Theatre, the Gorky Russian Drama TheatreAmong the most interesting museums one can mention the Museum of the History of the Great Patriotic War, the Art Museum and Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas museums.Minsk is a Hero-City. It was honoured with the title in 1974 for outstanding courage and heroism during the Great Patriotic War.The citizens of Minsk are proud of their city. It is beautiful at any time of the year. A lot of tourists from our country and abroad come to Minsk to see its sights. |
11.Global.I think that Russia is one of the dirtiest countries in the world. In Russia almost every family has a car. And fumes of cars are very dangerous. Our factories, cars, trains and planes make the air dirty, so the atmosphere is polluted.I believe that one day somebody will invent energy that hasn’t fumes. Or people will use renewable energy, for example solar energy, wind energy or hydro-electric dams. I know that these energies aren’t so powerful, but we can use it sometimes, for example for cookers.I think that right now we need new energy, because oil and coal are disappearing. All countries will be in the economiccrisis, if we don’t find new energy!I know that the world is getting hotter because of us! When the sun shines, everything gets hot and the dirt stops the hot air from going up to the sky. Because the hot air has nowhere to go, everything gets hotter.Our world is warmer than it was one hundred years ago. Hot countries may become drier and the people who live there won’t be able to grow enough food. Ice in cold areas is changing to water because of higher temperatures. When this happens, the sea levels become bigger. Some towns near the sea may have a problem soon.We can help if we stop making the air dirty but we must do something fast!In addition, not many people understand that they are polluting environment. They are dropping litter on the streets. In my opinion drop litter or rubbish in the dustbin isn’t hard it’s easy.I think that there must be group of people who will follow the people whodrop litter in the streets. Finally there must be more bins in the streets. And, of course, don’t cut down trees!!! Grow trees, they clean the air!I’m sure all is in hands of people. I call up: Protect environment, save nature!I always drop litter in bins and call up my friends to do the same. Maybe when I grow up somebody will have already invented clean and powerful energy. |
addition environmental pollution spoils the natural beauty of our planet. Pollution is as complicated as serious problem. Automobiles are polluting the air but they provide transportation for the people. Factories pollute the air and the water but they provide jobs for people and produce necessary goods. Fertilizers and pesticides are important for growing crops but they can ruin soil.Thus, people would have to stop using many useful things if they wanted to end pollution immediately. Most people do not want that of course. But pollution can be reduced gradually. Scientists and engineers can find the ways to reduce pollution from automobiles and factories. Government can pass the laws that would make enterprises take measures for reducing of pollution. Individuals and groups of people can work together to persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities. 24.British traditions.For most British families, Christmas is the most important festival of the year. It combines the Christian celebration or the birth of Christ with the traditional festivities of winter. On the Sunday before Christmas many churches hold a carol service where special hymns are sung. Sometimes carol-singers can be heard on the streets as they collect money for charity. Most families decorate their houses and they usually have a Christmas tree in the corner or the front foom. The Christmas tree was popularized by Prince Albert, husband of Queen Victoria, who introduced one to the Royal Household in 1840.There are a lot of traditions connected with Christmas but perhaps the most important one is the giving of present. Familly members wrap up their gifts and leave them bottom of the Christmas tree to be found on Christmas morning. Children leave sock or stocking at the end of their beds on Christmas Eve, 24th of December, hoping that Father Christmas will come down the chimney during the night and bring them small presents, fruit and nuts. Christmas dinner consists traditionally of a roast turkey, goose or chicken with stuffing and roast potatoes. Mince pies and Christmas pudding flaming with brandy, which might contain coins or lucky charms for children, follow this. (The pudding is usually prepared weeks beforehand and is customarily stirred by each member of the family as a wish is made.) Later in the day, a Christmas cake may be served.26th December is also a public holiday, Boxing Day, which takes its name from a former custom of giving a Christmas Box - a gift of money or food inside a box - to the deliverymen and trades people who called regularly during the year. This tradition survives in the custom of tipping the milkman, postman and other at Christmas time. This is the time to visit friends and relatives or watch football. St. Valentine's Day is now a day for sweethearts. It is the day that you show your friend of loved one that you care. You can send candy to someone you think is special. Or you can send "valentines". Valentines can be sentimental, romantic, and heartfelt. They can be funny and friendly. If the sender is shy, valentines can be anonymous. Valentine cards are usually decorated with symbols of love and friendship. Easter is a Christian spring festival that is usually celebrated in March or April. The name for Easter comes from a pagan fertility celebration. |
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25.The sights of London.Not far from the Tower of London there is Tower Bridge — a masterpiece of engineering skill. Tower Bridge was built at the end of the 19th century to match the medieval style of the fortress. This bridge is opened to let big ocean ships move up the Thames from the ocean. The territory between the Tower and the bridge is called the Pool for that reason. St. Paul's Cathedral is in the centre of London and is considered to be an architectural masterpiece. After the Great Fire the City had to be built again. The commission of six architects was organized for the rebuilding and Sir Christopher Wren was the most talented of them. This architect drew a plan which greatly determined the look of today's London though it was not realized in every detail. It was forbidden to build wooden houses in the City of London. St. Paul's Cathedral was the greatest work of Sir Christopher Wren. It is one of the largest churches in the world. Sir Wren was building the Cathedral for 35 years, completed it in 1711, and his aim was to build a church that could rival the great St. Peter Basilica in Rome. St. Paul was built of white stone as well as many other buildings in the City of London. But smoke and soot made the stones black and only the columns and edges were washed by the rain and remained white. That is how the building got its peculiar white-and-black look. On top of St. Paul's Cathedral is a high dome, which contains the Whispering Gallery, where whisper can be heard at a great distance. Fleet street is famous all over the world as the centre of British news services. Barbican is a district of the City of London. Nowadays Barbican is one of the most beautiful districts of London. It is also famous for the Barbican Centre. The Barbican Centre is an enormous complex which contains two theatres (the Royal Shakespeare Company and the London Symphony Orchestra), an art gallery, three cinemas, two restaurants and two exhibition halls. |
26.Museums of London. London is the main Britain's tourist attraction. The city is known for its ancient cathedrals, churches and particularly for its art museums and galleries.The British museum is one of the world's greatest treasure stores. It was founded in 1753 on the collections of Sir Hans Sloane. The money to house them was raised by public lottery. Today the museum has two departments — the Museum of Mankind and the Natural History Museum. The Museum of Mankind includes a vast collection of antiquities, including marbles from the Parthenon, the Rosetta Stone that provided the key to Egyptian hieroglyphics, ancient works of art in stone, bronze and gold, a collection illustrating Western Asiatic civilizations. The Natural History Museum contains five principal collections on the history of plants, minerals and the animal kingdom. A series of new permanent exhibitions has been opened in the museum, among them 'Dinosaurs and their living relatives'.The National Gallery was founded in 1824 and is one of the greatest museums of art in the world. It is noted for the balance of its collections; all of the important art schools and almost all old Masters are represented there. The rich collection of Dutch masters includes 19 Rembrandts.Of all London's great art collections, the Tate Gallery is the most rewarding. It does not cover the whole range of art, but has two distinct collections — British painting and a modern foreign collection. The gallery was opened in 1897 and built by the sugar refiner sir Henry Tate. He also gave to it works from his own collection of British paintings. The Tate covers all that is significant in British painting from the 16th century to the present day. It houses superb Constables, some of most important works of William Blake and important 20th century works. It also possesses a unique collection of Turners. The Tate owns more than 280 of his oil paintings. The sculpture collection includes works by Roden, Epstein, Henry Moore.Victoria and Albert Museum was opened in 1857 by Prince Albert and included the collections of Museum of Ornamental Art. The art collections grew rapidly. Now they include fine and applied arts of all kinds. They chiefly represent European art and the art of the Near and Far East. |
14.Belarusian artists There are many famous people in our republic. Among them you can find the names of politicians and public figures, intellectuals and scientists, heroes of war and labour, sportsmen and artists. First of all I'd like to mention the name of our outstanding national writers Yanka Kupala and Yakub Kolas. They created a new Belarusian Literature and a Belarusian literatury language. Both are considered to be the classics of Belorusian literature. These names are followed by a number of other well-known writers and poets, such as K.Krapiva, Chorny, Brovka, Shamyakin, Tank, Bykov, Korotkevich, Gilevich, Loyka, Adamovich known both in our country and abroad. Their works are translated into many European languages. Many Minsk streets are named after the Balarusian writers. The cultural life of Belarus has always been very interesting and varied. Among the leading composers of the present centure were Tikotsky, Aladov, Bogatyrov, Smolsky. Other well-known composers of the older generation include Pukst, Lukas, Luchenok, Alovnikov, etc. Many prominent names in the history of Belarus of the 20th century are connected with the two main events, the Second World War and space exploration. The Belarusians fought heroically defending their Motherland. But we are especially proud of the heroes of the last war: K.Zaslonov, E.Osipova, N.Gastello, V.Talalikhin, the defenders of Brest Fortess and many others. In the family of cosmonauts there are also two Belarussians, A.Kovalyonok and P.Klimuk. At the present day time, the time of revolution of values, it's difficult to find heroes especially among politicians. Time will put everything in its place and give everybody his due. But one thing is obvious: great times are created by great men. Their names are sure to become history whatever it may be. |
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15.Britan artists.There was little pictorial art in England until the great miniaturists of the Tudor epoch. There were portraits on a large scale, but they were in the main, of foreign origin, notably Dutch like Holbein. Then came Hogarth, the first great native painter born at the end of the 17th century, famous for both engravings and oil paintings, he was followed by Joshua Reynolds (1723-1792) famous for his portraits.If Hogarth was the artist of the towns, Gainsborough, contemporary of Reynolds, was the painter of the countryside, frequently the background to his portraits. In a similar tradition was Stubbs, as famous for his portraits of horses as of people.Among the other portraitists of the 18th century were Romney, and Rae-burn. Constable (1776-1837) finally gave landscape painting its importance. Among his near-contemporaries, though a little younger, were William Blake, poet, visionary and painter, and Turner, renowned above all for his naval scenes.The modern period in British art may be said to date from the year 1910, when the first Post-Impressionist Exhibition was held in London.The first decade of the century had been dominated by two romanticists, Frank Brangwyn and Augustus John and by the sculptor Jacob Epstein who became a protagonist of modernity. The two painters may, to some extent, have been influenced by Gauguin, Epstein was essentially an expressionist.Such modern painters as Peter Blake, Allan Jones and some others seek an image of immediate popular appeal (hence the term "pop-art" sometimes applied to this school). |
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