Best vlues of the Soviet Union
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1.Eurasian Union
The Eurasian Union is a proposed political and economic union of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and other countries, in particular the post-Soviet states.
The idea, based on the European Union's integration, was brought to attention in October 2011 by the then-Prime Minister of Russia, Vladimir Putin, but was first proposed as a concept by the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, during a 1994 speech at a Moscow university. On 18 November 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement, setting a target of establishing the Eurasian Union by 2015. The agreement included the roadmap for the future integration and established the Eurasian Commission (modelled on the European Commission) and the Eurasian Economic Space, which started work on 1 January 2012.
Vladimir Putin stated in November 2011 that the Eurasian Union would build upon the "best values of the Soviet Union"; however, critics claimed that the drive towards integration aims to restore the "Soviet Empire"
According to The New York Times, several candidates in Kyrgyzstan's 2011 presidential election have endorsed the concept.[12] In November 2011 Tajikistan's government said they were considering membership.
Ukraine submitted an application to participate in the Eurasian Union as an observer in August 2013.
In September 2013, Armenia announced its decision to join the Eurasian Union. President Serj Sargsyan of Armenia announced the decision after talks with his Russian counterpart President Vladimir Putin in Moscow. President Vladimir Putin welcomed the move as a diplomatic victory at a time when Russia is struggling to bring former Soviet republics closer together and stop Ukraine from slipping into the European Union's orbit.
Russia is Armenia's largest trading partner, and bilateral trade grew 22% to $1.2 billion (€910 million) last year. Russia is also the biggest foreign investor in the small Eurasian economy, with a total of $3 billion (€2.27 billion) investments last year in a country whose GDP amounted to $9.9 billion (€7.5 billion) in 2012, according to the World Bank.
2.political setup of KZ
Kazakhstan government overview
Kazakhstan has a hybrid system of government that combines aspects of both parliamentary and presidential systems.
The principle of independence and the political system were formulated in the first Constitution of Kazakhstan of January 1993, which was approved by referendum on 30 August 1995.
Kazakhstan government features
Kazakhstan has a parliamentary system with a president as head of the State. Kazakhstan last presidential election was in January 2006 for a seven-year term. Kazakhstan president serves as commander-in-chief, sets foreign policy, can initiate legislation, and appoints Kazakhstan prime minister, subject to Parliamentary approval.
Kazakhstan parliament is the supreme legislative body and consists of two chambers, the Senate (Upper House) and the Mazhilis (Lower House). The 47 members of Kazakhstan Senate are indirectly elected representatives of regional assemblies and appointees of Kazakhstan president. The Mazhilis is composed of 67 elected deputies. Kazakhstan parliament is elected for a four-year term.
Kazakhstan prime minister is the head of the executive branch of government and is appointed by Kazakhstan president, with the approval of Kazakhstan parliament. He chairs the Cabinet, which, as of January 2006, consists of three Deputy Prime Ministers, the Ministers of the 14 State Ministries and the 5 Chairmen of the State Agencies.
The heads of the local administrations (Akims of 14 oblasts and 2 cities) are appointed by Kazakhstan president. Since December 1997, the capital of Kazakhstan has been Astana. From 1929 to 1997 the capital of Kazakhstan was the city of Almaty, founded in 1854.
The head of the state is the President
The supreme body of the authority is two-chamber Parliament that consists of the Senate and the Mazhilis. Kazakhstan — the constitutional parliamentary-presidential republic. The president is the head of the state and chief supreme commander.
Executive authority
The President of Republic Kazakhstan is voted by full age citizens of Kazakhstan on general, equal, direct and secret vote basis. The President of Republic Kazakhstan is Nursultan Nazarbaev. The Presidents terms of limit are 5 years.
The executive authority is carried out by the government. The system of the executive branch of the government consists of the ministries, services and agencies. The head of the government — the prime minister Karim Masimov.
Legislative power
Legislature is brought into action the Parliament that consists of two Chambers: the Senate and the Mazhilis working on a regular basis.
The Senate is formed by the deputies represented in order of constitution law for two person out of each region, city of republican value and capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan (14 regions, 2 cities). Fifteen deputies of the Senate are appointed by the President in order to fulfill the representation for the Senate of national-cultural and other significant interests of a society.
The Mazhilis consists of the 107 deputies selected by the constitutional law. Terms of limit of deputies in Senate are six years, for deputies of Mazhilis – five years.
The Judicial Branch
Judicial system is a set of all courts of Kazakhstan.
The judicial system includes the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the local courts established according to the Constitution of RK and the Constitutional law.
To local courts concern:
Oblast (regional) courts and equal to them (city courts of cities of republican value and capital, specialized court — Military court of Republic Kazakhstan, specialized financial courts, etc.);
District (rayon) courts and equal to them courts (city, interdistrict, specialized court -military court of garrison and others).
In the Republic of Kazakhstan specialized courts (military, financial, economic, administrative, juvenale, etc.) can be created.
3.Мanagement and national companies of RK
Management in business and organizations means to coordinate the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effect-tively. Management comprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization or initiative to accomplish a goal. Resourcing encompasses the deployment and manipulation of humanresources, financial resources, technological resources, and natural resources.
The management of national companies is very difficult. For exemple, the management of KazMunayGaz.
Сhairman of Management Board- Mynbayev S.M.
Range of matters he is responsible for in the Company: Performs general management of the company's activity in accordance with KMG's Charter and bears responsibility for KMG's work to KMG's Board of Directors and Sole Shareholder, and heads KMG's Management Board.
First deputy chairman of the Managing Board for corporate development -Berlibayev D.A.Range of issues, for which he is responsible in the Company: Coordination of activity of gas projects and supervising execution of events on provision of gas supply to home market of the Republic of Kazakhstan; representation of interests of the Company in all gas investment projects, provision of complex and system approach for imple-menttation of gas projects at all stages of its realization as well.
Deputy chairman of the Managing Board for transport infrastructure Shmanov N.N. His responsibilities in the Company: Supervises performance of production programs, budgets and business-plans of subsidiaries and dependent entities of oil sector; supervision of major pipelines development system and estimating internal and external factors influencing their development.
Мanagement and national companies of RK
Management in business and organizations means to coordinate the efforts of people to accomplish goals and objectives using available resources efficiently and effect-tively.Managementcomprises planning, organizing, staffing, leading or directing, and controlling an organization or initiative to accomplish a goal. For exemple, the management of national company “Kazakhstan temir zholy” .
In accordance with the decision of the Board of Directors of JSC “NC “KTZ” the membership of the Executive Board has been set to 10 people and its members were elected.
Members of the Executive Board manage the Company’s functioning through their participation in the Board meetings.
The JSC “NC “KTZ” Executive Board’s terms of reference cover:
- Implementing the decisions of the Sole Shareholder and the Company’s Board of Directors;
- Preparing and presenting the Board of Directors with the Strategic areas of Company’s development for 5 years, the Company’s Development plans (medium-term business plans), the Company’s budget (1 year business plan);
- Preparing and implementing the Development plans (the Company’s medium-term business plans), the Company’s budget (1 year business plan) as well as holding responsibility for the implementation;
- Developing and applying the Company’s internal control procedures and risk management;
- Giving advance notice to the Board of Directors about significant deficiencies in risk management system of the Company;
- Confirming structure and personnel arrangements of the Company including the personnel (total number of employees) of central body of the Company and representative offices approved by the Board of Directors;
- Approving documents that are adopted in order to organize the Company’s functioning but are different from the documents approved by the Board of Directors;
Nowadays the executives- the main managers of NC “KTZ” are Askar Mamin – the Chairman – the President of JSC “NC “KTZ” , Yermek Kizatov – the Vice-president of JSC “NC “KTZ” ,Ermukhanov A.M – Vice-president of provision, Kanat Alpysbayev – the Vice-president of Logistics of JSC “NC “KTZ”, Almas Lepesbayev- the Vice-president of Economy and Finance of JSC “NC “KTZ”
4.WTO and Kazakhstan
The process of the introduction of Kazakhstan in the World Trade Organization has begun on January, 26th, 1996 with giving in Secretary of the WTO of an official statement about the introduction of Kazakhstan into the WTO.
In February of 1996 Kazakhstan was assigned the status of the observer-country within WTO.
At the same time the Working group under the introduction of Kazakhstan into the WTO (further Working group) which structure includes now 40 member countries of the WTO is created. All basic trading partners of Kazakhstan which has expressed desire to discuss a condition and the obligation of republic at an accession to WTO, were included into Working group. The chairman of the Working group is Vesa Himanen, the Ambassador of Finland in the United Nations and other international organizations in Geneva.
With a view of perfection of a customs-tariff policy, working out of the co-ordinated trunk-call position of Kazakhstan in the course of an accession to WTO on concrete questions of economic policy, including conditions and stages of joining of Kazakhstan to the WTO, and also to its separate agreements concluded during bilateral and multilateral trading negotiations in 1996 in republic the Interdepartmental commission concerning the WTO which has been transformed subsequently to the Interdepartmental commission of Republic Kazakhstan concerning a commercial policy and participation in the international economic organizations has been created.
From 1996 through 2003 great volume of information materials and obligatory documents had been directed to WTO Secretary according to accession to WTO conditions.
In 2003 Kazakhstan had finished the information period of process of joining to the WTO and has entered an active phase of negotiating process with member countries of the Working group by definition of conditions of a WTO membership.
At the same time, it is necessary to notice that important the moments in the course of the introduction of Kazakhstan into the WTO working out and the subsequent consideration of the project of the Report of Working group under the introduction of Kazakhstan into the WTO also is. The project of the Report of the Working group (further – project WGR) is the basic document reflecting the rights and the obligations which Kazakhstan should accept following the results of all negotiations. Project WTR is the basic document which describes a trade and economic mode and fixes conditions and obligations of the country within the limits of a WTO membership. The specified Working group includes all interested members of the WTO.
4.WTO and Kazakhstan
Kazakhstan started its process of accession to the WTO in 1996. The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade is designated by the Government of Kazakhstan as a main coordinating body for the country’s WTO accession negotiations. During the last several years, Kazakhstan has made a significant progress in pursuing both bilateral and multilateral negotiations on WTO accession and currently is at the final stage of the accession process.
The Working Party on Kazakhstan’s Accession to the WTO currently consists of 43 members of the WTO, 30 of which initiated bilateral market access negotiations with Kazakhstan. By now, Kazakhstan signed protocols on completion of bilateral negotiations with 26 countries: Kyrgyz Republic — in 2003, Georgia — in 2004, Pakistan, Turkey, China, South Korea, Oman, Japan, Cuba, and Mexico — in 2005, Norway, Honduras, Dominican Republic, Bulgaria, Switzerland, and Egypt — in 2006, Israel, Brazil, and Malaysia — in 2007, Canada and Australia — in 2008, India — in 2009, Ecuador and El Salvador — in 2010, USA and Guatemala — in 2011.
Kazakhstan is close to the conclusion of the bilateral market access negotiations with the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Argentine and Chinese Taipei.
Accession to the WTO is one of the major priorities of the Government’s policy aimed at full integration into the world economy through enhancing competitiveness and diversification of the national economy and making fair contribution to the world economic welfare.
5. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SECTOR
The agricultural sector is one of the key elements of the country's economy. Kazakhstan is one of the major producers of marketable grain, meat, and wool. Farming areas occupy more than 220 million hectares and grain growing areas occupy about 13-14 million hectares. Farming areas comprise 74% of the country's total area. The pasture area totals 185.7 million hectares - 68% of all the farming areas. Individuals, collective farms and organizations utilize 81% of all farming areas and 98 % of all pastures. There are 70,000 farms, of which 99,6 % were in the private sector. 61,000 farms were transferred on the basis of long-term tenure, involving 27.2 million hectares of land, 4300 farming cooperatives, over 4,000 partnerships 505 JSC and other entities. Large farms account for 73,5 % of land, small farms 18,6%, state-owned firms 4,0 %, and individuals 0,2%.
Modernization means updating, renewal of the economy, where the main part is assigned to highly effective innovations. Demand for modernization is determined primarily by the fact that considerable amount of goods, produced in Kazakhstan, are not competitive. Lately this tendency shows as a growth of import from the neighboring or foreign countries. It is necessary to access totally new technologies to produce competitive goods.
It should be mentioned that agriculture is one of the key areas of the economy of Kazakhstan, and framework of food supply security of the country. Therefore, research of agricultural industry is particularly relevant in order to increase competitiveness of domestic products and improve workforce productivity in agricultural sector.
Solution of the problems of agricultural industry is a basis for food supply security of a sovereign state.
The measures taken by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for development of agricultural industry allow creating basic conditions for development of competitive agricultural production and widening export opportunities of the state. According to appraisal of foreign experts, agriculture of Kazakhstan is capable of providing people with staple food products, exporting crops, animal products: meat, caracul, furs, wool, and valuable species of horses and fish products. Industrialization of agricultural complex on the innovative basis through increasing level of technological infrastructure in agricultural industry will allow increasing workforce productivity in the sector, consequently lower expenses of production and unit price, which will promote maintenance of food safety supply of the country.
The Republic of Kazakhstan is rich in land resources; more than 74% of the country's territory is suitable for agricultural production, representing 10% of GDP and employing over 20% of the labor force. The agricultural sector saw its first big gains in 1999, which correlates somewhat with the pace of privatization and Land Law reform. Most of Kazakhstan's 70,000 farms have been privatized. Although Kazakhstan's vast territory ranges from forest-steppes and steppes to half-deserted and deserted zones, the natural and climatic conditions in Kazakhstan are highly favorable to growing a wide variety of crops.
5. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRARIAN SECTOR
One of the key milestones and presumptions for increasing agricultural industry effectiveness is technological modernization. Nowadays it is impossible to provide effectiveness and competitiveness of agricultural goods producers without high-performance techniques, new technologies, and new system of economic relationship.
Innovative process in agriculture is a permanent flow of transformation of scientific research and development into new or improved goods, new technologies in horticulture and cattle breeding, processing of agricultural production and bringing them to usage in agricultural sector of economy for the purpose of gaining efficiency. Agricultural science of Kazakhstan has a significant potential for implementation and enhancing competitiveness of agricultural sector. Among these are selection achievements such as sorts and hybrids of plants, breeds, types and lines of agricultural animals, soil-protective and resource-saving production technologies, storage and processing of agricultural products.
Innovative modernization process in agriculture is transformation of scientific knowledge into innovation which includes science, technology, production and consuming. Innovative processes in agricultural industry have their own specifics. They differ by variety of regional, sectoral, functional, technological and organizational peculiarities. It is necessary to note that innovative modernization in agricultural field is influenced by conditions and parameters, which can be divided into positive and negative ones. The former retard innovative development and the latter promote acceleration of innovative processes. It is innovations that provide economics with change towards new technological base, production of new commodities, consequently, entry on path of sustainable growth based on sharp increase of labor efficiency.
In 21st century the success of scientific-technical and socioeconomic development of Kazakhstan will considerably depend on structure of its economy, share of high-technology and science-intensive products. In this case the Republic of Kazakhstan has to actively use the experience of developed countries of global community in development and implementation of innovative mechanism.
6. Marketing comp in KZ
Marketing is the process of communicating the value of a product or service to customers, for the purpose of selling the product or service. It is a critical business function for attracting customers.
From a societal point of view, marketing is the link between a society’s material requirements and its economic patterns of response. Marketing satisfies these needs and wants through exchange processes and building long term relationships. It is the process of communicating the value of a product or service through positioning to customers. Marketing can be looked at as an organizational function and a set of processes for creating, delivering and communicating value to customers, and managing customer relationships in ways that also benefit the organisation and its shareholders. Marketing is the science of choosing target markets through market analysis and market segmentation, as well as understanding consumer buying behavior and providing superior customer value.
There are five competing concepts under which organizations can choose to operate their business; the production concept, the product concept, the selling concept, the marketing concept, and the holistic marketing concept. The four components of holistic marketing are relationship marketing, internal marketing, integrated marketing, and socially responsive marketing. The set of engagements necessary for successful marketing management includes, capturing marketing insights, connecting with customers, building strong brands, shaping the market offerings, delivering and communicating value, creating long-term growth, and developing marketing strategies and plans.
Founded in September 1997, TNS Central Asia, is a leading company specializing in the area of research of mass media and advertising, as well as marketing research in Kazakhstan. Its founders are Russian research companies Gallup Media and Gallup AdFact, and Social and Marketing Research Agency Brif Central Asia.
On January 30, 2001 a major research group Taylor Nelson Sofres signed an agreement on acquisition of 100% shares of MDC Gallup group of companies. From that moment TNS Central Asia has become an integrated part of global network of TNS - one of the leaders on the research market, occupying first place in Europe and third place in the world.
TNS is an independent research company successfully realizing its projects in 80 countries in Europe, America and South-Eastern Asia. Over 6 thousand people work for the company with the head office of TNS based in London.
Being a part of the Taylor Nelson Sofres group of companies, TNS Central Asia has benefits of access to the latest informational products and the most up-to date marketing techniques. Today on the market of Kazakhstan TNS Central Asia introduces modern techniques of consumer research that include tracking and multi-media studies, Consumer Panel, Optima, Conversion Mode, NeedScope, EmployeeScore, AdEval.
TNS Central Asia offers a logical system of informational support to advertising business as well. This system includes database obtained from several monitoring studies, such as Readership audience in Kazakhstan (or National Readership Survey - NRS), Radio Index, TV Index, ADEX.
Existing information database of TNS Central Asia, accumulated during many years, is able to provide the foundation for strategic decision-making in business, and its continuous updating will assist to timely react to changes occurring on the market in time.
Having an opportunity to apply highly advanced technologies in its studies, TNS Central Asia develops professional knowledge not only in the industry of advertising , mass-media and marketing of products and services but also rather new directions for the Kazakhstani market, such as strategic planning and the analysis of the marketing information. Experts of the company constantly participate in professional conferences and seminars offered by TNS University on new techniques in marketing and media research.
7. Parliament in KZ.According to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan passed on the republican referendum in August 30, 1995 the Parliament of two Houses of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a high representative organ of the Republic, realizing legislative functions. The organization and activity of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, legal position of its deputies are determined by the Constitution, Constitutional Law "Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan and status of its deputies" and other legislative acts. The authorities of the Parliament begin since the moment of the opening of its first session and end with the beginning of the work of first session of the Parliament of the new convocation. The term of the Parliament authorities is defined by the term of the Mazhilis deputies authorities of the regular convocation. The Prior cessation of the Parliament authorities can be only realized in the case and order provided by the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The Parliament consists of two Chambers: Senate and Mazhilis acting on a constant basis.
The Senate is formed by the deputies elected on two persons from each region, cities of the republican importance and capitals of the Republic of Kazakhstan on a joint meeting of the deputies of all representative bodies according to the region, city of the republican importance and capital of the Republic. Seven deputies are designated by the President of the Republic for the term of Senate authorities. The half of elected Senate deputies is re-elected each three years. The term of authorities of the Senate deputies is six years.
The Chair person leading the Chamber, elected by the Senate from the number of deputies with a fluent speaking state language, and by the secret voting majority from the total number of deputies of the Chamber. The candidature on a post of the Chair person of Senate is nominated by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Mazhilis consists of seventy seven deputies. Sixty seven deputies are elected on one-mandate territorial electoral district formed with taking into account administrative-territorial division of the Republic and with approximately equal number of the voters. Ten deputies are elected on the basis of party tickets on a system of proportional representation and on a territory of united national electoral district. The term of authorities of the Mazhilis deputies is five years.
The Chair person leading the Chamber, elected by the Mazhilis from the number of deputies with a fluent speaking state language, and by the secret voting majority from the total number of deputies of the Chamber. The candidature on a post of the Chair person of the Mazhilis is nominated by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
7. Parliament in KZ. The Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Kazakh: Қазақстан Республикасының Парламенті) is the bicameral legislature of Kazakhstan, according to the 1995 Constitution of Kazakhstan. The lower house is the Majilis, with 77 seats, elected to four year terms, 67 in single seat constituencies and 10 by proportional representation. The upper house is the Senate, which has 47 members, 40 of whom are elected to six-year terms in double-seat constituencies by the local assemblies, half renewed every two years, and 7 of which are presidential appointees.
As of January 2007 10% of the parliament's representatives are women and 19% of local and city council officials are women.
Its predecessor was the Supreme Soviet.
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