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ТЕМА: Велика Британія. Географічне розташування та політична система країни.
GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is situated on the British Isles. The British Isles consist of two large islands. Great Britain and Ireland, and about five thousand small islands. Their total area is over 244.000 square kilometers. The United Kingdom is made up of four countries: England. Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Their capitals are London, Cardiff, Edinburgh and Belfast respectively. Great Britain consists of England. Scotland and Wales and does not include Northern Ireland. But in everyday speech «Great Britain» is used to mean the United Kingdom. The capital of the UK is London.
The British Isles are separated from the European continent by the North Sea and the English Channel. The western coast of Great Britain is washed by the Atlantic Ocean and the Irish Sea.
The surface of the British Isles varies very much. The north of Scotland is mountainous and is called the Highlands, while the south, which has beautiful valleys and plains, is called the Lowlands. The north and west of England are mountainous, but all the rest — east, centre and south-east — is a vast plain. Mountains are not very high: Ben Nevis in Scotland is the highest mountain (1343 m). There are a lot of rivers in Great Britain, but they are not very long. The Severn is the longest river, while the Thames is the deepest and the most important one.
The mountains, the Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of Gulf Stream influence the climate of the British Isles. It is mild the whole year round.
The UK is one of the wood's smaller countries. Its population is over 57 million. About 80% of the population is urban. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is known as one of the world's largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is ship building.
THE SYSTEM OF GOVERNMENT
The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy. The head of the state is Queen Elizabeth II. The queen reigns, but does not rule. A Cabinet of government officials, called ministers, actually rules the country. These ministers normally belong to the political party that has a majority in the House of Commons, which dominates in Parliament, the country's lawmaking body. They are responsible to Parliament, which, in turn, is responsible to the people.
The Constitution of the United Kingdom is not one document, as are the constitutions of many other countries. Much of it is not ever in writing, and so the country is often said to have an unwritten constitution.
Some of the written parts of the Constitution come from laws passed by Parliament. Some written parts come from such old documents as Magna Charta, which limited the king's power. Other written parts come from common law. a body of laws based on people's customs and beliefs, and supported in the courts.
The monarchy is over 1,000 years old. The throne passes from a king or a queen to his or her oldest son or daughter. The crown symbolizes the British monarch's supreme power. For hundreds of years, the monarch held most authority. But as Parliament's power grew, the monarch's power declined.
Parliament makes the laws of the United Kingdom. Parliament consists of the Queen, the House of Commons and the House of Lords. The Queen must approve all bills passed by Parliament before they can become laws. Although the Queen may reject a bill, no monarch has done it since the early 1700s.
The country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. Four groups of people sit in the House of Lords: archbishops, bishops of the Church of England, the law lords, hereditary peers and life peers. The House of Lords is the final court of appeal in civil lawsuit and, in special circumstances, in criminal cases. When it sits as a law court, only law lords attend.
The House of Commons is made up of 651 elected members known as Members If Parliament (abbreviated to MPs), each of whom represents an area (constituency) If the United Kingdom. They are elected either at a general election, or at a by-election following the death or retirement of an MP. The Queen, Lords and Commons all have to agree to any new law which is billed. In reality, the House of Commons is the only one of the three which has true power.
ТЕМА: Дослідження американського континенту. Географічне розташування та політична система країни.
The Discovery of America.
America was founded by Columbus in 1492. Columbus fled to this country because of persecution by Ferdinand and Isabella, who refused to believe the world was round. Before Columbus reached America he cried "Ceylon! Ceylon!" because he wanted to see India. When he arrived, he cried again. This time he cried "I have found it!"
Columbus was mistaken in thinking he had reached India. There is still a great deal of confusion about the East and the West. As Columbus discovered, if you go west long enough you find yourself in the east and vice versa. In the New World most of the eastern half of the country is called the Middle West although it is known as the East by those who live in the Far West. Columbus, who was as confused as anybody who has been at sea for a long time, called the first people he saw "Indians". Accompanied by his followers, Columbus made several other voyages in search of India. Try as he might, however, he kept discovering America and finally returned to Spain to die.
European Migration. The Pilgrims.
Among those who came seeking freedom was a small group of English people called Pilgrims. The Pilgrims were searching for religious freedom. They founded the Plymouth colony in Massachusetts in 1620. The Pilgrims had been forced to leave England because of their religious beliefs.
When they decided to leave for America, they sailed on “The Mayflower” and arrived in the new world in the winter of 1620. The Pilgrims worked hard all through the spring and summer of 1621. They hunted, fished and planted crops.
As the harvest that summer and autumn was good, the Pilgrims wanted to give thanks to God for their good fortune.
They had learned from the Indians, who were their friends, to held a ceremony each year at harvest time. At this ceremony the Indians thanked nature for the food they had received. The Pilgrims decided to hold their own feast of thanksgiving that fall. The first thanksgiving lasted three days. Today, more than 350 years later, Americans still celebrate Thanksgiving. It is their national holiday in November. Another religious group, known as Quakers, founded a colony called Pennsylvania, while some English Catholics, who had left England to escape persecution settled in the colony which they called Maryland.
THE USA
The United States of America is the fourth largest country in the world (after Russia, Canada and China), It occupies the southern part of North America and stretches from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean. It also includes Alaska in the north and Hawaii in the Pacific Ocean. The total area of the country is about nine and a half million square kilometers. The USA borders on Canada in the north and on Mexico in the south. It also has a sea boarder with Russia.
The USA is made up of 50 states and the District of Columbia, a special federal area where the capital of the country, Washington, is situated. The population of the country is about 250 million.
If we look at the map of the USA, we can see lowlands and mountains. The highest mountains are the Rocky Mountains, the Cordillera and the Sierra Nevada. The highest peak is Mount McKinley, which is located in Alaska.
America's largest rivers are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Rio Grande and the Columbia. The Great Lakes on the border with Canada are the largest and deepest in the USA.
The climate of the country varies greatly. The coldest regions are in the north. The climate of Alaska is arctic. The climate of the central part is continental. The south has subtropical climate. Hot winds blowing from the Gulf of Mexico often bring typhoons. The climate along the Pacific coast is much warmer than that of the Atlantic coast.
Political system of the USA
The United States of America is a parliamentary republic. The people rule the country through the representatives they elect. Today any citizen who is at least 18 years old can vote. The Constitution of the USA was written in 1787. It is the basis for its laws. The United States has a federalist system. There are fifty states in the USA. Each state has its own government and there is a federal or national government. Each state has its own constitution and can collect taxes. But only the national government can print money. The national government is divided into three branches. They are the legislative branch, the executive branch and the judicial branch. The legislative branch is represented by the US Congress. The US Congress consists of two parts. They are the House of Representatives and the Senate. The congress's main function is to make laws. There are 100 senators (two from each state) and 435 representatives. The number of the representatives from each state depends on the size of the state's population. Senators are chosen for six years. But one-third is re-elected or retired every two years. The executive branch is headed by the President and his Administration. The president of the USA is the head of the country. The executive branch administers the laws. The executive branch, consists of departments and agencies. The US President is elected for a 4-year term. The US President commands the armed forces, conducts foreign affairs, recommends laws to the Congress. The judicial branch is headed by the US Su preme Court. The US Supreme Court has nine members. They are Chief Justice and 8 Associate Justices. The judicial branch interprets the laws and makes sure that new laws are in keeping with the Constitu tion. Each branch has certain controls over other branches. The US Congress makes laws, but the President can veto a law and the Supreme Court can decide that the law is unconstitutional.
There are two main political parties in the USA. They are the Democtatic Party and the Republican Party. The Democratic Party is symbolized by a "donkey." The Republican Party is symbolized by an "elephant." There are no clear differences between these parties. The Republicans are more conservative. They have more support among the upper classes. The Democrats are liberal. They have more support among the working class and the poor.
Тема: Географічне розташування та політична система України.
Ukraine
Ukraine is a sovereign state with its own territory and its bodies of state power and government. It also has national emblem: state flag and anthem. Ukraine proclaimed its independence on August 24, 1991, and confirmed this status on December 1st of the same year. The country is situated in the south-eastern part of Central Europe. It covers the area of 604,000 square kilometers. The territory of Ukraine consists of the Autonomy Republic of Crimea and 24 regions. Ukraine is inhabited by people belonging to more than 110 ethnic groups. The population of Ukraine is nearly 46 million people. It borders on Poland, Slovakia and Hungary in the west and on Romania and Moldova in the southwest. Its northern neighbor is Belarus and the eastern one is Russia. The territory of Ukraine is mostly flat and mountains make up only 5% of its territory (there are the Carpathian Mountains in the west and the Crimean Mountains in the south). The climate of Ukraine is moderate. The main rivers of Ukraine are the Dnipro, the Dnister, the Buh and Donets and others. The Dnipro is the main river in the country. It’s one of the longest rivers in the world. Ukraine is washed by the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov and has such important ports as Odesa, Mariupol, Mykojaiv, and Kherson. The geographical position of Ukraine is favourable, because the country lies on the crossroad of the ways from Asia to Europe. Like any other country in the world Ukraine has big cities; among them are Kyiv, the capital of Ukraine; Kharkiv, which used to be the capital of Ukraine and now it’s an important industrial and cultural centre; Donetsk is a coal-mining and chemical centre; Odesa is a big sea-port; Lviv is a large scientific and cultural centre and a lot of others. Due to favourable climatic conditions, Ukraine is traditionally an agricultural country. Wheat and corns, all kinds of fruit are grown here. The country is rich in national resources, such as iron ore, coal, gas. It produces planes and ships, lorries and buses, TV and radio-sets and other goods.
The Structure of Ukrainian Government
Ukrainian powers of government are divided into three branches: the legislative, which consists of the Verkhovna Rada, the executive, headed by the President, and the judicial, which is led by the Supreme Court. The President is the head of Ukraine. He is elected for a term of five years with no more than two full terms.
The Verkhovna Rada’s main function is making laws. Law drafting work is performed by its Committees. The Verkhovna Rada adopts the State Budget for the period from January 1 till December 31 and controls the execution of it. The monetary unit of our country is the Hryvnia.
The Cabinet of Ministers is the highest body of the executive power. It carries out the fulfillment of the Constitution, as well as the acts of the President, develops and fulfills national programs on the economic, technological and cultural development of Ukraine. The only body of the legislative power in Ukraine is the Parliament. There are 450 people’s deputies. They are elected for a term of four years on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot.
The Constitution of Ukraine
The Constitution of Ukraine was proclaimed and confirmed on June 28 1996, by Verkhovna Rada. According to it Ukraine is the sovereign, independent, democratic and legal state. Ukraine is a Unitarian state with single citizenship.
The state language of Ukraine is Ukrainian. The state symbols of our country are the National Emblem, the National Flag and the National Anthem of Ukraine. The National Emblem is a golden Tryzub on a blue Shield. The National Flag is a cloth with two equal horizontal stripes, the upper colored blue and the lower golden yellow.
The land, air space, mineral resources, water and other resources are objects of the property right of the Ukrainian people. Ukraine is the republic. The people are the only source of power which is exercised directly and through the bodies of state power and legal self-governments. The Constitution of Ukraine establishes the country’s political system, freedoms and duties of citizens and is the basis for its laws.
Kyiv
Kyiv is the capital of Ukraine. It has a long history. And this makes Kyiv stand out among other cities. In 1982 its 1.500th anniversary was celebrated in the country. It was called “The Mother of All Russian Cities”. Kyiv bears the name of prince Kyi.
Kyiv is the seat of the Supreme Court and Cabinet of Ministers. Its population is about 3 million. Kyiv occupies an area of 790 square kilometers. The city lies on both banks of the Dnipro.
Kyiv is the largest centre of national culture. A lot of concert-halls, fifteen museums, palaces of culture, film studios, the circus make Kyiv a large cultural centre in Ukraine. The Kyiv Shevchenko Opera and Ballet House, the Kyiv Franco Drama Theatre are well-known all over the world. Museum of Books and Book Printing, museums devoted to dramatic and film art, memorial museums devoted to outstanding personalities are situated in Kyiv.
Kyiv is also one of the biggest scientific centres. The Ukrainian Academy of Sciences and many research institutes are famous for its discoveries. More than 10000 students study at the Shevchenko National University. There are over 20 higher educational establishments in Kyiv.
Kyiv is famous for its beauty, for its wonderful broad avenues, lots of chestnut trees and flowers all over the city. A remarkable feature of our time is that people travel a lot. Those who are fond of visiting historical and cultural places usually dwell their choice on ancient cities. The older the city is the more places of interest it has. That’s why Kyiv is quite an interesting place from this view point. Tourists are attracted by numerous places of interest in Kyiv. They are Kyivo-Pecherska Lavra, St. Sophia’s Cathedral, and the Golden Gate, the monuments to T. G. Shevchenko, the great poet of Ukraine, to Bohdan Khmelnytsky and Prince Volodymyr.
Kyiv has a well-developed industry. Its factories and plants produce sea and river transport vessels, air liners, computers, motorcycles, consumer goods.
Тема: Інтеграція України до Європейського Союзу.
Foreign Affairs of Ukraine
Ukraine has wide relations with Canada, the USA, Great Britain and many other countries of the world. Recently a great number of various joint ventures and economic, cultural and political projects have appeared in Ukraine.
Our specialists in different scientific fields improve their qualification abroad. We also have programmes of students’ and schoolchildren’s exchange. English, Canadian and American children visit Ukrainian families go to Ukrainian schools, while Ukrainian children stay at their host families abroad.
These exchange programmes help us to understand each other better, to study culture and traditions of other countries. A lot of Ukrainians have emigrated to Great Britain. That’s why in 1947 the Association of Ukrainians in Great Britain was founded. This association has some Help Funds that sponsor different important actions. The association gives help to the Ukrainian students who study in British Universities. The same associations and societies exist in many other countries. I’d like to say that many people who are Ukrainian by origin live in Canada. Many of the Ukrainians living now in Canada and other English-speaking countries don’t lose connections with Ukraine. A lot of public organizations, educational establishments, religious organizations make considerable contribution to the development of our culture, literature and art. By the by, Canada was the first among the western states that recognized the state independence of Ukraine. From year to year the number of spheres of our relations with the countries abroad grow.
Ukraine and English-speaking Countries
Now Ukraine is a sovereign state. Ukraine is one of the members of the United Nations Organization and participates in the work of many international organizations. We have wide relations with Canada, the USA and Great Britain. Foreign Embassies of these countries work in Kyiv. Scientific cooperation is also very important. Cooperations in culture, education and sport are very important too. We exchange students and teachers with Canada and the USA. The Ukrainian orchestras, pop and opera singers, ballet dancers are warmly received. A lot of tourists from English-speaking countries visit Ukraine every year.
We have some joint political projects with the United States of America and Canada. Such big plants of ours as Cherkasy joint-stock company «Azot», Gorlovka chemical plant «Stirol» sell their products at international market.
Тема: Херсон. Історія та сучасність.
Kherson
Kherson is the southern Ukrainian city. Kherson is the region capital, a large sea and river port and railway junction. It is situated in the steppe of the Black Sea Lowland on both banks of the Dnieper River directly north of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov. If you want to go to the Black Sea it will take you 1.5 hours by car or 2 hours by bus. The city was founded by Prince Potemkin on June 29, 1778, on former fortification Oleksandrivskyi Shanets ruined by the Turks. It was named in honor of Chersonesus of Taurus founded by Greeks in the 5th century B.C. The first mention of Kherson in the chronicles occurred in 1737.Admiral Ushakov and his soldiers built many ships here in the 18th century and fought with Turkish army. Russian army won. In 1803 the town became the centre of Kherson Province. In 1944 the city became the capital of Kherson region. Among the city's architectural monuments are the remnants of the fortress walls and gates, the Black Sea Hospital, the naval arsenal (18th century), and the Cathedral of the Transfiguration (1781), the Greek-Sophia Church (1780), the Gates of the fortress (18th century), the Holy Spirit Church with a Bell Tower (1836). The climate here is dry. Winters are cold and summers are hot, and the winds often blow. In summer many people go to the river bank or to the Black Sea, and there are many fruit and vegetables: apples, cherries, strawberries, peaches, grapes, tomatoes, cucumbers, potatoes, etc. Population of Kherson is nearly 360, 000 people. And they work on the city's enterprises. Ocean tankers, freighters, agricultural machinery, electric machines, glass products are produced there. There is an oil-refining plant, fat-processing plant, and many wine-making factories. Highways, air and railway lines connect the city with all other cities of Ukraine and Russia. Today it is a large sea- and river-port. There are two bridges over the Dnieper which joins Kherson and a smaller town Tsurupinsk. There are wonderful views of the river and the countryside. There is fresh air and good climate, so many tourists visit Kherson in summer. Kherson is over 200 years old.
It is a large educational centre. It has 4 higher educational institutions, 14 technical secondary schools and several research institutes. The total area of Kherson is more than 200 km; the most part of it is covered with parks and public gardens. There are two arboreta and the Botanical Gardens. 10 years ago the main branches of industry here were ship-building, textile and building of agricultural machines. But there is an economic crisis in Ukraine nowadays, so many factories closed down, Nowadays the main branches of industry are ship-building and mined food factories, but there is not enough work for all people. Those who work don't earn much. There are many good colleges and universities such as the Teachers' Training University, the Industrial University, the Shipbuilding University and the Agricultural University. There is a good drama theatre and a puppet-show. If you like palming you can listen to the philharmonic orchestra; can go to the Art Museum. There are good pictures of the painters of the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. There are also many bars, cinemas, clubs, gyms and a swimming-pool. People sometime call Kherson a green city because there are many parks. The Kherson Region includes 18 districts, 9 towns, 30 settle 677 villages.
History of Kherson
In the IV - III centuries BC Scythians and later - Sarmathians settled on the territory of modern Kherson. At the times of Kyiv Rus (IX - XII centuries) the path from Varangians to Greeks laid through the territory of modern Kherson, the Slavs used it for trading purposes. Slavic settlement was on the Big Island of Potemkin.
During the Russian-Turkish war of 1735-1739,the first Russian fortress "Alexander-Shants" was built here in 1737. After the next Russian-Turkish War (1768-1774) the Kyuchuk-Kaynardzhiysky contract was signed. It granted Russia access to the Black Sea by giving it the land between the Dnieper and Southern Bug. Russia’s aim was to strengthen the country's southern border and one of the steps was foundation of the city Kherson by decree of Catherine II from June 18, 1778.The city was created to protect the southern borders of the Russian Empire. To strengthen them, it was decided to build a town at the mouth of the Dnieper to become the shipyard, commercial harbor and the fortress as well as the basis for creation of the Black Sea Fleet. Kherson was named after the ancient Greek and later Byzantine colony Chersoneses.
The emergence of a new city on the map is directly connected with the name of G.A Potemkin; he decided that Alexander-Shants - a small Russian fortification, located 30 km from the mouth of the Dnieper River is the best place to found a city. According to the legend, the territory of modern Kherson was the place where Potemkin found ancient gates with Greek inscription "This path leads to Byzantium." Kherson had become the main reference point for the expansion of Russia against the Ottoman Empire. I.A Hannibal, uncle of A.S Pushkin on mother’s side, was the main builder of Kherson. Under his leadership the first ship of the Black Sea Fleet 66-gun "Glory of Catherine" was built at the Kherson shipyard. Kherson was planned to become the major trading city of southern Russia. In the 1792-1794 A.V Suvorov, famous military leader, lived and worked here. One of Kherson streets was named in his honor.
After foundation of Nikolayev (1789) and Odessa (1794), Kherson lost value as the main commercial port in southern Russia. Since then, the Admiralty moved to Nikolayev, and a part of merchants' offices - to Odessa. In 1803 Kherson became the center of the province, and started to develop as a commercial port. In 1813 the first elementary school was opened, in 1815 - Men's Provincial High School, in 1834 - Merchant Marine Academy, which trained navigators, shipbuilders and skippers. Plants, factories, theaters, museums, libraries, publishing houses appeared in Kherson. In the early twentieth century in Kherson, there were 166 streets and lanes, 10 squares; 10913 residential and commercial buildings. According to 1905 register, 328 plants, factories and workshops operated in the city. In 1919 Kherson was occupied by Austro-German troops, and then French and Greek troops.
Soviet power was established here in January 1920 with the help of 14th Army under the command of I.P Uborevich. Since 19 August 1941 to March 13, 1944 Kherson was occupied by German fascist troops. After the Second World War industry was completely destroyed in Kherson. In the postwar years, Kherson became the industrial, agricultural and cultural center in the southern Ukraine. Equipped with modern technology, Kherson sea port became one of the leaders in the Black Sea and took a worthy place in foreign relations of the USSR.
Today Kherson is a very interesting city both for tourists and businessmen. Today Kherson is, first of all, the famous shipbuilding town. The symbol of the city is a monument - sailor. Kherson port is one of the ten largest ports in Ukraine. Kherson is not a tourist center, but tourist groups come here regularly. One of the most popular trips to Ukraine - a cruise on the Dnieper - passes through this hospitable city. Tourists have possibility to see such Kherson attractions as Kherson fortress ruins, Spassky Cathedral.
Тема: Переваги Болонського процесу в Україні.
Bologna process
The purpose of the Bologna process (or Bologna accords) is to create the European higher education area by making academic degree standards and quality assurance standards more comparable and compatible throughout Europe. It is named after the place it was proposed, the University of Bologna with the signing, in 1999, of the Bologna declaration by ministers of education from 29 European countries in the Italian city of Bologna. This was opened up to other countries signatory to the European Cultural Convention of the Council of Europe, and further governmental meetings have been held in Prague (2001), Berlin (2003), Bergen (2005) and London in spring 2007.
Before the signing of the Bologna declaration, the Magna Carta Universitatum had been issued at a meeting of university rectors celebrating the 900th anniversary of the University of Bologna - and thus of European universities - in 1988. One year before the Bologna declaration, education ministers from France, Germany, Italy and the UK signed the Sorbonne declaration in Paris 1998, committing them to "harmonizing the architecture of the European Higher Education system". French officials in particular therefore often refer to the La Sorbonne/Bologna process.
The Council of Europe and UNESCO have jointly issued the Lisbon recognition convention on recognition of academic qualifications as part of the process, which has been ratified by the majority of the countries party to the Bologna process.
Тема: Херсонський державний університет. Студмістечко.
Kherson State University
Kherson State University is the biggest institution of higher education in Kherson, of IV ac creditation level. Our educational establishment is the oldest in the Southern Ukraine. This year the University is going to celebrate its 90-th anniversary. It prepares qualified specialists in 34 specialties, professionals in their work. These are teach ers of all subjects which are taught at school, teachers for preschool child care centers, engineer teachers, lawyers, economists, environmentalists, psychologists, social workers, journalists, transla tors and others. Such task is accomplished by our tight-knit teaching stuff comprising 56 professors, doctors of sciences; 228 associate professors, candidates of sciences; 105 senior teachers, assistants. Forty five chairs provide training of students and supervise their scientific activities. Alto gether there are about 8 thousand of full-time, part-time and external students studying at the Univer sity, almost 1400 of them annually graduate as diploma professionals with bachelor's, specialist's or master's degree. Besides the 5 educational buildings the University has a sporting health-improving camp "Burevestnik" on the Black Sea coast, training center on the river Dnieper, botanic gardenщ – agro biological station in the city of Kherson. 1500 students from other cities and towns live in University dormitories. University library with 5 reading-rooms, containing 400000 units of book storage, works all days of week. One of the principal directions in the University work is preparation and realization of interna tional projects in the field of science and education. Today higher education in the whole world is characterized by mutual integration and interna tionalization of educational process. Integration objectives are brought to the forefront in Bologna Declaration. For this reason the development of international relations belongs to primary aims of Kherson State University. Cooperation with the foreign partners is realized on substantive directions by means of differ ent organizational forms - from students and stuff exchanges, to participation in international confer ences, seminars, "round tables" for realization of joint complex educational projects.
Тема: Я – студент Факультету…
I am a student of the … faculty. Our faculty is one of the largest faculties in the University. We study a lot of different subjects: … and many others. Besides these subjects we study … and English. We study English to be able to communicate with people on different competitions. Students are acquainted with all branches of …. They are lectured in various subjects. During the first two years we attend lectures on … and …. In the third year more narrow specialization begins. We have several specialized courses and addi tional practical and research work in the subject they have chosen as their future specialty. Besides attending lectures we may join some scientific circle and choose a problem to work on according to our bents. All of us know that biology is the science of glorious past and great future. We do our best to acquire as much knowledge as possible. Graduates of the … faculty are assigned to work as …, … and others.
Тема: Подорожі.
Travelling
People began to travel ages ago. The very first travellers were explorers who went on trips to find wealth, fame or something else. Their journeys were very dangerous but still people keep on going to the unknown lands. Nowadays it is not as dangerous and much more convenient. Do you want to go somewhere? Hundreds of companies are there to help you. They will take care about your tickets and make all the reservations needed. You don't speak the language of the country you go to? There are interpreters that will help you. With modern services you can go around the world. You can choose the means of transport you like: plane, train, ship, bicycle or you can travel hiking. Tourism became a very profitable business because people are ready to spend their money for the great opportunity to have great time learning about new countries, going sightseeing, resting and enjoying themselves.
I like to travel very much/I do not like to travel – додати самостійно!
Тема заняття: Мовний етикет. Ведення бізнесу в різних країнах
The Basic Forms of Communication
As David Glass is well aware, effective communicators have many tools at their disposal when they want to get across a message. Whether writing or speaking, they know how to put together the words that will convey their meaning. They reinforce their words with gestures and actions. They look you in the eye, listen to what you have to say, and think about your feelings and needs. At the same time, they study your reactions, picking up the nuances of your response by watching your face and body, listening to your tone of voice, and evaluating your words. They absorb information just as efficiently as they transmit it, relying on both non-verbal and verbal cues
Non-Verbal Communication
The most basic form of communication is non-verbal. Anthropologists theorize that long before human beings used words to talk things over, our ancestors communicated with one another by using their bodies. They gritted their teeth to show anger; they smiled and touched one another to indicate affection. Although we have come a long way since those primitive times, we still use non-verbal cues to express superiority, dependence, dislike, respect, love, and other feelings.
Non-verbal communication differs from verbal communication in fundamental ways. For one thing, it is less structured, which makes it more difficult to study. A person cannot pick up a book on non-verbal language and master the vocabulary of gestures, expressions, and inflections that are common in our culture. We don't really know how people learn non-verbal behavior. No one teaches a baby to cry or smile, yet these forms of self- expression are almost universal. Other types of non-verbal communication, such as the meaning of colors and certain gestures, vary from culture to culture.
Non-verbal communication also differs from verbal communication in terms of intent and spontaneity. We generally plan our words. When we say "please open the door," we have a conscious purpose. We think about the message, if only for a moment. But when we communicate non-verbally, we sometimes do so unconsciously. We don't mean to raise an eyebrow or blush. Those actions come naturally. Without our consent, our emotions are written all over our faces.
Why non-verbal communication is important
Although non-verbal communication is often unplanned, it has more impact than verbal communication. Non-verbal cues are especially important in conveying feelings; accounting for 93 percent of the emotional meaning that is exchanged in any interaction. One advantage of non-verbal communication is its reliability. Most people can deceive us much more easily with their words than they can with their bodies. Words are relatively easy to control; body language, facial expressions, and vocal characteristics are not. By paying attention to these non-verbal cues, we can detect deception or affirm a speaker's honesty. Not surprisingly, we have more faith in non-verbal cues than we do in verbal messages. If a person says one thing but transmits a conflicting message non-verbally, we almost invariably believe the non-verbal signal. To a great degree, then, an individual's credibility as a communicator depends on non-verbal messages. Non-verbal communication is important for another reason as well: It can be efficient from both the sender's and the receiver's standpoint. You can transmit a non-verbal message without even thinking about it, and your audience can register the meaning unconsciously. By the same token, when you have a conscious purpose, you can often achieve it more economically with a gesture than you can with words. A wave of the hand, a pat on the back, a wink—all are streamlined expressions of thought.
Non-verbal communication plays a role in business too. For one thing, it helps establish credibility and leadership potential. If you can learn to manage the impression you create with your body language, facial characteristics, voice, and appearance, you can do a great deal to communicate that you are competent, trustworthy, and dynamic. For example, Wal-Mart founder Sam Walton has developed a homespun style that puts people at ease, thereby helping them to be more receptive, perhaps even more open.
Furthermore, if you can learn to read other people's non-verbal messages, you will be able to interpret their underlying attitudes and intentions more accurately. When dealing with co-workers, customers, and clients, watch carefully for small signs that reveal how the conversation is going. If you aren't having the effect you want, check your words; then, if your words are all right, try to be aware of the non-verbal meanings you are transmitting. At the same time, stay tuned to the non-verbal signals that the other person is sending.
Verbal Communication
Although you can express many things non-verbally, there are limits to what you can communicate without the help of language. If you want to discuss past events, ideas, or abstractions, you need words—symbols that stand for thoughts — arranged in meaningful patterns. In the English language, we have a 750,000, although most of us recognize only about 20,000 of them. To create a thought with these words, we arrange them according to the rules of grammar, putting the various parts of speech in the proper sequence. We then transmit the message in spoken or written form, hoping that someone will hear or read what we have to say.
Basics of Intercultural Business Communication
As Bill Davila knows, the first step in learning to communicate with people from other cultures is to become aware of what culture means. Our awareness of intercultural differences is both useful and necessary in today's world of business.
Understanding Culture
Person may not realize it, but he belongs to several cultures. The most obvious is the culture he shares with all other people who live in the same country. But this person also belongs to other cultural groups, such as an ethnic group, a religious group, a fraternity or sorority, or perhaps a profession that has its own special language and customs. So what exactly is culture? It is useful to define culture as a system of shared symbols, beliefs, attitudes, values, expectations, and norms for behavior. Thus all members of a culture have, and tend to act on, similar assumptions about how people should think, behave, and communicate. Distinct groups that exist within a major culture are more properly referred to as subcultures. Among groups that might be considered subcultures are Mexican Americans in East Los Angeles, Mormons in Salt Lake City, and longshoremen in Montreal. Subcultures without geographic boundaries can be found as well, such as wrestling fans, Russian immigrants, and Harvard M.B.A.s. Cultures and subcultures vary in several ways that affect intercultural communication:
• Stability. Conditions in the culture may be stable or may be changing slowly or rapidly.
• Complexity. Cultures vary in the accessibility of information. In North
America information is contained in explicit codes, including words, whereas in Japan a great deal of information is conveyed implicitly, through body language, physical context, and the like.• Composition. Some cultures are made up of many diverse and disparate subcultures; others tend to be more homogeneous. • Acceptance. Cultures vary in their attitudes toward outsiders. Some are openly hostile or maintain a detached aloofness. Others are friendly and co- operative toward strangers. As you can see, cultures vary widely. It's no wonder that most of us need special training before we can become comfortable with a culture other than our own.
Difficulties of Intercultural Business Communication
The more differences there are between the people who are communicating, the more difficult it is to communicate effectively. The major problems in inter-cultural business communication are language barriers, cultural differences, and ethnocentric reactions.
Тема заняття: Гроші. Державна та іноземна валюта.
Money is not the only measure of success in life. For most people in our modern-capitalism world, money is the first thing, and sometimes the only thing that measures success in their life. Money can buy power. Money can buy fame. Money can buy time. Sometimes money can even buy a life. So money has become the first common goal for everybody. However, there is something else that can be the measurement of success in life. One important thing that defines success in our lives is our careers. With different careers, we will have different goals and measurements of our success. If you are an athlete, your success can be measured by lots of things such as wining tournaments, breaking records, playing in the top league or competing in the Olympics. If you are a scientist, the success in your life will mostly depend on your researches. One line of formula that can prove your theory is true can be the great success in your life. If you are a writer, you will probably succeed if your book gets on the best-selling shelf in the bookstore or if your works get published in a magazine. If you are a musician, playing in the country’s orchestra or a number of your CDs that have been sold can be counted as the measurement of your success. So we can see that another measurement of success in your life besides money is how much you have succeeded in your career. Success in human life is often measured by numbers. Therefore, everything that can be counted can be used as a measurement. Again, these measurements vary with each career. If you are an athlete maybe it is the number of tournaments or the number of matches you have won. But if you are a writer, it is probably the number of your books that have been sold out or if you are a musician it might be the number of your CDs. Sometimes it could be even a silly thing like the number of girlfriends you have. In fact, it is human nature that we always want to compare ourselves to others. In almost every career there is money involved, and maybe that is the reason why people always look at money as primary measurement of their success - they can easily compare it with the others. The other measurement of success in our lives is awards. For the scientists one of the greatest accomplishments in their life is to win a Nobel Prize, for the writers there is the Pulitzer award, for actors and actresses there is an academy award, for musicians a Grammy’s and so on. These things are different from the other measurements in that it is judged by other people not ourselves. Besides those measurements we can compare them with other people or let other people measure our success, sometimes just accomplishing our wishes or dreams can be measures of success in our lives. So it does not matter that you have won the world championships or just the tournament in your school, working in the biggest company in the country or just set up your small company. If it is your dream, you have already succeeded in your life. The common goal in people’s life is to be peaceful and happy. Being the richest man in the world does not mean you are the happiest man in the world, although money can buy you happiness sometimes, but not always. So another measurement of success you are in your is how happy your life is. It might be having a warm family and children, having lots of friends or maybe just having someone who truly loves you. In addition, as times change, the measurement of success in life also changes. For examples, wealth, thing that many people use to judge success in one’s life, is changing when time has passed. Thousands of years ago when humans were still a cavemen, it might have been how big you cave was. Hundreds of years ago it might have been how big your land was. Today it is how much money is in your bank account, so maybe in the future it might be something else.
Державна валюта (гривня) та інші види – додати самостійно!
Тема заняття: Види крамниць та відділів
Shopping
There are some things we have to do every day. Shopping is one of them. Shopping is a part of our daily life. Some people hate it and find it boring. Others consider it very exciting and believe it a kind of entertainment. As for me, I'm not a great fan of shopping. But I understand that I have to deal with it whether I like it or not. When I need something in the way of clothes I go to the department store. There I can buy shoes, hats, knitted goods, household goods and so on. When I want to buy clothes I go to the Ready-Made Clothes departments. They are the Men's or Ladies' Outfitter's. Boots and shoes are sold at the Shoe department or the Footwear department to buy socks and stockings we go to the Hosiery department. We can buy buttons, ribbons, lace, tape, thread, needles, pins, handkerchiefs, zippers and such like at the Haberdashery department. To buy cardigans, jumpers, pullovers and knitted underwear we go to the Knitted Goods department. Ladies buy perfume, face powder, lipstick, face cream, nail varnish, mascara, shades and such like at the Perfume department. People buy jewellery and gold watches at the jeweler’s. Books are sold at the bookseller's, flowers at the florist's. Newspapers and magazines are often sold at the news-stands or news stalls. If I want to buy some meat I go to the butcher's. At the grocer's flour, sugar, cereals, tea, coffee and other things can be bought. To buy some vegetables and fruit I go to the greengrocer's. Bread, buns, biscuits, cookies are sold at the baker's. If I want to buy some fish I go to the fishmonger's. To buy milk, cheese, eggs we go to the dairy. I prefer to buy food in a supermarket. It is very convenient. I can take a trolley and pile everything I need there.
ТЕМА: У готелі. Послуги працівників готелю.
Staying at the hotel
Speak about everyday services available at the hotel
When you come to another country or city you can stay at your friend’s house or flat. But if you haven’t got any relatives or friends you may stay at a hotel. There are 2 sorts of hotels: at the seaside and in city. The hotels at the seaside usually occupy big territory. And the services and facilities are usually better there then in city hotels. You can get more things free. Also at the seaside hotels food is served usually 2 of 3 times a day and in city hotels you can get only breakfast. Before you arrive somewhere you can make arrangements about a room of the hotel you’ll choose. You can call at the hotel of send them a fax or telegram which numbers you can find in the advertisement. If you haven’t done it, when you arrive at the hotel it is necessary to come up to the reception desk. There a person can order a room. First of all you must fill in an arrival card. In this card you must gave information about yourself. Your name and surname, telephone number and address besides it is necessary to point out how long you are going to stay here. Also among the seaside hotels the best with club system. Usually on the territory of such hotels there is 4-5 storied building with single rooms, double rooms, and suites and separate there are family cottages. The area of such hotels is usually very big about 50 hectares. Club system allows taking free any, soft drinks, food 24 hours a day, because everything is included into the price of the tour. There are all day room services, dry cleaners, laundries. In the rooms there is a refrigerator, bathroom, a satellite TV and direct dial phone. Also such hotels have their own place on the beach with comfortable sun beds .You can spend time riding horses, playing tennis, golf, polo, visiting shops, which are usually situated in the territory of the hotels. In the evenings you can go to the disco or to the restaurant. The menu in the restaurants including different cuisine’s such as: French, Spanish, Chinese, Turkish, Russian and so on. You can order a yacht tour to some historical places (if any) or something like that. After visiting such hotels you’ll return home happy and refreshed.
Description and features of hotel services
Services, which are given in the hotels of Ukraine divided into basic, and additional (other). Services of dwelling behave to basic services. Process of grant of basic services in hotels it is possible schematically to divide into and few basic stages:
- information about services;
- backuping (reserving) of places;
- realization of services;
- meeting and send-offs of tourists;
- service is during and stay.
Process of grant of informative services in hotels - one of importent. An of able grant information comes into and notice, excites interest and desire to purchase and favour, that to carry out the choice of hotel, to the room hotel, term of stay and others like that. But, it costs to conduct informative activity with large professionalism.
Backuping ( reserving) of places in hotels and other facilities of placing allows and personnel to prepare to maintenance of tourists, and to the tourists more rationally to conduct leisure.
Meeting of and placing of tourists includes in hotels: transference of luggage, delivery of the keys, and accompaniment to the number.
Distributing of tourists after numbers is carried out service of reception and placing of hotel (administrator). The basic requirements in the process of reception and placing of tourists is: operationability, clearness and speed of registration of document.
The finishing stage of grant of basic services in and hotel is payment and departure.
With purpose of upgrading and culture of maintenance of users, and also to the competitiveness in the world market of hotel services, hotels must have not only high level to the comfort but also wide choice of additional services.
On of the method of grant additional (other) services can be requiring payment and free of charge.
To requiring payment additional services belong:
- restaurant and la carte;
- shops ( newspapers, souvenirs);
- garage;
- fitness - club;
- banquet and conference halls;
- salons of beauty;
- mini bar and service in numbers;
- services of taxi ( transfer);
- nurse;
- requiring payment television;
- tea or coffee-pot;
- and safe is in and number.
free additional services:
- storage of luggage is in the chambers;
- using pharmacy medicines;
- delivery in the number of the certificate and souvenir advertising, form envelopes and paper;
- storage of values;
- grant of filaments, needles;
- edition of certificates is about and location and mode of operations of points of domestic consumer services;.
- exchange of currency;
- rigging is for invalids;
- transport services;
- hair dryer.
ТЕМА: Їжа. Заклади харчування.
Healthy Food
All food is made up of nutrients which our bodies use. There are different kinds of nutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, fats» vitamins and minerals. Different foods contain different nutrients.
Before we cut down on fat, sugar and salt, we have to know a bit more about the kind of food these things might be in. The biggest problem comes when these things are hidden in other foods: biscuits, crisps, sausages, meat pies, soft drinks and so on.
The best way is to get into the habit of checking the ingredients and nutritional value on the sides of packets although this isn't always easy to do. Another thing to know is, for example, that we do need fat to live, it's an essential part of our diet and physically we couldn't exist without it.
But we all know that to eat much fat is bad for our health. The matter is that there are different kinds of fat. There are fats that are good for us and fats that are bad for us. Eating less of the bad ones and more of the good ones can actually help us to live longer! Bad fats are the saturated fats, found in animal productions, like red meat, butter and cheese.
Friendly fats are the unprocessed fats found naturally in foods like nuts and seeds, olives, avocados and oily fish, including tuna.
One more thing to know is that when food is cooked, its structure changes. It can change the vitamin and nutrient contents of food.
More and more people feel strongly about the way, their food is produced. Nowadays so much of the basic food we eat — meat, fish, fruit and vegetables — is grown using chemicals and additives.
Although fertilizers and pesticides have greatly increased the quantity of food and helped to improve its appearance, there is a growing concern about the effects of these chemicals in the food chain. This concern has led to a growth in the demand for organically grown products.
Today there is another problem. It is modified food, which is cheaper that ordinary one. There is a rumour that such food can cause cancer and other problems. Nobody knows, either it is just an imagined fear or a real problem. This problem could be solved and examined, but it will take some time.
The food we eat, depends on lots of things. Taste is a big factor. Culture, religion and health also play a part in what food we eat. Advertising and social factors also have a big influence.
Income is also an important factor. That is why not surprisingly, money, rather than a lack of knowledge about how to eat well, is at the heart of the problem. Finally, there are three main messages to follow for healthy eating: first, we should eat less fat, particularly saturated fat. Secondly, we are to cut down on sugar and salt. Thirdly, we must eat more fresh fruit and vegetables.
Eating Out
In all large cities there are plenty of restaurants, cafés, cafeterias, self-service dining-rooms, etc. All the large hotels have dining-rooms or restaurants. You can have breakfast, dinner, lunch or supper at any restaurant. Every restaurant offers you dinners ”table d’hôte”. These meals are known as regular dinners. It means that you are served with meals of several courses, at a fixed price. “Table d’hôte” is cheaper than “table à la carte”. “Table à la carte” means such meals which are ordered course by course, from the menu card, each dish separately. At the restaurant each little party of guests has its own table. In the evening you can see several people dancing at the far end of the room, near the orchestra. One of the waiters is standing near the table where there are cold dishes of various kinds. He is holding a tray with two wine-glasses on it. He has put the bottle of wine into the ice-bucket to keep it cool. In summer, when it is very hot, you can also order cold, refreshing beverages, such as: soda-water, juice, lemonade or beer. In summer people also eat a lot of ice-cream. At a restaurant you can get all kinds of meals, hot dishes as well as cold ones.
Take-away restaurants are very popular. It is cheaper than eating in the restaurant and you can even order by phone and have all the food brought to your home.
The traditional Fish and Chip Shop is still popular but there are more and more Pizzerias and Burger Bars, too.
The “Pub” or “Public House” is part of the British tradition. It is a place where you can meet people, chat, listen to music, play darts and, of course, have a drink. The most common drink served is beer (called ale, bitter, stout or lager), but you can also choose wine, cocktails, spirits or soft (non-alcoholic) drinks. Most pubs serve food, too.
Children under 14 are not allowed into pubs but they can stay in the garden (when the weather is fine!). Teenagers between 14 and 18 can enter but cannot drink alcohol (not even beer). The law is very strict and Landlord (the manager of the pub) can refuse entry if he prefers.
Самостійно перерахувати відомі кухні світу, зупинитись на улюбленій!