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17. DEVELOPMENT OF ENGLISH VOCABULARY
I. (A) Answer the questions:
a) time of existence, number of meanings, phraseological activity;
b) stylistic characteristics, number of syllables, origin.
II. (B) Find archaisms and historisms in the following sentences:
1) And Uncle Camillo in his armour with the lamp shining on the breastplate and helmet, and the vizor down so you could not see if he were laughing.
2) Human beings developed the ethic of' Love thy neighbour as thyself' within historical times, and it occurs in religions before Christianity. The latter religion pushed it further and added' Love thine enemies'.
3) Hark! I hear a step on the stair!
4) In front a broad sweep of gravel, and this side of it, just in the picture, a rolling lawn with a cedar set in it, a huge, black, ungainly tree that lurched like a galleon at sea when the wind blew.
5)' She's a nice little thing.'' Yes,' Karelius agreed.' Life has been rather hard on her, methinks.
6) I were no more than a lad myself. Harold was about eight or nine and he was always playing and running about in that meadow yonder.
Search for the words you have found in language corpora (BNC, COCA etc.) How many hits matched your search? How can you comment on the frequency of these words?
III. (B) Read the following extract devoted to a period in the development of English language.
At the time, learned books were usually written in Latin, because Latin was understood internationally and was regarded as more precise. The members of the Royal Society wanted to make English a fit language for scholars, and English began to make inroads into the territory of Latin. Newton had published his “Principia Mathematica” in 1 68 7 in Latin, but in 1 7 04, his “Opticks” was published, written in English... a new kind of rational English, larded with terms of enquiry and argument.
« I proceeded by this analysis to discover and prove the original differences of the rays of lightin respect of refrangibility, reflexibility, and colour, and their alternate fits of easy reflexion and easy transmission, and the properties of bodies, both opake and pellucid, on which their reflexions and colours depend». Here was a new vocabulary of reason and investigation. “Refrangibility” and “reflexibility” were words coined by Newton to allow him to describe his experiments with refraction and reflection. “Transmission” used to mean “passing from one place to another”. Newton changed its meaning to describe passing through a medium. And “opaque” had meant “unlit” for 200 years before the 1 7th century changed it to mean “not allowing the passage of light”. The word “lens” had only been coined a decade before Newton used it in his book, and as he reported his observations, he also gave English the terms “indistinctness” and “well-defined”. The scholars were reframing, redefining, and refashioning the language. They made it part of their apparatus. (from “The Birth of Language”)
What were the reasons for the appearance of many new words at the described period? Why have so many words appeared during the latest decades? Can you give any examples?
IV. (B) Find neologisms in the given sentences and state their type: semantic neologism/transnomination/proper neologism; strong neologism/morphological neologism/phraseological neologism
1) Mr. Swanberg is a young auteur of the so-called mumblecore movement, films that are generally shot quickly and inexpensively, usually featuring a few characters.
2) The hilarious and pathetic birther movement is not about birth certificates. No, the birthers are trying to deny Barack Obama his humanity, his dignity, his birthright of American citizenship.
3) What the Fairey posters show is that Generation O is embracing the political aesthetics of their grandparents, and like many of their grandparents, they don't really care what you call them.
4) The biggest issue, as somebody I heard over the summer say, was not just NIMBY, not in my backyard, but also a lot of people have this thing that called BANANA, build absolutely nothing anywhere near anything.
5) Wade is a "digital native" whose world - half in cyberspace, half on terra firma - is breeding what might be called a new species of thinkers.
6) I don't follow the people who are retweeting the same stuff. For instance, why should I retweet Buffy Hamilton? Everyone who is following me is following her.
7) I have a friend named Kenny and he fights with his friend. And he has defriended him seven times or something like that. He'll say something nasty and then he'll defriend him.
8) When you “like” a post two core things happen. First, the blog post’s author sees your “like” and can click-through to your Gravatar profile. Second, clicking “like” saves the post in your homepage dashboard (in the “Posts I Like” section), so you can share it with others, or just keep it around for future reference.
(COCA)