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[1] Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет [2] Пособие по английскому языку [3] для студентов 2 курса [4] ( 3 семестр) [4.1] (Уровень: Advanced, Upper-Intermediate, Intermediate) [5] The Judicial Systems of the UK and the USA. [6] Legal issues. [7] Санкт –Петербург [8] 2010
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[10] [11] VOCABULARY LIST 3. The Judicial Systems of the USA and the UK. Legal Issues.
[12] [13] Before you start [13.0.1] Reading for vocabulary 6. [13.0.2] WRITING IV. [14] Types of crime Vocabulary (1) [14.0.1] LISTENING V. [14.0.2] Offences against law (1) [14.0.3] Crimes and Criminals (1) [14.0.4] WRITING V.
[15] [15.0.1] Reading for vocabulary 7.
[16] [16.0.1] LISTENING VI
[16.0.2] [16.0.3] Crimes and criminals (2) [16.0.4] WRITING VI [16.0.5] TEXT TRANSLATION IV [17] LESSON 8 . LEGAL PROFESSIONS: US POLICE(1). [17.0.1] Reading for vocabulary 8. [18] Police Vocabulary (1) [18.0.1] 1. Study the first part of police vocabulary and translate the words and expressions into Russian. [18.0.2] 2. Fill the gaps with the words from above. [18.0.3] 3. Study these questions and statements. Entitle the columns. [18.0.4] 4. Make use of these sentences and compose and role-play an episode for a movie.
[18.0.5]
[19] [19.0.1] Reading for vocabulary 9.
[20] [21] Police Vocabulary 2 [21.0.1] 1. Study the second part of police vocabulary and translate the words and expressions into Russian. [21.0.2] 2. Fill the gaps with the words from above.
[21.0.3]
[22] [23] LESSON 10 . US AND UK COURTROOMS [23.0.1] Reading for vocabulary 10. [23.0.2] WRITINING VII. [23.0.3] LISTENING VII. [24] Court Vocabulary [24.0.1] 1. Study Court Vocabulary and translate the words and expressions into Russian. [24.0.2] 2. Fill the gaps with the words from above. [24.0.3] Part 1 [24.0.4] Part 2 [24.0.5] Part 3 [24.0.6] 3. The Bar. Read the text and guess the words. The number of “- ” is the number of omitted letters. [24.0.7] TEXT TRANSLATION VII. [25]
[26] [26.0.1] 1. Find the equivalents to the following [26.0.2] 2. Fill the table with names of penitentiaries which deal with these young offenders. [26.0.3] 3. Transalte theses sentences from Russian into English.
[27] [27.0.1] 1. Study Types of Punishment Vocabulary and translate the words and expressions into Russian. [27.0.2] 2. Fill the gaps with the words from above.
[27.0.3] [27.0.4] TEXT TRANSLATION VIII.
[27.0.5] [27.0.6] HOMEREADING LIST 3 |
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6 Crime,to commit a crime, criminal Criminal Law/Civil Law offence against the law felony, misdemeanor; petty crime criminal offence/tort violent crime: attempted murder, contract murder, premeditated murder, voluntary/ involuntary murder, manslaughter, homicide robbery kidnapping/ abduction, to pay ransom to blackmail, blackmail property crime: raid, mugging, smash-and-grab raid, ram-raiding, hold-up burglary, house-breaking, break-in theft, thief , larceny arson, to set fire to the building car-theft, joyriding, carjacking pickpocketing, shoplifting high crime: high treason, treason sexual crime: harassment, rape, molestation child abuse |
7 international crime terrorism, hijacking, hold smb hostage smuggling, drugtrafficking organized crime Italian Organized crime, mafia Eurasian criminal Enterprises Sports Bribery white-collar crime: antitrust laws violation bankruptcy fraud, mortgage fraud identity theft money laundering, to launder money computer /cyber crime copiright infringement, software piracy, warez, hacking child grooming,child pornograpy financial crime: tax evasion/avoidance embezzlement fraud, con, scam forgery, fake extortion, to blackmail, blackmail foreign exchange offences money-laundering, to launder money bribe, bribery |
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8 Police, police station, policeman Law-enforcement agencies To handcuff smb, handcuffs To detain a person, a detainee, preliminary detention cell to release a person, to release on bail to investigate the case to plant evidence on smb, extort evidence search warrant, arrest warrant to bring charges/allegations against smb. to examine, to cross-examine, interogate, interrogation witness, evidence, summons, to serve summons on somebody alibi, to have an alibi plotter, malefactor |
9 Lawyer, solicitor, attorney, barrister, counsel Prosecutor(prosecution counsel), defender (defence counsel) Attorney, Attorney General, District Attorney solicitor, barrister prison, , jail ward accomplice, complicity traffic violations: speeding, driving without (licence, registration, insurance),running a red light, seat belt violations motoring offences: DUI, hit and run disturbance of peace, ASBO, domestic violence |
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10 Court, court-house, courtroom First, second instance, apellate court/court of last resort Trial, hearing, proceeding Jury, juror referral/committal Defendant/the accused, plaintiff/claimant Custody: to be in custody, to take smb into custody, remand smb in custody in the dock witness, to testify/give evidence, testimony perjury, perjuror acquittal, to acquit appeal, to reject an appeal extenuating/lenient circumstances; aggravating features To deliver a verdict, to plead guilty/innocent to sentence one to… |
11 Punishment, punish Sentence, to sentence smb to smth Prison, jail, gaol, penitentiary A cell, solitary confinement cell, preliminary detention cell, Cellmate/inmate Prisoner, prison officer, ward capital punishment/death penalty, to abolish/to introduce capital punishment to imprison smb to serve a term in prison, to do the time (life) imprisonment To languish in prison, to escape from prison prison breakout |
-In the most economically developed countries nevertheless one can observe the increase of the criminal rate. What are the main reasons for this in your opinion?
-What are the most typical crimes for the big industrial cities? What are the crimes often reported in Mass Media?
- What is the difference between felony and misdemeanor? What do you consider to be a minor offence or petty crime? Why?
- What crimes bring moral damages to people? Speak on the ones connected with private life.
US legal system
Before you read think
- What functions are exercised by judicial branch of power?
- How is justice administered in most of the countries?
- Why is it necessary to have special bodies to administer justice officially?
The laws of the United States are a complex tapestry weaving through history, sometimes vague, sometimes specific and often confusing. It's up to the federal judicial system to sort through this web of legislation and decide what is constitutional and what is not.
Landmark Cases of Constitutional Review
The Supreme Court has dispatched some of the most important cases in U.S. history. The case of Marbury v. Madison in 1803 established the concept of judicial review, defining the powers of the Supreme Court itself and setting the precedent for the court to declare acts of Congress unconstitutional.
Dred Scott v. Sanford in 1857 determined that African Americans were not considered citizens and thus were not entitled to the protections afforded to most Americans, though this was later overturned by the 14th Amendment to the Constitution.
The decision in the 1954 case of Brown v. Board of Education abolished racial segregation in public schools. This overturned an 1896 Supreme Court decision, Plessy v. Ferguson, which formalized the long-held practice known as "separate but equal."
Miranda v. Arizona in 1966 required that upon arrest, all suspects must be advised of their rights, particularly the right to remain silent and to consult with an attorney before talking to police. The 1973 Roe v. Wade decision, establishing a woman's right to an abortion, has proven one of the most divisive and controversial decisions, one whose reverberations are still felt.
The Supreme Court
At the top of the pyramid is the United States Supreme Court, the highest court in the land and the final stop for any case that has not been settled by a lower court decision. Supreme Court justices-eight associates and one chief justice-are appointed by the president of the United States and confirmed by the U.S. Senate. Justices serve for life or until they choose to step down.
The Supreme Court hears a select number of cases that may have originated either in lower federal courts or in state courts. These cases generally hinge on a question of constitutional or federal law. By tradition, the Court's annual term begins the first Monday in October and ends when its docket of cases is finished.
The Lower Federal Courts
Beneath the Supreme Court are the U.S. Courts of Appeals. There are 94 judicial districts divided into 12 regional circuits, and each circuit has a court of appeals. These courts hear appeals from within their respective districts as well as from federal administrative agencies. The circuit courts also hear appeals in specialized cases such as those involving patent or trademark laws; those decided by the U.S. Court of International Trade, which hears cases involving international trade and customs issues; and those decided by the U.S. Court of Federal Claims, which hears cases involving monetary claims against the United States, disputes over federal contracts, federal claims of eminent domain and other claims against the nation as an entity.
District courts are the trial courts of the U.S. judiciary. Here, unlike in the higher courts, there may be juries who hear cases and render verdicts. These courts hear both civil and criminal cases.
Court of Military Appeals
The Court of Military Appeals hears appeals of military court-martial (when a person who is in the military commits a crime they can be tried and punished by the military courts.)
Court of International Trade
The Court of International Trade hears cases involving appeals of rulings of U.S. Customs offices.
Court of Claims
The Court of Claims hears cases in which the U.S. Government is sued.
Exercises
1. Find equivalents of the following.
Туманный, неясный; отменить расовую сегрегацию; ознакомить подозреваемого с его правами, судебный надзор, федеральная судебная система, система законов, не иметь права на защиту, объявлять акты Конгресса неконституционными, поправка к Конституции, не иметь права на защиту, доктрина «раздельные, но равные», апелляционный суд, закон о торговых марках, суд низшей инстанции; право хранить молчание, право на консультацию адвоката до помещения в полицейский участок, уладить дело в суде, правительственное агентство, административный орган; претензионный суд; судебное решение; постановление судьи; слушать дело, выносить вердикт; гражданские и уголовные дела, окружный суды, судебный округ (2); список дел к слушанию, Внешнеторговый суд; патентное право; дело, являющееся вехой в судебной практике; председатель Верховного суда США, судебные заседатели, быть тесно связанным
2. Give as many synonyms as you can.
judicial system, to dispatch cases, judicial review, to entitle, to abolish, to consult with an attorney, court decision, docket of cases, judicial districts, to render verdicts
3. Translate into English
1) Федеральная судебная система, на основании системы законов США, определяет какие действия являются конституционными, а какие нет. 2) В 1803 году, в ходе рассмотрения одного из дел, возникло понятие судебного надзора и Верховный Суд США получил полномочия объявлять акты Конгресса неконституционными. 3) В 1853 году суд постановил, что афроамериканцы не являются гражданами США, и, следовательно, не имеют права на защиту в суде, предоставляемую большинству американцев. 4) На этом основании позже была отменена 14 поправка к Конституции. 5) В 1954 году решением суда была отменена расовая сегрегация в государственных средних школах США. 6) При задержании подозреваемому должны быть зачитаны его права. 7) Подозреваемый имеет право хранить молчания вплоть до встречи с адвокатом. 8) Верховный суд –это последняя инстанция для любого дела, которое не было разрешено в судах нижестоящих инстанций. 9)Верховный суд состоит из главного судьи и 8 судебных заседателей, которые назначаются Президентом США и чьи кандидатуры подтверждаются Сенатом. 10) Судья сам решает, когда ему следует прекратить свою деятельность. 11)Дела, которые рассматривает Верховный суд тесно связаны с конституционным и федеральным законом.12)Работа Верховного Суда традиционно начинается в первый понедельник октября и прекращается, когда заканчивается список дел к слушанию.13) Для отправления правосудия территория США поделена на 12 федеральных округов, которые в свою очередь подразделяются на 94 судебных округа.14) Внешнеторговый суд слушает дела по вопросам международной торговли и разрешает таможенные споры.
4. Translate the underlined passage.
Look at this diagram and write a sentence about every court within US legal system (10 sentences altogether).
1. Look at these summaries of the CRIME NEWS and fill in the gaps.
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murderer, a drug case, held hostage, in jail , trial, kidnappers, sentenced to, defendants, probation, were |
1. Two female Italian aid workers have been freed and arrived back in Italy after being______ ____________________in Iraq for three weeks. Despite widespread relief there is a potential controversy with suggestions that the Italian government paid off the __________.
2. Amid heavy security, the trial of the alleged child _____________Marc Dutroux has begun in the Belgian town of Arlon. Three other ____________________, including Dutroux's ex-wife, are facing lesser charges. The ______________could last up to four months
3. The Hollywood actress Lindsay Lohan has been _______________90 days_________. A judge in California ruled that she had violated__________, following _____________three years ago.
2. Listen to the record and answer the question to these crime news reports.
1) How old are the heroines?________________________________
Who was abducted along with the two Italian aid workers?___________________________
What sum of money did the kidnappers require as a ransom?______________________
2) How long is it since the criminal was arrested?_________________________________
What crimes was he charged with?___________________________________________
Who says that a fair trial for the criminal is impossible? Why?_____________________
3) What did Mrs Lohan plead guilty to?______________
How long did she spend behind the bars?____________________________________________
What is she supposed to do when she’s released?_____________________
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Murder is considered a felony and is punishable by life in prison. |
or petty crime |
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Stealing a road sign is considered a misdemeanor, but is punishable by a large fine. |
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The negative effects of violent crime on our families and communities can't be over-estimated |
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The City Mayor has unveiled his plan to attack and reduce property crime in Albuquerque. |
not inthe whole list of words.
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Crime |
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Criminal (what he does) |
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kidnapping |
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Driving Under the Influence/drunk driving |
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street robbery |
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taking someone's life through violence |
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3. Write what these criminals were suspected of doing/reported to have done smth.
For example:
The arsonist is suspected of setting fire to his neighbour’s house in revenge.
The kidnappers are reported to have abducted children from the school playgrounds.
4. Which of these crimes can be regarded as felonies? Which of them are misdemeanors? Argue for your viewpoint.
5.Arrange these crimes into two groups: violent crimes, property crimes.
Divide into three teams and write three CRIME NEWS items. Three items for each teams. Choose an “editorial board” which will have to select the best items for today’s issue
UK legal system
Before you read think
- How many judicial systems do you think UK legal system comprises?
- Do you happen to know the difference between common and civil law?
-What could be a jurisdiction of Family Court or Queen’s bench?
Actually, there are three legal systems in The United Kingdom. English law, which applies in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland law, which applies in Northern Ireland. These legal systems are based on common-law principles. Scots law, which applies in Scotland, and thus the Scottish legal system is based on civil-law principles, with common law elements.
Common law was developed by judges through decisions of courts and similar tribunals rather than through legislative statutes or executive action. In common law, the court is bound to follow the reasoning used in the prior decision if a similar dispute or precedent has been resolved in the past.
In civil law laws are codified, and not determined by judges. The principle of civil law is to provide all citizens with an accessible and written collection of the laws which apply to them and which judges must follow.
Since October 2009 the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom is the highest court in the land for all criminal and civil cases in England and Wales and Northern Ireland .
In England and Wales, the court system is headed by the Supreme Court of England and Wales, consisting of the Court of Appeal, the High Court of Justice (for civil cases) and the Crown Court (for criminal cases). The Courts of Northern Ireland follow the same pattern.
In Scotland the chief courts are the Court of Session1, for civil cases, and the High Court of Justiciary2, for criminal cases. Sheriff courts have no equivalent outside Scotland as these Courts deal both with criminal and civil caseloads.
The Judicial Committee of the Privy Council3 is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries, the British overseas territories, and the British Crown dependencies. It also hears cases concerning questions relating to the powers and functions of the devolved legislatures. The 'devolution' function will be transferred to the new Supreme Court.
There are also immigration courts with UK- wide jurisdiction — the Asylum and Immigration Tribunal 4and Special Immigration Appeals Commission.The former was constituted in the United Kingdom with jurisdiction to hear appeals from many immigration and asylum decisions. It was created on 4 April 2005, replacing the former Immigration Appellate Authority.The Employment tribunals5 and the Employment Appeal Tribunal have statutory jurisdiction to hear many kinds of disputes between employers and employees. The most common disputes are concerned with unfair dismissal, redundancy payments and employment discrimination.
Civil courts
Civil cases at first instance are heard in the County Courts (for minor claims) or the High Court, which is divided into three divisions: Queen's Bench6, Family and Chancery. Cases may be appealed to the Court of Appeal (Civil Division). Cases may be appealed from the County Court to the High Court.
The work of the Queen's Bench Division consists mainly of claims for: damages in respect of personal injury, negligence, breach of contract, libel and slander non-payment of a debt etc.
The House of Lords used to be the supreme court of appeal. Its judicial functions are quite separate from its legislative work, and cases are heard by up to 13 senior judges known as the Lords of Appeal in Ordinary7, or Law Lords. It shares its function as the supreme appellate court with.
However the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 provides for the establishment of a Supreme Court to replace the judicial function of the House of Lords with an independent appointments system, thereby making a constitutional separation between the legislature and the judiciary.
Criminal courts
Criminal cases are heard at first instance in the Magistrates' Courts, with more serious ones being hears in the Crown Court. Appeals are heard in the Court of Appeal Criminal Division.
Exercises
1. Answer the following questions.
3) What significant changes occurred in UK legal system in October 2009?
4) What courts does the Supreme Court of England and Wales comprise? What courts deal with
civil and criminal cases? Do the Northern Ireland Courts follow a different pattern?
5) What are the chief courts within the legal system of Scotland?
6) What is the highest court of appeal for several independent Commonwealth countries? What
cases does it hear?
do the Employment tribunals have?
11) What did the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 provide for?
12) Where can a criminal case be heard? What cases are heard in the Crown Court? Where do defendants appeal in case of miscarriages of justice?
2. Match the names of the courts within UK Legal System with their jurisdictions.
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This court is presided over by the Bench consisting of two or more (most commonly three) justices of the peace or by a district judge, and dispenses summary justice10. |
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3. Study the two schemes presenting UK Legal system. Compare a and b which of them promotes better understnding of the point. Why?a)
UK Legal System
1. Look at these summaries of the CRIME NEWS and fill in the gaps.
detained ,alleged , bribing, drug-trafficking ring ,investigation, accused of stealing , mafia, cocaine
1) Police in Chile have arrested two women, aged 72 and 80, after finding a stash of________________and cash in their house. It's thought that the women have been operating a _________________________________________________in the area for years.
2) One of the biggest recent trials of ________mafia gangsters in Italy is to continue following a major __________into mob crime. The__________ has allegedly extended its reach from the south to the richer north.
3) Four employees of the Rio Tinto mining company have been ____________ by Chinese authorities. According to reports in China's state media, they are ____________ state secrets and__________________________ employees of Chinese steel companies.
2. Listen to the record and answer the question to these crime news reports.
1) What was found by police when they raided the house of suspected
criminals?______________________________________________________________
How old are the criminals? ________________________________________________
Where is the house situated?________________________________________________
Why might them be placed under house arrest instead of detention cell?_____________
2) What are Calabrian mafia’s mobsters accused of ? __________________________________
What facts witness that they inspired terror among local people?_______________________
What opportunities did the recession provide for mafia godfathers?_____________________
3) What was the second party in the negotiations lead by Stern Hu?
___________________________________________________________________________
What was the subject of the negations? ____________________________________________
What does the statement from the Shanghai office of the National Security Agency say about methods Mr.Hu used during the talks?____________________________________________
When was Mr Hu detained by police?_____________________________________________
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Category Of crime |
Definition |
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a crime against property, involving the unlawful conversion of the ownership of property to one’s own personal use and benefit |
Financial crime is often integral part of indecent policy of an authoritarian state. |
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may refer to the crime against international law, crime against humanity, crime against peace, war crime |
Smuggling of cultural artifacts is a kind of international crime |
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criminal activity involving an information technology infrastructure, |
Today computer crime has penetrated all spheres of life. |
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a crime committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his occupation |
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a transnational grouping of highly centralized enterprises run by criminals for the purpose of engaging in illegal activity, most commonly for the purpose of generating a monetary profit |
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Crime |
Definition |
Criminal ( what he does) |
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3. Write what these criminals were suspected of doing/reported to do.
4. Group the crimes mentioned above. You can group together financial and white-collar crime.
Divide into three teams and write three CRIME NEWS items. Three items for each teams. Choose an “editorial board” which will have to select the best items for today’s issue.
Законодательство США об организованной преступности
Как верно отмечается многими исследователями, организованная преступность – и не только в США, но и в целом в мире (в том числе и в особенности в России) – не просто одна из форм преступности, но такое явление, которое играет все более растущую разрушительную роль в экономической, политической, культурной и духовной жизни общества. В силу указанной особенности возникает настоятельная потребность адекватного противодействия этой угрозе со стороны государства.
По мнению специалистов, с той ситуацией, в которой сейчас находится Российская Федерация, Соединенные Штаты столкнулись в 60-е гг., когда резкий рост организованной преступности захлестнул страну.
Первоначально организованная преступность зародилась в США как локальное явление, связанное с особенностями политического процесса в больших городах. С 1920 г криминальные организации начали расти и видоизменяться для удовлетворения возникшего спроса на нелегальный алкоголь. Сухой закон “национализировал” организованную преступность; он подтолкнул небольшие поначалу этнические группировки к расширению и налаживанию контактов с себе подобными на всей территории Соединенных Штатов.
Организованная преступность в США долгое время ассоциировалась с определенными этническими группировками, в особенности итало-американскими. Концепция “иностранного преступного сговора” (“alien-conspiracy model”) рассматривает организованную преступность как тайное сообщество иностранных этнических групп, объединенных в единую общенациональную иерархическую структуру семей, в основе которой лежат секретность и преданность.
Структура и характер организованной преступности в США менялись постепенно, вслед за американским обществом, спрос на нелегальные товары и услуги в котором варьировался в зависимости от исторических реалий. Основу криминальной деятельности организованной преступности в США традиционно составляют игорный бизнес и торговля наркотиками, что, однако, не мешает лицам, вовлеченным в преступные организации, заниматься и другими видами нелегального бизнеса от вымогательства до захоронения токсических отходов. В настоящее время основными наиболее распространенными видами организованной преступной деятельности в США являются торговля наркотиками, организация проституции, нелегальная миграция, нелегальная торговля спиртными напитками и бензином, мошенничества с кредитными карточками, выдача кредитов под непомерные проценты, мошенничества в сфере страхования и предоставление “защиты”.
Предполагается, согласно некоторым экспертным оценкам, что в США более чем 50 тысяч человек являются членами организованных преступных групп, доход которых ежегодно составляет 150 миллиардов долларов. Впрочем, официальной статистики на этот счет в США до сих пор не ведется, что не может не вызвать известного удивления.
http://www.labex.ru/page/inzk_usa_uk_8.html
US Police history
Before you read think
In the colonial period of the USA history, policing was provided by elected sherriffs and local militias. So the history of US Police can be traced since 1626, when the New York City Sheriff's Office was founded. In this period there were also founded some other Sheriff's offices.
In 1789 the US Marshals Service was established, followed by other federal services such as the US Parks Police and US Mint Police ( both in 1791).
The first city police services were established in Boston in 1838, New York in 1844, and Philadelphia in 1854.
The US Secret Service was founded in 1865 and was for some time it was the main investigative body for the federal government.
After the civil war, policing became more para-military in character, with the increased use of uniforms and military ranks. Prior to this, sherriff's offices had been non-uniformed organizations without a para-military hierarchy.
In the American Old West, policing was often very poor quality. The Army often provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs and temporarily organised posses. Public organizations were supplemented by private contractors, notably the Pinkerton National Detective Agency, which was hired by individuals, businessmen, local governments and the federal government. At its height, the Pinkerton Agency's numbers exceeded those of the standing army of the United States.
The Pinkerton National Detective Agency, usually shortened to the Pinkertons, was a private U.S. security guard and detective agency established by Allan Pinkerton in 1850. Pinkerton had become famous when he foiled a plot to assassinate president-elect Abraham Lincoln, who later hired Pinkerton agents for his personal security during the Civil War. Pinkerton's agents performed services ranging from security guarding to private military contracting work. At its height, the Pinkerton National Detective Agency employed more agents than there were members of the standing army of the United States of America, causing the state of Ohio to outlaw the agency due to fears it could be hired out as a private army or militia.
During the labor unrest of the late 19th century, businessmen hired Pinkerton agents to infiltrate unions, and as guards to keep strikers and suspected unionists out of factories. The most well known such confrontation was the Homestead Strike of 1892, in which Pinkerton agents were called in to enforce the strikebreaking measures. The ensuing conflicts between Pinkerton agents and striking workers led to several deaths on both sides. The Pinkertons were also used as guards in coal, iron, and lumber disputes in Illinois, Michigan, New York, and Pennsylvania, as well as the railroad strikes of 1887.
The company now operates as Pinkerton Consulting and Investigations, a division of the Swedish security company Securitas AB, although its government division is still known as Pinkerton Government Services. The organization was pejoratively called the "Pinks" by the outlaws and opponents.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pinkerton_National_Detective_Agency
Exercises
1. Answer the following questions.
1) What institution lay the foundation of US Police? When did it happen?
2) What were the first US cities to establish police services?
3) When was the main investigative body of the USA founded?
4) How did the character of policing change after the civil war? What way did Sherriff’s offices differ from new kind of police?
5) What organization provided some policing alongside poorly resourced sheriffs? Who did individuals, businessmen, the federal and local governments hire to supplement poor public services?
6) What kind of organization was the Pinkertons? Who and when established the agency?
7) Who was Alan Pinkerton? How did he become famous?
8) What kind of services did Pinkerton agents provide?
9) Why did the state of Ohio outlaw the agency?
10) What was Pinkerton’s mission when he was hired during the labor unrest of the late 19th century?
11) What was the most known confrontation between Pinkerton agents and strikers? What did it eventually result in? When were the agents used as guards?
12) What is their official name now? What company supervises their activity? What is their pejorative name?
2. Say what these figures designate in the text.
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1850 1626 1789 1791 |
1844, the late 19th century 1887. 1838 |
1892 1865 1854 |
3. Retell the text. Use the following words and expressions:
policing, paramilitary, the standing army, security guard, detective agency, to foil a plot ,to outlaw, to infiltrate (labor) unions, private military contracting work, at its height, labor unrest, strikebreaking measures, military ranks, uniform
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Vocabulary |
Meaning |
Write an example sentence (or translate) |
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Part 1 |
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police car, patrol car |
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not caught, running free |
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take smb into police control |
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large amount of money that someone pays as a promise to appear in court |
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is carrying a weapon and has a violent background |
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release on bail |
person who assaults or attacks |
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put under police control |
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police officer responsible for solving crime the place where a crime happened |
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police that are called in to support or help |
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heavy stick that police use for controlling crowds or defending themselves |
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the place where a crime happened |
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Part 2 |
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get away from a holding place |
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A person held in custody or confinement |
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a group of people often associated with crime and drugs |
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arrest smb to keep in custody or temporary confinement |
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marks left by fingers that identify a person |
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a large cell where people awaiting trial or sentence are confined together temporarily |
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metal rings that attach to wrists to keep criminals (or the accused)from escaping |
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weapons that shoot |
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handcuff verb |
cutting and thrust weapon |
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Part 3 |
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another officer that a policeman drives and works with |
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observe and protect an area |
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a hand held firearm |
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the act of searching for |
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radio wave transmission that helps police track cars and map crime scenes |
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hand held radio each partner carries |
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being searched for by police |
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n investigate verb |
a careful search or examination in order to discover facts |
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an order that authorizes law enforcement to conduct an examination of a person or location for evidence |
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an order issued by and on behalf of the state, which authorizes the arrest and detention of an individual |
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refuse to follow police to the policу station |
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firing guns into the air to signal that in case of resistance police will have to shoot at the fugitive |
Part 1
1) Now police didn't carry guns. They had only______. 2) Please step out of your vehicle and get into the police ________. 3) You will be happy to know that we have taken the kidnapper into________. 4) Your husband will be released on_______ posted at 20, 000 dollars. 5) The _________is going to ask you a few questions about the man's appearance. 6) We're calling for ________now that we know that the gang is armed. 7) I'm afraid that the man who robbed the bank is still__________. 8) My partner__________ the man who set fire to the building. 9) Did you see the ___________run away? 11) Do not approach the thief if you see him. He is considered______________. 12) Please stay outside the yellow tape. This is a ___________.
Part 2
1) We put your boyfriend in ________________, because we saw him climbing through your window and thought he was an intruder. 2) Stay away from this area at night as there is a lot of __________activity. 3) If you try to __________we will have to handcuff you. 4) ) Some teenagers carry __________as they feel unsafe. 5) In October a suspected bomber was found dead in his____________; police alleged that he committed suicide by hanging himself. 6) The police ____________several suspects for questioning. 7) We're going to have to check your personal belongings for___________. 8) It is illegal to carry firearms such as rifles and pistols. 9) A senior Pentagon official claimed Monday that interrogators had tortured a Guantánamo _____________.
Part 3
1) We are in __________ of a man in a green jacket and orange pants. 2) I heard my partner mention your registration number over his______________. 3) A new Mercy For Animals undercover _______________reveals shocking abuse at New England's largest egg factory farm.
4) A judge last week warned detectives that the next time they pull a suspect out of bed they should get an__________________. 5) The police have to tell you that they have a __________
_____and are at your house to look over to find evidences. 6) We always __________the downtown core on the weekends. 7) I'm going to get you to tell your story to my___________.
8) According to our ___________you were driving well above the speed limit. 9) Our local cops may carry __________but rarely use them. 10) The man didn’t ________ any ___________ but the officer struck him from behind with a stick and push him in the back. 11) A man from your hotel is ______________ for his involvement in a murder. 12) The police were said to have fired several __________________into the air to scare him to a stop but he ignored this and sped on.
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A_______ |
B_________ |
C_________ |
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Are you carrying any illegal drugs? Do you have a weapon? Does this belong to you? Whose car is this? Where were you at eight last night? |
You are under arrest. Put your hands on your head. I am taking you to the police station. Please get in the police car. You will have to pay a fine for this. I will give you a warning this time. I'm going to write you a ticket. We'll tow your car to the station. Smoking in restaurants is illegal in this country. It is against the law to do drugs in public. |
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Why did you pull me over? Have I done something wrong? Is this illegal? What are my rights? Can I call a lawyer? Where are you taking me? Can I make a phone call? |
Translate this text from Russian into English.
Полиция
Полиция - организация военизированного характера, которая имеет право прибегать к использованию огнестрельного оружия, если преступник пытается избежать суда и оказывает им сопротивление.
Если преступник убегает с места преступления, то сначала полицейский должен дать несколько предупредительных выстрелов воздух. Преступник может иметь огнестрельное или холодное оружие, и тогда полиция сообщает о том, что «преступник вооружен и очень опасен», поэтому задача полиции схватить его, заковать в наручники и поместить под стражу. В таком случае полиции разрешено стрелять из пистолетов без предупреждения.
Часто полицейские замечают преступника, когда они патрулируют улицы города. Приближающаяся полицейская машина может напугать преступника и преступление не будет совершено.
Однако чаще всего полицейские задерживают подозреваемого, после проведения расследования. Тогда они получают ордер на обыск и ордер на арест, то есть задержание.
Задержанному предъявляют обвинение в преступлении и отправляют в камеру предварительного заключения, где он находится под стражей вплоть до судебного процесса.
Расследование часто проводят 2 человека - следователь и его напарник. В ходе расследования иногда обнаруживается, что преступление было совершенно преступной группой. Тогда при задержании полицейскому подразделению может потребоваться подкрепление. Иногда для обнаружения преступника полиция использует вертолеты и радары, они направляют действия друг друга при помощи раций.
Для идентификации преступника используются различные методы, веским доказательством являются отпечатки пальцев подозреваемого обнаруженные на месте преступления.
Полицейские часто жалуются на то, что преступник может быть освобожден под залог и быть на свободе, несмотря на все приложенные ими усилия.
Before you read think
UK police history
In England a system of sherriffs and investigative "juries" had developed under the Anglo-Saxons to provide basic security and law enforcement.
After the Norman Conquest, these institutions remained though their roles changed. Sherriffs in particular were responsible for keeping law and order, although they were responsible to the king and represented his interests.
In the United Kingdom, the development of police forces was much slower than in the rest of Europe. The British police function was historically performed by private watchmen, thief-takers, and so on. The former were funded by private individuals and organizations and the latter by privately-funded rewards for catching criminals, who would then be compelled to return stolen property or pay restitution.
In 1737, George II began paying some London and Middlesex watchmen with tax moneys, beginning the shift to government control. In 1750, Henry Fielding began organizing a force of quasi-professional constables. The Macdaniel affair13 added further impetus for a publicly-salaried police force that did not depend on rewards. Nonetheless, In 1828, there were privately financed police units in no fewer than 45 parishes within a 10-mile radius of London.
The word "police" was borrowed from French into the English language in the 18th century, but for a long time it applied only to French and continental European police forces. The word, and the concept of police itself, was "disliked as a symbol of foreign oppression".
Prior to the 19th century, the only official use of the word "police" recorded in the United Kingdom was the appointment of Commissioners of Police for Scotland in 1714 and the creation of the Marine Police in 1798. The latter was set up to protect merchandise at the Port of London. Even today, many British police forces are suffixed with "Constabulary" rather than "Police".
On June 30, 1800, the authorities of Glasgow, Scotland successfully petitioned the government to pass the Glasgow Police Act establishing the City of Glasgow Police. This was the first professional police service in the country and differed from previous law enforcement in that it was a preventive police force. Other Scottish towns soon followed suit and set up their own police forces through acts of parliament.
The first organized police force in Ireland came about through the Peace Preservation Act of 1814, but the Irish Constabulary Act of 1822 marked the true beginning of the Royal Irish Constabulary. Among its first duties was the forcible seizure of tithes 14during the "Tithe War" on behalf of the Anglican clergy from the mainly Catholic population as well as the Presbyterian minority.
The Act established a force in each barony with chief constables and inspectors general under the control of the civil administration at Dublin Castle. By 1841 this force numbered over 8,600 men.
The discipline was tough and the pay poor. The police also faced unrest among the Irish rural poor, manifested in organizations like the Ribbonmen15, which attacked landlords and their property.
In London, night watchmen were the first paid law enforcement body in the country, augmenting the force of unpaid constables. They guarded the streets since 1663. In 1829, the Metropolitan Police Act was passed by Parliament, allowing Sir Robert Peel, the then home secretary, to found the London Metropolitan Police.
These police are often referred to as ´Bobbies´ or 'Peelers' after Sir Robert (Bobby) Peel, who introduced the Police Act. They became a model for the police forces in most countries, such as the United States, and most of the British Empire. Bobbies can still be found in many parts of the Commonwealth of Nations. The primary role of the police in Britain was keeping the Queen's Peace, which continues into the present day.
The British police ranks that exist today were deliberately chosen so that they do not mirror British Military ranks, due to public concern about military intervention into civil disoder.
Each officer upon joining the police is sworn in legally as a Constable, which is also the title of the starting rank. After the two year probationary period has passed, the individual officer may apply for promotion to the first supervisory rank of Sergeant or a specialised role.
The prefix 'detective' is given to officers who are trained in criminal investigations, who are usually assigned to the Criminal Investigation Department or other investigative units.
Many forces in the United Kingdom have several different branches, such as the road policing unit and support unit. In some, officers are uniformed due to the roles requiring such, others are staffed by plain-clothes detectives.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Police
Exercises
1. Answer the following questions.
1) What kinds of services were sheriffs and investigative "juries" to provide?
2) How did sheriffs’ responsibilities change after the Norman Conquest who were they responsible to?
3) Who historically performed the British police functions? How were the former and the latter funded and why?
4) What change in subsidizing watchmen can be viewed as a shift to government control of the first law-enforcement agencies?
5) What language was the word “police” borrowed from? What institution did it apply to? Why was it disliked by the Britishers?
6) When and for what domestic law-enforcement organization did the Britishers start to use the word”police”? What function was the Marine police to perform? What term designating “police” was and is more popular in Great Britain?
7) What was the first professional police service to be established in Scotland?
8) What was the first official Irish law-enforcement body? What were the main responsibilities? What were the main ranks within the Royal Irish Constabulary administrative structure? Why was it a hard task to serve in the Royal Irish Constabulary?
9) What law-enforcement bodies had been performing policing in London until 1829? What were the legal implications of the Metropolitan Police Act? Who is considered to be the founder of the London Metropolitan Police?
10) How are the officers of the British police often referred to? What countries are believed to imitate their structure and code of behaviour? What function is believed to be primary for the police in Britain?
2. Say what these figures designate in the text.
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1737 1828 1798 On June 30, 1800 8,600 |
Prior to the 19th century since 1663 By 1841 10-mile |
In 1829 1750 1714 1814 1822 |
3. Match the words from the left and right columns to get the word combinations from the text.
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4. Fill the gaps in these sentences with some word combinations from the table above:
5. Retell the text. Use the following words and expressions:
policing, basic security and law enforcement, responsible for keeping law and order, privately-funded rewards, to return stolen property, a publicly-salaried police force, police units, to protect merchandise, the Glasgow Police Act, the Irish Constabulary Act, chief constables and inspectors general, night watchmen, the Metropolitan Police Act, Sir Robert Peel, ´Bobbies´ or 'Peelers', keeping the Queen's Peace
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Vocabulary |
Meaning |
Write an example sentence (or translate) |
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Part 1 |
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police officer (common slang) |
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person who assaults or attacks |
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a person who enters a home or business illegally |
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a call to the police to complain of disturbing noise (usually music or a party) |
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register someone as a criminal составить протокол |
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heavy stick that police use for controlling crowds or defending themselves |
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argument/trouble in the home(often leads to violence) |
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Part 2 |
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explain what smb is charged with(alleged to have done) |
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examine by questioning formally or officially |
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discover smb doing smth illegal or wrong |
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a member of civilian staff employed by a British police force to assist in regulating the flow of traffic |
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patrol the streets |
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make smb confess by improper means: blackmail or tortures |
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Part 3 |
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having no driver’s documents |
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(penalty) ticket |
a minor criminal who commits a crime (usually under age of 18) |
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leaving your car in the wrong place |
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hand in an order to pay a fine |
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including a car, bicycle, boat, or motorcycle, without permission from the owner. |
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operating another person's vehicle, exceeding speed limit |
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(juvenile delinquent) |
driving under the influence of alcohol |
Part 1
1) We're taking your brother down to the station to ________ him. 2) Did somebody here call the________? 3) Two of your neighbors have made a ____________tonight. 4) We've had a number of calls reporting a ________________in your hotel room. 5) The _________________didn’t seem to be under alcohol influence. 6)Police claim they had to resort to _________________to clear up the square. 6) Someone called to report an _____________on the third floor.
Part 2
1) He was taken to police headquarters and _____________ for 36 hours without a break. 2) NATO officials say they have __________ Iran_________, shipping heavy arms, C4 explosives and advanced roadside bombs to the Taliban .3) The government ______________________high treason and mutiny against Papadopoulos and other co-conspirators. 4) The protesters demanded to make it impossible for interrogators to ____________by torture. 5) ________________in Ireland are responsible for enforcing the law relating to the illegal parking and stopping of motor vehicles. 6) There are fears that police ____________may disappear over a decade.
Part 3
1) The punishment will be less severe if the criminal is a___________. 2) To avoid committing_____________, motorists need to comply with parking rules while parking in the car parks. 3) When the officer says that you were stopped for ____________you’d better admit it.
4) _____________turned car crash early Sunday morning leaving three teenagers in critical condition. 6) Can I be charged with a_______________ if I was not given a roadside breath test? 7) If your vehicle is at least three years old, it needs to pass an _____________before it can be considered roadworthy. This can land you a fine.You may also have your ___________taken away. 9) I have been ________ with _______________from a traffic warden which said I should pay a fine.
Translate this text from Russian into English.
Британская полиция поймала "грабителей века"
Полиция Великобритании задержала в среду двоих подозреваемых в ограблении ювелирного магазина в центре Лондона, пишет газета The Times. Тогда добычей преступников стали драгоценности на рекордную сумму в 60 миллионов долларов.
Полицейские вышли на след подозреваемых благодаря данным системы охранного видеонаблюдения, которая запечатлела их во время ограбления.
В интересах следствия16 другие детали задержания пока не разглашаются.
Напомним, преступление, уже названное "ограблением века", было совершено 6 августа, когда в дорогой ювелирный бутик Graff Jewellers в престижном районе Лондона Мэйфейр в разгар дня вошли двое элегантно одетых мужчин. Угрожая сотрудникам салона на Нью-Бонд-стрит пистолетами, злоумышленники забрали драгоценности на сумму в 40 миллионов фунтов стерлингов (60 миллионов долларов).
По данным полиции, преступники унесли из магазина 43 ювелирных предмета, в том числе кольца, браслеты, колье и часы. Из магазина преступники вышли вместе с заложницей, поскольку опасались, что сработает система безопасности.
Затем они отпустили женщину, сделав перед этим выстрел в воздух для острастки, и скрылись на автомобиле BMW синего цвета.
Проехав несколько улиц, преступники сделали еще один выстрел в землю, и пересели в Mercedes серебряного цвета. Через некоторое время эту машину преступники тоже бросили, поменяв на черный автомобиль, марка которого не указывается.
Сыщики Скотланд-Ярда предположили, что всего в ограблении замешаны как минимум пять человек. Среди подозреваемых оказался и мотоциклист, которому грабители передали какой-то пакет через окно автомобиля BMW.
Еще на прошлой неделе лондонская полиция задержала на востоке столицы 50-летнего мужчину, который подозревается в причастности к этому преступлению. После допроса он был отпущен под залог.
Криминалисты также провели обследование маскировочной экипировки и пистолета, оставленных грабителями. Осмотру также подверглись два автомобиля и мотоцикл, на которых они затем скрылись.
Собранные улики позволили сыщикам найти визажистов, которые невольно помогли преступникам, сделав им грим. Благодаря этому грабители выглядели старше.
Вскоре благодаря проведенному тесту ДНК была установлена личность одного из грабителей. Полученные результаты, которые не предаются огласке, могут помочь полиции раскрыть преступление. Материал для экспертизы следователи обнаружили в автомобиле BMW, который использовали похитители.
За помощь в поимке преступников полиция Лондона обещала вознаграждение в размере одного миллиона фунтов стерлингов. Однако никто пока не сообщил в полицию никакой существенной информации о грабителях.
( Материал с http://www.newsru.com/crime/20aug2009/rob60mf2arlondon.html. Адаптировано в учебных целях)
US and UK COURTROOMS
Before you read
-What is the difference between the Crown Court and Magistrates Court in the UK?
- What courts will be equivalent to them in the USA?
- What are the people in the Courtroom and what are they supposed to do?
- What are the functions of the Counsels?
- Who decides the punishment? What are the options?
Read and translate the text.
The judge generally sits behind a raised desk, known as the bench. Behind the judge are the great seal of the jurisdiction and the flags of the appropriate federal and state governments. Judges usually wear a plain black robe (a requirement in many jurisdictions). An exception was the late U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice William Rehnquist, who broke tradition by adorning his robe with four gold stripes on each sleeve.
Adjacent to the bench are the witness stand and the desks where the court clerk and the court reporter sit. The courtroom is divided into two parts by a barrier known as the bar. The bar may be an actual railing, or an imaginary barrier. The bailiff stands against one wall and keeps order in the courtroom.
On one side is the judge's bench, the tables for the plaintiff, the defendant, and their respective counsel, and a separate group of seats known as the jury box where the jury sits. However, not all jurisdictions allow for jury trials.
Court personnel and jury members usually enter through separate doors. Apart from the parties to the case and any witnesses, only the lawyers can literally pass the bar, and this is the reason why the term "the bar" has come to refer to the legal profession as a whole. There is usually a podium between the two tables where the lawyers may stand when they argue their case before the judge.
The other side of the bar is open to the general public and there are usually seats for curious spectators. This area is the gallery. Seating for the gallery can either be pew style benches or theater seats.
It should be noted that all of the above applies only to trial courts. Appellate courts in the United States are not finders of fact, so they do not use juries or hear evidence; that is the trial court's job. Therefore, in an appellate court, there is neither witness stand nor a jury box, and the bench is much larger to accommodate multiple judges or justices.
The walls are often partially or completely wood-paneled. This is a matter of style and tradition, but some jurisdictions have elected to construct courtrooms with a more "modern" appearance.
Multiple courtrooms may be housed in a courthouse.
England and Wales
In a justice court, the defendant will usually be escorted by members of the security firm that has the contract to serve that court. In rare circumstances in civil trials a bailiff or someone else charged to keep order may be present.
Courts vary considerably in their layout, which depends a great deal on the history of the building and the practicalities of its use. While some courts are wood- paneled, most are not. Depending on the layout of the room, a claimant may sit on either the right or left in a civil court, just as the prosecution may sit on either side (usually the opposite side to the jury) in a criminal court.
Advocates usually speak standing up, but from where they were seated. There is rarely if ever space for them to move in any case.
All appellate courts are capable of hearing evidence (and also to be finders of fact), for example where there is an allegation of bias in the lower court, or where fresh evidence is adduced to persuade the court to allow a retrial. In those cases witness evidence may be necessary and many appellate courts have witness stands.
Flags are rarely seen in English courts. It is most common for the Royal Coat of Arms to be placed above and behind the judge, or presiding magistrate, although there are exceptions to this. For example in the City of London magistrates' court a sword stands vertically behind the judge which is flanked by the arms of the City and the Crown.
Scotland
As in other countries, the judge or sheriff sits on the bench. Directly below the bench is the clerk's station which usually has a computer to allow the clerk to get on with Court Disposal work during proceedings.
Directly in front of the clerk is the well of court which has a semi-circular table at which all the advocates sit during proceedings. The Procurator Fiscal or Advocate Depute 17always sits in the seat at the right of the clerk during criminal proceedings.
Behind the well of the court is the dock in which the accused will sit during proceedings. Dependent on the style of the courtroom, the jury box will either be on the right or left hand side of the well of the court. Scotland is unique in the western world in that it has 15 jurors.
Usually to the right or left of the bench slightly raised and facing forward is the stand where any witness who is called will give evidence. The stand is designed so that any solicitor examining a witness as well as the judge/sheriff may get a good view of the testimony. At the far side of the courtroom directly opposite the jury box and behind the stand are seats for journalists who are attached to the court and the court social worker. Seats for members of the public are the back of the courtroom.
There is no court reporter in Scotland, normal summary cases are simply minuted by the clerk indicating the disposal. If the case is a solemn (more serious) case involving a jury or if the case has a sexual element then proceedings will be tape recorded which is done under the supervision of the clerk.
Exercises
1. Find equivalents of the following.
Судейская скамья, Председатель Верховного суда США, секретарь суда, стенограф суда, судебный пристав, барьер, истец, ответчик, адвокат(3), скамья присяжных, суд присяжных, присяжный судья, сотрудники суда, стороны дела, оспаривать дело в суде,
свидетели, состязательные суды, аппеляционные суды, заслушивать показания, ложа свидетельских показаний, здание суда, расположение, заявитель, обвинение в предвзятом отношении, представить доказательства, председательствующий мировой судья, по обе стороны которого находятся; герб Сити, судебное разбирательство, работа с документами судопроизводства, места адвокатов в шотландском суде, полукруглый стол, прокурор в шотландском суде, скамья подсудимых обвиняемый, допрашивать свидетеля, показания свидетеля, заносить в протокол ход рассмотрения дела, записывать на пленку
2. Study the meaning of the names for legal professions.
The word lawyer is a general term and can mean anyone who gives legal advice or believes himself learned in one or more areas of law - it is often used to describe solicitors, barristers, legal executives and others - more often than not it is used to describe the whole legal profession
The traditional legal profession is however divided into solicitors and barristers.
Attorney is American English word for a British English lawyer. The D.A. or District Attorney is a lawyer in the U.S. who works for the state and prosecutes people on behalf of it. There are also, of course, defense attorneys in America who act on behalf of their clients.
Consider the following:
(Note that in British English defence is spelt ‘defence’ and not ‘defense’.)
We also speak about the prosecution counsel or the defence counsel when referring to the team of lawyers who are operating on behalf of either the state or a client:
'The counsel for the defence argued that the case should never have been brought to court as it relied only on circumstantial evidence.'
However, please note that we do not use the term counsellor in the legal sense at all! A counsellor can be any person whose job it is to give advice, care and support to those who need it.
Consider the following:
'This hospital employs 15 counsellors whose job it is to deal with patients suffering from severe depression.'
3. Now speak about the difference in the meaning and the responsibilities of:
lawyer/attorney, solicitors, prosecution/defence counsel, distric/defence attorney
Compare the trial corts coutrooms within UK and US legal systems. Write about the differences say what reasons do you see for them.
The Supreme Court of the USA
Listen to the VOA program THIS IS AMERICA devoted to the Supreme Court, make notes, answer the questions and report the story back.
1) Which of the Supreme Court rulings do the authors consider to be surprising? Why?
2) What opinions did two opposing groups of people hold regarding the recount of disputed ballots?
3) What are the composition and main duties of the Supreme Court?
4) How many cases were to be heard for the term described?
5)What is the Supreme Court to decide? What decision was made by the Supreme Court regarding the condemned man in North Carolina? How did the Supreme Court delay his execution?
7) What law was approved by Congress in 1990?
8) What did they rule on MizzWiliams’s case against Toyota?
9) Why did the Supreme Court decide what makes a person disabled?
10)What does the trial procedure in the Supreme Court involve? What happens if some justice disagrees with majority-shared opinion?
11) When was the Supreme Court established? What powers did the American Constitution assign to each branch of power?
12) How did Chief Justice John Marshall change the Supreme Court responsibilities and role within the divisions of power?
13) What cases does the Supreme Court consider? Can their decisions be vetoed?
14) Are Supreme Court justices elected? What kind of loyalty are they supposed to demonstrate?
15) What decision were made by Supreme Court justices in 1896 and 1954? What do the authors refer to these two rulings?
16) How can American presidents influence change in the Supreme Court? Why do they try to nominate justices who share their political beliefs?
17) How did the Court change under Chief Justice Earl Warren?
18) What cases can according to some experts be passed under Supreme Court jurisdiction?
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Vocabulary |
Meaning |
Write an example sentence (or translate) |
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Part 1 |
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the place where judges sit in a court |
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in many countries is the name for the presiding member of a Supreme Court |
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an officer of the court whose responsibilities include maintaining the records of a court. Another duty is to administer oaths to witnesses, jurors |
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a person whose occupation is to transcribe spoken or recorded speech into written form, typically using machine shorthand or a voice silencer and digital recorder to produce official transcripts of court |
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a legal officer to whom some degree of authority, care or jurisdiction is committed. They are of various kinds and their offices and duties vary greatly. |
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also known as a claimant or complainant, is the party who initiates a lawsuit (also known as an action) before a court |
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Part 2 |
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any party who is required to answer the complaint of a plaintiff or pursuer in a civil lawsuit before a court, or any party who has been formally charged or accused of violating a criminal statute. |
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an enclosure within a courtroom for the jury |
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a sworn body of people convened to render an impartial verdict. Modern ones tend to be found in courts to judge whether an accused person is innocent or guilty of a crime. |
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someone who has firsthand knowledge about a crime or dramatic event through their senses (e.g. seeing, hearing, smelling, touching) |
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convict |
a person who is doing (or supposed to be doing) jailtime |
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seats for curious spectators |
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court of first instance, court of general jurisdiction is authorized to hear any type of civil or criminal case that is not committed exclusively to another court |
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Part 3 |
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the section of the room set aside for witnesses to stand or sit in while giving their testimony or presenting evidence |
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one who speaks on behalf of another person, especially in a legal context. It is used primarily in reference to the system of Scots law, Anglo-Dutch law, Scandinavian and Israeli law. |
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a box in which the accused will sit during proceedings |
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A person charged with a criminal offense |
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n |
a form of evidence that is obtained from a witness who makes a solemn statement or declaration of fac |
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responsible for a crime, deserving of punishment |
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not responsible for the crime |
1) After much public pressure, the ________________and other judges of the Supreme Court of India have declared their assets. 2) Justice of the Peace had requested that his current ___________, who officially is divided between his own and court clerk duties, become a full-time onу and create a new court clerk position. 3) The Chief Justice told me that this policy of the Australian stops him from nominating credible, well qualified individuals to serve on_____________. 4) A Haverhill woman still insists that she was arrested for what she says is a ________________________'s mistake. 5) Meanwhile, a representative of the ___________asked for some time to examine the documents presented by the defence lawyer. 6) The ___________
_________is a dying breed. Generation X and the Millenials are not getting their information in the same manner as people used to.
1) We sat in the _____________on the famous seat, but unlike real jurors, got to ask the "witnesses" our own questions. 2) Today, a ___________________ has cleared Pc Mark Jones of a racially-motivated assault on a London youth . 3) Please be aware that there is a ____________on the loose. 4) Beside the trial's participants, the case has drawn a small audience whose members watch from the courtroom _____________. 5) He said _______________earlier gave death sentence to three accused, but the High Court upheld death sentence only to one of the accused. 6) ___________________tell authorities they didn't see anything in the dark. 7) The charges against the___________________, a 27 year old from Brooklyn, include grand larceny, identity theft, money laundering, scheme to defraud, and unlawful possession of personal identification information.
1) We'll believe you are _______________when you show us your receipt for the items in the bag. 2) You will be considered innocent until you are proven __________. 3) We will announce at a later date further hearings for the purpose of receiving __________________from governmental witnesses. 4) Do not assume that cautions or unpalatable advice reflects a lack of competence on the part of your ____________________. 5)But while one is sitting in the dock, the other will be called to take the______________________________. 6) __________________enjoys the right to a speedy and public trial, by an impartial jury . 7) Among the some 20 people in _____________in the revolutionary court in Tehran were a former minister and a number of other top political figures
In a legal context “bar”has three possible meanings: the division of a court- - - - between its working and public areas; the process of qualifying to practice l- -; and the l - - - - profession.
In general, a candidate for the bar must graduate from a qualified law school and pass a written t- - - : the "b- - examination". Nearly all states use the Multistate Bar E- - - - - - - - -n, usually with additions for that state's laws. The candidate is then "admitted to the bar".
A l - - - - - whose license to practice law is revoked is said to be "dis - - - red."
Say what kind of people should be admitted to the bar/disbarred.
Translate this text from Russian into English.
В ЗАЛЕ СУДА
Судья обычно сидит на высокой скамье известной как «судейское место». За его спиной обычно находится изображение печати соответствующего федерального округа и флаг штата, в котором происходит судопроизводство. Судьи обычно одеты в простую черную мантию.
Рядом с судейской скамьей находится место дачи свидетельская трибуна (место дачи свидетельских показаний). Зал суда разделен на 2 части барьером, который может иметь перегородки или быть воображаемым. У одной из стен обычно стоит судебный пристав, который поддерживает порядок в зале суда.
По одну сторону судейской скамьи находятся столы истца и ответчика, за которыми они сидят со своими адвокатами. Напротив них находится скамьи для присяжных судей, где эти судьи находятся во время слушания дела.
Сотрудники суда и присяжные обычно заходят в зал заседаний в разные двери. В отличие от сторон судебного спора и присяжных, только юристы могут переходить «барьер». Обычно в зале находится небольшое возвышение, на которое защитники поднимаются и оспаривают свои дела перед судьей.
По другую сторону находятся места для публики, людей которые приходят послушать, что происходит в суде. Места для публики, как правило, имеют форму церковных скамеек.
В отличие от состязательных судов в апелляционных судах не имеется, ни скамьи присяжных, ни свидетельской трибуны. Судейская скамья, напротив, гораздо больше, так как должна вмещать большее количество судей.
Как правило, стены в зале суда покрыты деревянными панелями, но это скорее традиция, так современные суды часто выглядят иным образом.
В здании суда может находиться большое количество залов судебных заседаний.
Before you read
-When the sentence becomes known to the criminal? Who passes verdicts? Who sentence the criminal to punishment?
-What are the possible verdicts/sentences? What are the principles according to which they are passed? What is the most and the least serious punishment ? What are the ways to avoid prison? Who is the last person to sentence a criminal?
UK punishment
The punishment you can expect if you are convicted of a crime will depend on what crime you committed. The law in the UK allocates punishment that is linked to the severity of the crime. Therefore theft for instance carries a lesser punishment than murder.
The courts are guided as to the sentences and other punishments they can hand down to offenders. The law is regularly reviewed with sentences for some crimes increased as public pressure has indicated that the current punishment isn’t severe enough. The punishment should always fit the crime under UK law.
The vast majority of punishments are handed down by the magistrates’ court as these courts deal with most of the criminal cases in the UK. Magistrates’ do, however, have limited powers and can refer an offender to the Crown Court if they think that the offender should receive a higher fine or longer sentence than they can impose. Some crimes also have automatic prison sentences.
Offenders who are found guilty will usually get either an absolute discharge or a conditional discharge. An absolute discharge means that no further action will be taken against the offender. The offender still has a criminal record, but the court will take no action against them. A conditional discharge means that the offender will not get a punishment right away, but if they reoffend the court will hand down a punishment for the original crime and the new one they have committed.
Young Offenders
Anyone that is under the age of 21 could have a number of sentences imposed on them. In the UK there is an emphasis on rehabilitation of offenders where this is possible by sending them to institutions that can help them modify their behaviour.
Very young children between the ages of 12-16 can be sent to a secure children’s home. Local authorities run these institutions. Young Offenders Institutions (YOIs) are for offenders between the ages of 15 and 21. The prison service runs these institutions that have a focus on education. Secure Training Centres are for offenders up the age of 17. They offer vocational training and education.
If you are a repeat offender, and between the ages of 12 and 17 the court may decide that the best way to punish you and offer you rehabilitation is to use a Detention and Training Order (DTO). You will be sent to an institution for between 4 months and 2 years. Half of your sentence will be spent in the institution itself, with the second half spent in the community under the supervision of the Youth Offending Team.
If the offence that you have committed means it will be heard at the Crown Court and the offence if committed by an adult could receive a sentence of 14 years or more, you could be sentenced under Section 90/91. Section 90 is for murder, with section 91 available if the court wants to impose a longer sentence.
Community Sentences
Often the court may decide that a custodial sentence would not be in the best interest of the offender. Simply locking people behind bars is not seen as the best way to rehabilitate them. The courts have a wide-range of other powers and sentences they can use to avoid sending an offender to prison if they feel this would not be appropriate. These sentences include:
Generally the courts will try and match the punishment to the offence that has been committed. Detailed guidelines are available to all judges that will tell them the maximum sentence they can impose. Most crimes however don’t end with a prison sentence, as community service that offers society what is called ‘restorative justice’ is more appropriate for most crimes as the offenders repair the damage that their crime has caused.
Exercises
назначить наказание соответствующее преступлению, условное освобождение, , повторно совершить преступление, , исправить поведение, учреждения для малолетних преступников, учебные центры закрытого типа, рецидивист, предписание о задержании и принудительном обучении, судимость детские дома закрытого типа, под надзором, сотрудники комиссии по делам несовершеннолетних, вынести более суровый приговор, приговор о содержании под стражей, запирать за решетку, предписание, ,неоплачиваемая работа, , тюремный приговор, общественные работы, реабилитация преступников
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Age of offender |
Type of penitentiary |
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12-16 y.o. |
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15 and 21 y.o. |
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up the age of 17 y.o. |
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a repeat offender, 12-17 y.o. |
1)Когда преступник осужден, наказание, которое ему назначают зависят от тяжести преступления, которое он совершил. 2) По законам Соединенного королевства наказание должно соответствовать преступлению. 3) Когда судьи вынесут официальный приговор преступнику? 4) Суды магистрата имеют ограниченные полномочия относительно суровости приговора, и потому если мировой судья считает, что преступника следовало бы приговорить к более долгому заключению, то дело направляется на слушание в Суд Короны. 5) Преступник, которого признали виновным может быть полностью или условное освобождение, но даже в случае полного освобождения за ним сохраняется судимость. 6) В случае условного освобождения, преступник остается на свободе, но если он вновь совершит преступление, суд назначит ему наказание за первое и повторное преступление. 7) В Соединенном королевстве акцент делается на исправлении преступников, поэтому их направляют в учреждения, где их модель поведения может измениться. 8) Дети, совершившие преступление в возрасте от 12 до 16 лет направляются в детские дома закрытого типа. 9) Учреждениями для малолетних преступников управляют тюремные службы.10) Учебные центры закрытого центра дают преступникам , не достигшим 17 лет, возможность получить профессию и закончить образование. 11) Иногда суд решает, что приговор о содержании под стражей не лучший способ реабилитации преступника. 12) Если судьи не хотят просто запереть малолетнего преступника за решеткой, то для этого обладают широкими полномочиями и различными формами наказаний,. 13) Суд магистрата может выписать соответствующее предписание и направить малолетнего преступника в комиссию по делам несовершеннолетних. 13) Одним из вариантов наказания для несовершеннолетних преступников служит выполнение им общественных работ, то есть не оплачиваемой работы на благо общества. 14) Суд может выдать предписание о надзоре. В таком случае сотрудники комиссии по делам несовершеннолетних будут осуществлять контроль за тем как преступник выполняет общественные работы.
4. Translate from Russian into English
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Punishment |
Definition |
Example sentence |
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Part 1 |
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removal of driving rights for a certain period of time |
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a person who is doing (or supposed to be doing) jail time |
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a summons and citation issued by police officers to motorists and other road users who fail to obey traffic laws. |
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a place where criminals are confined |
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a fine given to a driver who gets caught driving beyond the speed limit |
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noun imprison smb jail smb |
remain in one's home for a certain period of time e.g. a young offender who is waiting to go to court) |
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convict verb |
a service that is performed for the benefit of the public or its institutions |
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Part 2 |
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a certain amount of months or years locked away from society |
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extremely cruel and unfair treatment (often towards prisoners) |
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receive punishment for a crime by spending time in jail |
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money that a person pays for breaking a law |
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individual room in a jail/prison |
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spending the rest of one's life in prison with no chance of going back into society |
Part 1
1) The driver has failed to pay more than 50 ____________since 2006. In addition, he was involved in a drunk driving incident in 2007, police said. 2) Youngsters who break the law would be offered an opportunity to avoid a criminal record by undergoing ____________________such as picking up litter. 3) He was fined $750 and about $550 in fees, received a 90-day ______________and was required to take a seven-week safety course. 4) The guards will be patrolling the _____________ all day long 5) Your license shows a clean driving record except for one ____________________from five years ago. 6) Nasr was put under _____________ in Egypt in 2004 and said he had been tortured while in detention. 7) The acused turns into the____________________ right after the jury pleaded him guilty.
Part 2
1) A judge has sentenced Griffin to _____________________on his murder charge and an additional five years for a second weapons charge. 2) Article 5 of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights states, "No one shall be subjected to ________________ or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. 3) US banking giant JP Morgan Chase has agreed to__________________ of $75m (£45.3m) to settle charges that it bribed local officials in the US state of Alabama, 4) You won't be required to _________any ________but you will have to pay a fine. 5) Kerik pleaded guilty to two misdemeanors in 2006 and was forced to pay $221000 in fines, but served no_____________.6) We'll have to keep you in a _____________until someone comes to pay your bail.
Death Sentences In U.S. At Their Lowest Level Since 1976
Listen to the VOA THIS IS AMERICA PROGRAM “ Death Sentences in U.S. at Their Lowest Level Since 1976” and fill the gaps in the sentences below. Mind that you will hear the tape once as far as it plays for about 15 minutes.
_________________________________for murderers.
___________________. The area of prison ____________ where the condemned are kept
is called____________.
Translate this text from Russian into English:
Российские милиционеры в американской тюрьме
В последние годы тюрьмы США работают в экстремальном режиме. Проблема перенаселения затронула все звенья пенитенциарной системы, начиная с окружных и заканчивая федеральными.
Сегодня значительная часть осужденных за тяжкие преступления содержится в тюрьмах, построенных еще до 1900 года. Каждая из 26 таких тюрем-ветеранов вмещает около 1000 заключенных. Не выходит из эксплуатации даже старейшая Вирджинская тюрьма, построенная аж в 1797 году. Вот уже двести лет ее камеры не пустуют. На строительство новых комплексов правительство деньги выделяет не очень-то охотно.
Возможно, не только сугубо гуманитарные причины, но и нехватка тюремной "жилплощади" заставила практичных американских правоохранителей изыскивать новые подходы к отправлению правосудия. Судьям было предложено пересмотреть традиционную практику назначения наказания, когда даже совершившие малозначительные преступления отправлялись за решетку. Вместо обвинительных приговоров, связанных с лишением свободы, рекомендовалось делать упор на материальный (штрафы, компенсации, отчуждение имущества) и моральный способы воздействия на подсудимых. Министерством юстиции США было начато множество различных исправительных и реабилитирующих программ, имеющих целью "перековать" нарушителей, не изолируя их от общества.
Правда, большинство практиков, изо дня в день имеющих дело с преступным элементом, весьма скептически оценивают эффективность этих попыток. По мнению, например, большинства чикагских полицейских, есть только один надежный способ обезвредить преступника - лишить его физической возможности совершить новое преступление. А традиционное тюремное заключение - одно из самых надежных и испытанных временем решений этой проблемы.
К неудовольствию матерых копов, в США широко практикуются различные виды условно-досрочного освобождения из "мест не столь отдаленных". Зачастую подобное освобождение из узилища принимает весьма экстравагантные формы. В том же Чикаго действует служба электронного мониторинга: осужденного выпускают из тюрьмы и устанавливают для него ряд строгих ограничений и обязательств. Он может выходить из своего дома только на работу и только в строго определенные часы, все его передвижения фиксируются соответствующим ведомством. Чтобы такой контроль осуществлялся наиболее полно, на теле условно освобожденного крепится специальный прибор, который сигнализирует на диспетчерский пункт о месте нахождения своего носителя.
Такой электронный маяк напоминает массивные наручные часы. Обычно его надевают на щиколотку поднадзорного, и самостоятельно снять с себя "надзирателя" бывший зек не может. Если диспетчер зафиксирует такую попытку, за нарушителем правил программы мониторинга выезжает патрульная машина Невыполнение установленных ограничений при условно-досрочном освобождении может повлечь за собой отправку обратно в тюрьму. Если же поднадзорный без эксцессов проходит с электронным устройством весь назначенный срок, то наказание считается отбытым.
Translate this text from Russian into English:
СМЕРТНАЯ КАЗНЬ: ВЕРНУТЬ ИЛИ ОТМЕНИТЬ?
Конституционный суд России в ближайший вторник может рассмотреть вопрос о применении смертной казни.
Десять лет назад в стране был введен мораторий на эту меру наказания до тех пор, пока на всей территории страны не будет суда присяжных. Единственным субъектом, где не было такой юридической практики, оставалась Чеченская Республика. С нового года присяжные появятся и там, поэтому мораторий теряет конституционную силу.
Под Вологдой в колонии для смертников содержат самых опасных преступников — насильников, серийных убийц, террористов. Здесь сидит приговоренный к смерти за захват школы в Беслане Нурпаши Кулаев. Высшую меру наказания ему заменили на пожизненное заключение согласно постановлению Конституционного суда, по сути, мораторию, действующему до появления судов присяжных на всей территории России. Чеченская республика — последний регион, где с нового года заработает подобная система. И поэтому у Верховного суда возник вопрос: можно ли теперь будет приводить смертные приговоры в исполнение, ведь более десяти лет назад Россия подписала Протокол №6 Европейской конвенции по защите прав человека, согласно которому смертная казнь должна быть отменена полностью.
Советник председателя Конституционного суда Владимир Овчинский в одном из интервью заявил: «Смертная казнь с момента создания суда присяжных в Чечне может применяться по всей территории Российской Федерации». Конечно, есть много оговорок: если не будет изменено законодательство или не появится, например, мораторий президента. Ведь возможность применения высшей меры наказания прописана в Конституции. 1 января 2010 года наступает такой момент, когда судебная система становится полностью готовой для нового шага.
«Это не столько вопрос о выполнении Россией своих международных обязательств. Хотя это тоже очень важно. Это вопрос нашей человеческой морали, цивилизованного развития», — уверен Константин Косачев, председатель комитета Госдумы РФ по международным делам, фракция «Единая Россия».
Сегодня смертная казнь отменена в большинстве стран мира. Однако остается немало и таких, где смертные приговоры выносятся и исполняются. Самое суровое законодательство — в Китае, где в прошлом году были казнены более полутора тысяч человек. Расстрелять могут даже за коррупцию. В России споры о применении высшей меры идут давно. Какого наказания заслуживают, например, убийцы детей?
«Мы говорим в большинстве своем о конченых уродах рода человеческого, — подчеркивает Владимир Плигин, председатель комитета Госдумы РФ по конституционному законодательству, фракция “Единая Россия”. — Но мы должны понимать и другую составляющую — возможность ошибки. А это, мягко говоря, не простая эмоциональная вещь».
О том, что Конституционный суд Российской Федерации должен официально высказать свою позицию, признают многие. И совершенно понятно, что какой бы она ни была, найдутся сторонники и, естественно, противники. Слишком много, как и этических, так и чисто политических разногласий, которые, похоже, все-таки придется решить.
http://news.mail.ru/politics/3008393/
1. FBI. - http://www.fbi.gov/libref/historic/history/text.htm
1 Высший (Сессионный суд) по гражданским делам Шотландии
2 Высший уголовный суд в Шотландии(Суд Юстициария)
3 Судебный комитет тайного совета
4 Суд(комиссия ) по делам беженцев и иммигрантов - МК
5 Суд по трудовым спорам- МК
6 Суд королевской скамьи
7 лорд - ординарий апелляционного суда
8 - “хозяин свитков”, глава государственного архивов, глава апелляционного суда
9 -лорд Верховный судья
10
11 Канцлерское отделение Высокого суда правосудия
12 официальное утверждение завещания
13 The Macdaniel affair occurred in England in 1754 when it came to light that a gang, led by Stephen MacDaniel, had been prosecuting innocent men to their deaths in order to collect reward money
14 tithe – церковная десятина
15 The Ribbon Society first founded in Ireland in 1826. The name is derived from a green ribbon worn as a badge in a button-hole by the members.
16 for “operational reasons”
17 Шотл.-помощник Генерального прокурора
18 - отрасль права, составление документов по переходу права на недвижимость