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WORLD AGRICULTURE: REVIEW AND OUTLOOK
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After studying this unit, you should be able to:
Agriculture- сільське господарство; землеробство- the work, business, or study of farming. Thescienceorpracticeoffarming, includingcultivationofthesoilforthegrowingofcropsandtherearingofanimalstoprovidefood, wool, andotherproducts.
Subsistenceagriculture-натуральноесельскоехозяйство; примитивноесельскоехозяйство- a type of farming in which most of the produce (subsistence crop) is consumed by the farmer and his family, leaving little or nothing to be marketed.
BoardofAgriculture — Министерствоземледелия (в Великобритании)
Syn:farming , cultivation , tillage , tilling , husbandry , land/farm management , horticulture ; agribusiness , agronomy
Derived words:
agriterrorism- crimes such as poisoning farm animals and crops for political aims
agritourism- tourism in which tourists stay with local people in rural areas abroad ,for example farms
agronomics -the branch of economics that deals with the way land is used and the things that are produced by farming
agronomy-агрономия (наука о возделываниирастений, повышенииплодородияпочвы и урожайности, рациональномиспользованиисельскохозяйственныхугодий) - thescienceofsoilmanagementandcropproduction
agronomist- агроном- an agronomist is someone who studies the growing and harvesting of crops.
Farming is growing crops or keeping animals by people for food and raw materials. Farming is a part of agriculture.
Crop -1) урожай, жатва; посев -an amount of crops grown in a particular year
good/heavy/ bumper crop — богатыйурожай
crop failure — неурожай, недород
land under crop — засеяннаяземля
landoutofcrop — незасеянная, невозделанная земля, земля, оставленная под паром - cropduster
Syn:harvest; yield
2) культура;зерновые (окультурах) a cultivated plant that is grown on a large scale commercially usually on a farm, especially a cereal, fruit, or vegetable
technical / industrial crops — техническиекультуры
black crop — бобовыекультуры
greencrop — злак, убранный недозрелым (на корм животным)
cropplant — растение, выращиваемое в пищу
whitecrop — зерновые культуры (особенно пшеница) - croprotation
Livestock -1) крупныйрогатый скот 2) поголовье скота (домашнего)
animals such as horses, cows, sheep, and pigs, and similar animals that are kept on a farm or ranch for domestic use but not as pets and regardedasanasset
livestockbreeding - племенноеживотноводство
livestockcapita - поголовьескота
Animal husbandry – животноводство- the science of breeding and caring for farm animals
Breeding- разведение, выращивание (животных, растений) - the mating and production of offspring by animals ; reproduction
livestockbreeding — животноводство
cattlebreeding — скотоводство, разведение крупного рогатого скота selectivebreeding — селекционное разведение
horsebreeding — разведение лошадей
poultrybreeding — разведение птиц
sheep breeding — овцеводство
Syn: stock raising , stockbreeding
Grain- зерно; хлебные злаки; крупа- wheat or any other cultivated cereal used as food
to grow grain — выращивать зерно
to store grain — хранитьзерно
Syn: edible (used for food ) seed plants such as cereal , wheat , rice, rye , barley , oat, corn , maize , millet etc.
Note: bushel - a measure of capacity equal to 8 gallons (equivalent to 36.4 litres), used for corn, fruit, liquids, etc.
Poultry- домашняя птица; мясо домашней птицы - domestic fowl, such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and other birds that are kept for their eggs and meat as poultry. Meat from these birds is also referred to as poultry.
poultry breeding — разведение домашней птицы
poultry farming / keeping — птицеводство
poultry farm — птицеводческая ферма
poultry house — птичник
poultry maid — птичница
poultry yard — птичий двор
Domestication- is a change that happens in wild animals or plants, when they are kept by humans for a long time.
2. Match the terms with their definitions.
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1.Agriculture |
a) an amount of crops grown in a particular year |
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2. Crop |
b) a type of farming in which most of the produce is consumed by the farmer and his family |
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3. Farming |
c) the mating and production of offspring by animals |
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4. Livestock |
d) domestic fowl kept for their eggs and meat |
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5. Animal husbandry |
e) wheat or any other cultivated cereal used as food |
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6.Breeding |
f) animals kept on a farm or ranch for domestic use and regarded as an asset |
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7.Grain |
g) growing crops or keeping animals by people for food and raw materials. |
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8. Poultry 9. Domestication 10. Subsistenceagriculture |
h) the science or practice of farming, including soil cultivation for growing of crops and the rearing of animals i) the science of breeding and caring for farm animals j) is a change that happens in wild animals or plants, when they are kept by humans for a long time. |
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Text A |
The agricultural sector of the global economy employs 40.2% of the world’s labour force. This percentage is even higher in most of the developing world, such as 60% in India in 2008. 37% of the land mass of the world is being used for agricultural purposes.
Agriculture includes subsistence agriculture, which is producing enough food to meet the needs of the farmer and family, and also the production of income from cultivation of the land or commercial raising of animals (animal husbandry)..
Agriculture produces food for humans and for animals. Agriculture also produces other goods, such as cut flowers, ornamental and nurseryplants, fertilizers, animal hides, leather, industrial chemicals (starch, ethanol, and plastics), fibers (cotton, wool, hemp, and flax), fuels (methane, biodiesel, biomass), and both legal and illegal drugs (biopharmaceuticals, marijuana, opium, etc.)
Agriculture started at least 10,000 years ago, but no one knows for sure how old it is. Agriculture and domestication started in the Fertile Crescent, in East Africa, and in the Middle East. The area called Fertile Crescent is now in the countries of Iraq, Syria, Turkey, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, and Egypt. Wheat and barley are some of the first crops people grew. People probably started agriculture slowly by planting a few crops, but still gathered many foods from the wild. People may have started farming because the weather and soil began to change. Farming can feed many more people than gathering on the same amount of land.Farming is growing crops or keeping animals by people for food and raw materials. Farming is a part of agriculture.Farming actually started with the first nations. They might have originally kept animals for extra food. Farmers often help each other out whenever they can. Scientists have many theories about how farming started but most start with first nations, around the end of the ice age (about ten thousand years ago).
The major crops produced in the world in 2002, are maize (corn), wheat, rice, and cotton.
Agriculture is the practice -- the study of these disciplines is called agricultural science. Agricultural science began with Gregor Mendel's genetic work, but in modern terms might be better dated from the chemical fertilizer outputs in 18th-century Germany. In the United States, a scientific revolution in agriculture began with the Hatch Act of 1887, which used the term "agricultural science". After 1906, public expenditures on agricultural research in the US exceeded private expenditures for the next 44 years.
Intensification of agriculture since the 1960s in developed and developing countries, often referred to as the Green Revolution, was closely tied to progress made in selecting and improving crops and animals for high productivity, as well as to developing additional inputs such as artificial fertilizers and phytosanitary products.
Agriculture sciences seek to feed the world's population while preventing biosafety problems that may affect human health and the environment. This requires promoting good management of natural resources and respect for the environment, and increasingly concern for the psychological wellbeing of all concerned in the food production and consumption system.
Economic, environmental, and social aspects of agriculture sciences are subjects of ongoing debate. Recent crises (such as avian influenza, mad cow disease and issues such as the use of genetically modified organisms) illustrate the complexity and importance of this debate.
Agriculturalmanagement is an occupation that involves the science of food production. It deals with farming techniques, the domestication of animals, and the general processing of food. There are many agricultural jobs that require management, especially on projects working in the scientific disciplines and with farm labor. With the changing dynamics of global food production, this field is one of the fastest growing in the world.
Note:The Fertile Crescent is a historical region in the Middle East that includes the Levant, Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt. These countries on a map together have a shape that is similar to a crescent. All these lands are watered by important rivers: Nile, Jordan, Euphrates and Tigris. Together they cover some 400-500,000 square kilometers, These areas are in present-day Egypt, Israel, West Bank, Gaza strip, and Lebanon and parts of Jordan, Syria, Iraq, south-eastern Turkey and south-western Iran. The present-day Fertile Crescent total population is around 120 million, or at least a quarter of the population of the Middle East.
Words and phrases to be remembered:
VOCABULARY PRACTICE
Raising of animals; to deal with; consumption system;general processing of food; subjects of ongoing debate;respect for the environment;often referred to as; in modern terms;to gathered foods from the wild;seek to feed;public expenditures;raw materials;hemp; flax;starch;preventing biosafety problems;barley;ornamental and nurseryplants;cut flowers.
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Bushels; planting; commercially manufactured; selective breeding; crop; poultry (2); a bumper crop; agro; livestock breeding; agriculture; genetically modified crops; oats. |