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Mass media
It goes without saying that mass media have become a necessary part of any modern society. The press, the radio and television play a very important role in people's life. They inform, educate & entertain us. They also influence the way people look at the world & even make them change their views. In other words, mass media play a very important part in shaping public opinion.
Millions of people read popular issues of newspapers & magazines in their spare time. Newspapers publish articles which cover the latest international & national events, give a full coverage of commercial, financial and public affairs. Many people buy newspapers also for the radio & TV programmes which are printed there. A lot of magazines give an opportunity for youth to be in known in the fashion world, cultural life, sensational news & nightlife events; there we can find reports on education & sports.
Television is one of the greatest achievements of the 20th century and the most popular kind of mass media. Television brings world to our living rooms. It gives people an opportunity to be well-informed by watching documentaries, science programmes, panel discussions and so on. Television provides great opportunities for education. With the help of TV it is possible to study foreign languages, to learn a lot of amazing things. At the same time there are many arguments against TV. Accessing watching has a bad effect on the eyes. Today a lot of people have become TV-addicts, in other words couch potatoes. Instead of going to a theatre or reading books mankind prefer to watch TV. But still, television plays a very important role in people's life in spite of the rise of the Internet & other high-technology sources of information.
So today mass media offers us a great variety to choose from. There are many educational, political & entertainment programmes, so everyone can find what to listen to, to read or to watch.
our university
THE UNIVERSITY HISTORY IN BRIEF
February 19, 1899 by government regulation it was decided to found the Polytechnical Institute in St.Petersburg. The grand opening of the institution took place on October 2, 1902. Initially the institute aimed at training highly qualified engineers and economists. Thus Electrotechnical, Metallurgic, Shipbuilding and Economics Departments started to operate within the institute first. A prominent scientist in the field of applied mechanics, Prince A.G.Gagarin was commissioned the first Director of the Institute.
The setting up Polytechnic institutes in Russia (St.Petersburg, Kiev and Warsaw) was idea of S.Yu.Vitte -he held the post of Minister of Finance (1892 - 1903) and was the first Prime Minister in Russia (1903-1906). World famous scientists like V.I.Kovalevsky, D.I.Mendeleyev, V.I.Kipichev, N.P.Petrov, A.N.Krilov, A.S.Popov, D.K.Chernov and many others made a significant contribution into the institute's starting and functioning.
S.Yu.Vitte A.G.Gagarin D.I.Mendeleev N.P.Petrov V.I.Kovalevsky V.L.Kirpitchev
In June, 1918 the Institute was renamed into the First Polytechnical Institute.
The University scientists made a significant contribution to different spheres of Russian science and engineering. In 1920, within the framework of the Russia's electrification program, one of the biggest projects on Russia North-West region electrification was carried out by the Institute. In 20-30-s the scientists played a very important role in elaborating and bringing into life projects on power engineering and metallurgy development. In 30-s the Institute took an active part in the country's industrialization.
During World War II the Institute didn't stop functioning, it continued to keep training and conducting scientific researches. The scientist working in the Institute had great achievements in military equipment designing and developing. Key names here are celebrated aircraft designers O.K.Antonov and N.N.Polikarpov and the best World War II tank designer M.I.Koshkin.
In October 1946 The Polytechnical Institute became subordinate to Ministry of Education of Higher Education, which gave it an opportunity to design and to follow its own academic programs and curriculum. Beginning with 1950 the Institute became open to international students - representatives of Eastern Europe and Africa. In 1965 the Institute Preparatory Department for overseas students was founded.
In 1968 a Unique/Special Design Office was founded within the Institute which started the development of industrial robotics in Russia. Today it is one of the most significant scientific centers in our country - the Central Research and Experimental-design Institute of robotics and engineering cybernetics, run by V.A. Lopota - a Corresponding Member of Russian Academy of Science. The University scientists took part in developing and launching the first artificial satellite ever, as well as first spaceship "Vostok" with a man aboard.
Since 1970-s the Institute staff made a major breakthrough in sphere of hydro- and electrical engineering, power machine engineering, physics, nuclear physics and others. Scientists of the University Y.S.Vasiliev, R.A.Suris, V.E.Golant, L.P.Nayman, G.N.Alexandrov, and others made a significant contribution to development in these spheres.
Among scientists who studied and worked in Polytechnical University are Nobel Prize winners N.N.Semyonov (Chemistry, 1956), P.L.Kapitsa (Physics, 1978) and Zh.I.Alferov (Physics, 2000).
In 1975 the Institute became the only soviet technical institution of higher education which was internationally recognized and accepted into the International Association of Universities.
In 1976 at the the Politechnical University the Faculty of Computer Science was founded.
Since 1980-s university's scientists and staff were involved in development of modern scientific and study directions such as computer science and information technologies, material science and nano-technologies, ecology and environmental protection.
In 90-s was opened new faculties: International Graduate School of Management, Institute of International Educational Programs, Faculty of Humanities.
Institute of Innovations was established in 1996 for innovation technique managers training.
On February, 19 1999 the St.Petersburg State Polytechnical University celebrated its centennial anniversary.
Polytechnical University has actively started to develop the new fields of scientific research activities since 2000.
In 2003 at the the University the Faculty of Law and Facilty of Management and Information technology were founded, in 2005 - faculty of Foreign Languages.
In 2007 the Polytechnical University won the Innovative University Competition, organized by the Education Priority National Project.
Environment protection
It is a small world we live in, and it is high time for all of us to realize it. Since ancient times people have been trying to produce more and more to increase human wealth. Nobody noticed that we were destroying Nature by using it as the source of raw materials, and as the garbage can for our waste. Nature seemed to be boundless and endless... Far from it as it turned out. Millions of cars and smoky factories pollute and spoil the air we breathe in. Pollution is hanging over big cities like an ugly brown cloud. It is hurting our lungs as well as the life of animals, birds and plants. People need wood and paper, so we cut down our forests. We don't know what to do with waste materials of our industry, so we pour them into water, bury them into soil, shoot them into atmosphere. We pollute the water we drink, and the land we live in. People build nuclear power stations and carry out nuclear tests. As a result, radiation represents one of the main problems nowadays. The rapid growth of population in the world may turn into another grave problem very soon. The speed with which we are using up our non-renewable resourses like oil and gas, is appaling. With the development of our civilization we have become dangerous to the planet and to ourselves. What must we do not to find ourselves in a dirty desert in the near future? This question cannot be ignored. Some scientists are pessimistic about our problems. They suppose that we have already reached the point of no return. Others are more optimistic and believe that our ecological problems are solvable because more and more people begin to understand how dangerous they are. There is increasing awareness of people of the real state of the planet. In many countries environmental protection agencies and research centres are set up. Such organizations as "Green Peace" and "Friends of the Earth" try to put pressure upon those governments that do not care for ecology in their countries. The humankind will be able to survive only if we all understand that environmental protection is our universal concern.
science and technology
Today we see the world in which social,industrial and political order has been greatly influenced by science.The development of science has increased man's know-ledge of nature. Modern experimental science began about 400 year ago.Man learned to use the energy of fire water.Later man made steaw serve him.Nowdays man uses thermonuclear energy and that of autimatter. I'd like to dwell on electronics as not a day passes without the apearnce of a new eletronic device.The first great progress in electronics came with the invention of the vacuum tube or valve in 1904.it made broad casting possible.the development of electronics during World War II gave us radars and electronic computers. The first general purpose computer for scientific use was invented in 1949.Today computers have become common they can do fantastic things. Computer can condukt experiments in places which are too dangerous for people.Some computers are used in carves and mines to replace workers.Besides thay can be designed for special purposes. Thay can solve mathimatical problems,make bank aubuts,play chess.New supercomputers solve problems in many branches of industry,science and culture.They are videly used in submarine navigation and in modern hospital.Now much is being done to create artifical intellect.Science has brought in to being a new atomic technologies.Elektric enginearing and radio enginearin have been created in the some way. Science and technology have acheeved great progress in spase research.There have been space flights,the launching of interplanetary stations in the direction of Mars, Radar contacts with the planets Mercury and Venus.Science enters own flats.Many people have already forgotten what the world was like before television.several generations of children have grown up with TV as a baby-sitter,teacher and companion. A lot of kitchens in our flats are so well equipped that they look like a control room.We are so used to all these that we can't (emmigenc) our life without science.
Globalization
Globalization in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones. It can be described as a process by which the people of the world are unified into a single society and function together.
This process is a combination of economic, technological, sociocultural and political forces. Globalization is often used to refer to economic globalization, that is, integration of national economies into the international economy through trade, foreign direct investment, capital flows, migration, and the spread of technology.
The term "globalization" has been used by economists since the 1980s although it was used in social sciences in the 1960s; however, its concepts did not become popular until the latter half of the 1980s and 1990s. Globalization is viewed as a century’s long process, tracking the expansion of human population and the growth of civilization that has accelerated dramatically in the past 50 years. Globalization, since World War II, is largely the result of planning by politicians to breakdown borders hampering trade to increase prosperity and interdependence thereby decreasing the chance of future war. Their work led to the Bretton Woods conference, an agreement by the world's leading politicians to lay down the framework for international commerce and finance, and the founding of several international institutions intended to oversee the processes of globalization.
These institutions include the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (the World Bank), and the International Monetary Fund. Globalization has been facilitated by advances in technology.
Cultural globalization, driven by communication technology and the worldwide marketing of Western cultural industries, was understood at first as a process of homogenization, as the global domination of American culture at the expense of traditional diversity. However, a contrasting trend soon became evident in the emergence of movements protesting against globalization and giving new momentum to the defense of local uniqueness, individuality, and identity, but largely without success.
Globalization has various aspects which affect the world in several different ways such as:
- Industrial - emergence of worldwide production markets and broader access to a range of foreign products for consumers and companies. Particularly movement of material and goods between and within national boundaries.
- Financial - emergence of worldwide financial markets and better access to external financing for borrowers. As these worldwide structures grew more quickly than any transnational regulatory regime, the instability of the global financial infrastructure dramatically increased, as evidenced by the financial crises of late 2008.
- Economic - realization of a global common market, based on the freedom of exchange of goods and capital. The interconnectedness of these markets however meant that an economic collapse in any one given country could not be contained.
- Political - some use "globalization" to mean the creation of a world government, which regulate the relationships among governments and guarantees the rights arising from social and economic globalization. Politically, the United States has enjoyed a position of power among the world powers; in part because of its strong and wealthy economy.
- Informational - increase in information flows between geographically remote locations. Arguably this is a technological change with the advent of fibre optic communications, satellites, and increased availability of telephone and Internet.
- Language - the most popular language is English.
- About 75% of the world's mail, telexes, and cables are in English.
- Approximately 60% of the world's radio programs are in English.
- About 90% of all Internet traffic uses English.
- Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts; advent of new categories of consciousness and identities which embodies cultural diffusion, the desire to increase one's standard of living and enjoy foreign products and ideas, adopt new technology and practices, and participate in a "world culture".
- Ecological- the advent of global environmental challenges that might be solved with international cooperation, such as climate change, water and air pollution, over-fishing of the ocean, and the spread of invasive species. Since many factories are built in developing countries with less environmental regulation, globalism and free trade may increase pollution.
- Social - increased circulation by people of all nations with fewer restrictions.
- Spreading of multiculturalism, and better individual access to cultural diversity. \
- Greater international travel and tourism
- Greater immigration, including illegal immigration
- Spread of local consumer products (e.g. food) to other countries (often adapted to their culture).
- Worldwide fads and pop culture.
- Worldwide sporting events such as the Olympic Games.
- Technical
- Development of a global telecommunications infrastructure and greater transborder data flow, using such technologies as the Internet, communication satellites and wireless telephones
Globalization – the growing integration of economies and societies around the world – has been one of the most hotly-debated topics in international economics over the past few years. Rapid growth and poverty reduction in China, India, and other countries that were poor 20 years ago, has been a positive aspect of globalization. But globalization has also generated significant international opposition over concerns that it has increased inequality and environmental degradation.
The european union
Europe was an arena of frequent and devastating wars for centuries. The European integration project was launched after the World War II as a way to prevent further conflicts between European countries and especially between the two chief belligerent nations - France and Germany. Several western European leaders came to the conclusion that the only way to establish a lasting peace was by bringing their nations together under a common, supranational institutional structure.
On 19 September 1946, the former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill gave a speech at Zurich University (Switzerland) calling for a "kind of United States of Europe". It was considered by many people as the first step towards European integration in the postwar period.
The real process of foundation of the European Community, however, began on 9 May 1950 when French Minister of Foreign Affairs Robert Schuman made a declaration in the name of the French government. This declaration, inspired by the visionary ideas of Jean Monnet, proposed to integrate French and German coal and steel production under an organization that would be open to other European countries. The brilliant idea was that if Germany and France could control each others access and use of coal and steel neither of the two countries would ever be able to produce weapons and get ready for a new war.
Schuman's initiative, actually expressed much deeper aspirations such as "the foundation of a European federation, indispensable to the preservation of peace". German Chancellor Konrad Adenauer supported this proposal and in 1951 six founding countries - Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands - responded to Schuman's declaration and signed the Treaty of Paris establishing the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC). The power to take decisions about the coal and steel industry in these countries was placed in the hands of an independent, supranational body called the "High Authority". In 1952, Jean Monnet became the first president of the High Authority.
On 25 March 1957, the six ECSC members signed the Treaties of Rome, creating the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom). The purpose of the EEC was to form a "common market" among the six founding members, based on the "four freedoms": freedom of movement of goods, services, capital and people. Euratom was to pool the non-military nuclear resources of the states. The Treaty of Rome established the basic institutions and decision-making mechanisms still in place in today's European Union. In 1962 the countries of the EEC introduced a common policy on agriculture because they hoped to be selfsufficient with agricultural commodities.
The success of the European integration project during a period of steady economic growth in the 1960s set the stage for the first enlargement - the accession of the UK, Ireland and Denmark - in 1973. The benefits of economic convergence became more evident in the context of the 1970s energy crisis and financial turmoil, which led to the launch of the European Monetary System in 1979. In the same year, the first direct elections to the European Parliament (EP) took place. Previously, delegates from national parliaments had represented their country's legislative bodies at the EP in Strasbourg, France.
The Community further expanded southward with the accession of Greece (1981, the second enlargement), followed by Spain and Portugal (1986, the third enlargement). These accessions led the EEC to adopt "structural programs" in order to reduce economic and social disparities among its regions.
During the 1990s it became increasingly easy for people to move around in Europe, as passport and customs checks were abolished at most of the EU's internal borders. One consequence is greater mobility for EU citizens. Since 1987, for example, more than a million young Europeans have taken study courses abroad, with support from the EU.
In 1991 the governments of the 12 member states signed the Treaty on European Union (commonly called the Maastricht Treaty). The Maastricht Treaty transformed the EC into the EU. The amendments to the treaties have further deepened the strong ties between the EU's Member States, brought numerous changes in the institutional set-up of the Union, and extended its competences to new areas. The treaty introduced the three-pillar structure that exists today (the European Communities pillar, the Common Foreign and Security Policy or CFSP pillar, and the Justice and Home Affairs pillar).
The Maastricht Treaty also set out a timetable for economic and monetary union and the introduction of a single currency. The single currency - the euro - became a reality on 1 January 2002, when euro notes and coins replaced national currencies in twelve countries - Belgium, Germany, Greece, Spain, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Austria, Portugal and Finland.
On 1 May 2004 the fifth, and biggest ever, wave of enlargement took place, with the accession of ten new countries: Cyprus (Greek part), the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovenia and Slovakia.
The sixth enlargement occurred on 1 January 2007 when Bulgaria and Romania officially joined the European Union and it has grown to 27 member states. The newest members raise the EU's population by 30 million to 490 million.
To ensure that the enlarged EU can continue functioning efficiently, it needs a more streamlined system for taking decisions. That is why the Treaty of Nice lays down new rules governing the size of the EU institutions and the way they work. It came into force on 1 February 2003. It will be replaced, in 2006, by the new EU Constitution - if all EU countries approve this.
The countries that make up the European Union (its "Member States") pool their sovereignty in order to gain a strength and world influence none of them would have on its own. Pooling sovereignty means, in practice, that Member States delegate some of their decision-making powers to shared institutions they have created, so that decisions on specific matters of joint interest can be taken at European level.
Economic and political integration between the member states of the European Union means that these countries have to take joint decisions on many matters. In the early days the focus was on a common commercial policy for coal and steel and a common agricultural policy. Other policies were added as time went by, and as the need arose.
Today the EU also deals with many other subjects of direct importance for citizens' everyday lives, such as citizens' fundamental rights; ensuring freedom, security and justice; job creation; regional development; making globalisation work for everyone, etc. Also, some key policy aims have changed in the light of changing circumstances. For example, the aim of the agricultural policy is no longer to produce as much food as cheaply as possible but to support farming methods that produce healthy, high-quality food and protect the environment. The need for environmental protection is now taken into account across the whole range of EU policies.
European integration has delivered more than half a century of peace, stability, and economic prosperity. It has helped to built a common market, raise standards of living, and strengthened the EU's voice in the world.
Engineering
Offshore wind turbines require technical input from engineers of different fields.
Engineering is the discipline, art and profession of acquiring and applying technical, scientific and mathematical knowledge to design and implement materials, structures, machines, devices, systems, and processes that safely realize a desired objective or inventions. The American Engineers' Council for Professional Development (ECPD, the predecessor of ABET[1]) has defined engineering as follows:
“[T]he creative application of scientific principles to design or develop structures, machines, apparatus, or manufacturing processes, or works utilizing them singly or in combination; or to construct or operate the same with full cognizance of their design; or to forecast their behavior under specific operating conditions; all as respects an intended function, economics of operation and safety to life and property.”[2][3][4]
One who practices engineering is called an engineer, and those licensed to do so may have more formal designations such as European Engineer, Professional Engineer, Chartered Engineer, or Incorporated Engineer. The broad discipline of engineering encompasses a range of more specialized subdisciplines, each with a more specific emphasis on certain fields of application and particular areas of technology.
The concept of engineering has existed since ancient times as humans devised fundamental inventions such as the pulley, lever, and wheel. Each of these inventions is consistent with the modern definition of engineering, exploiting basic mechanical principles to develop useful tools and objects.
The term engineering itself has a much more recent etymology, deriving from the word engineer, which itself dates back to 1325, when an engine’er (literally, one who operates an engine) originally referred to “a constructor of military engines.”[5] In this context, now obsolete, an “engine” referred to a military machine, i. e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult). The word “engine” itself is of even older origin, ultimately deriving from the Latin ingenium (c. 1250), meaning “innate quality, especially mental power, hence a clever invention.”
Later, as the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings matured as a technical discipline, the term civil engineering[4] entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline of military engineering (the original meaning of the word “engineering,” now largely obsolete, with notable exceptions that have survived to the present day such as military engineering corps, e.g., the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
2. Перестройка начало демократии
3. на тему- ldquo;Ценные бумаги как объекты гражданского оборотаrdquo; Студентки II курс
4. Постренальной причиной нарушения функции почек является2 аденома простаты нарушения сис
5. Шпаргалка- Основы бухгалтерского учета
6. РЕФЕРАТ дисертації на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук Киї
7. философских преобразований
8. Синтез и свойства амилнитрита
9. золотых лет Глава 5
10. Девиантное поведение и пути его преодоления
11. методологические и организационные вопросы сбора информации
12. Мировоззренческие портреты Соловьев СМ
13. Агнесс Смедли
14. на тему- ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ЕНЕРГЕТИЧНИХ ПАРАМЕТРІВ НЕЛІНІЙНОГО НАВАНТАЖЕННЯ МЕРЕЖІ ЕЛЕКТРОЖИВЛЕННЯrdquo; з дисц
15. . Назвать части нефрона которые принимают участие в фильтрации Почечное тельце
16. подражание Различие видов поэзии в зависимости от средств подражания О сущности поэзии и ее видах о том
17. Лекция 10 СИСТЕМЫ ПОНИМАНИЯ ЕСТЕСТВЕННОГО ЯЗЫКА 1
18. тема не могла б вижити
19. менеджерів. На теренах України склалася досить неоднозначна ситуація з мотивацією подібного прошарку найм.
20. SUBJECTIVUS Жалоб нет