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37. The West Germanic tree-diagram of languages.
As a result of the expansion of the Germanic-speaking peoples, differences of dialect within Proto-Germanic became more marked, and we can distinguish three main branches or groups of dialects, namely North Germanic, East Germanic, and West Germanic.
Scholars divide West Germanic l-ges into the following ones:
38. The East Germanic Branch of l-ges: general characteristics.
As a result of the expansion of the Germanic-speaking peoples, differences of dialect within Proto-Germanic became more marked, and we can distinguish three main branches or groups of dialects, namely North Germanic, East Germanic, and West Germanic.
East Germanic l-ges include:
The East Germanic dialects were spoken by the tribes that expanded East of the Oder around the shores of the Baltic. They included the Goths, and Gothic is the only East Germanic language of which we have any record. Round AD 200 the Goths migrated south-eastwards, and settled in the plains north of the Black Sea, where they divided into two branches, the Ostgoths east of the Dniester and the Visigoths west of it. The main record of Gothic is the fragmentary remains of a translation of the Bible into Visigothic, made by the Bishop Wulfila in the middle of the fourth century. The Goths were later overrun by the Huns, but a form of Gothic was being spoken in the Crimea even in the 17th century. It has since died out, however, and no East Germanic language has survived into our own times.
39. The North Germanic Branch of l-ges: general characteristics.
The North Germanic Branch ( Old Norse) includes the following l-ges:
East Scandinavian:
• Old Swedish →Swedish
• Old Danish → Danish
West Scandinavian:
• Old Norwegian → Norwegian
• Old Icelandic → Icelandic
• Old Faroese → Faroese.
The earliest recorded form of North Germanic (Old Norse) is found in runic inscriptions from about AD 300; and it is not until the Viking Age, from about AD 800 onwards, that it begins to break up into the dialects, which have developed into the modern Scandinavian languages.
40. Old Germanic alphabets. The distinguished written records.
The proto-alphabet was North Semitic Phoenician. It developed into Greek and Aramic around 15-10c.BC. Aramic (Arabic,Hebrew,Persian). Greek(Etruskan,Gothic,Cyrillic,Glagolitic).
In 7c.BC from the Etruskan alphabet developed Latin and North Italic. North Italic gave birth to Runic Alphabet “FUTHARK” which later was subdivided into Anglo-Saxon Runic Alphabet and Younger Runic Alphabet in about 10c.AD.
The commonly used alphabets were Latin, Wulfilian and Runic.
OE alphabet – Runic inscriptions: “The Frank’s Casket” VIII c; “The Ruthwell Cross” VIII c; “Beowulf” (VIII) X c; “The Anglo-Saxon chronicles” VIII-XII c. The runic alphabet is a specifically Germanic alphabet, not to be found in languages of other groups. The word rune originally meant ’secret’, ‘mystery’ and hence came to denote inscriptions believed to be magic.
Latin alphabet – the earliest inscriptions were made in boustrophedon style(lines run from right to left and from left to right), but later the Latin writing reads from left to right. Only 20 letters at first, then by adding G,Y and Z it became of 23 letters. The signs for “U” and “V”, for “I” and “J” were written interchangeably for vowels and consonants. They were separated only in the Middle Ages.
The Gothic alphabet is an alphabetic writing system attributed to Wulfila which was used exclusively for writing the ancient Gothic language. Before its creation in the fourth century, the Goths had used runes to write their language. The new alphabet was created by Wulfila for the purpose of translating the Christian Bible into Gothic, and it is largely derived from an uncial form of the Greek alphabet, though some elements have been borrowed from the Latin and Runic alphabets as well. The Gothic script consisted of 27 letters of which 19 were of Greek origin.
Bible’s Translation into Gothic by Wulfila.
Runic inscriptions: “The Ring from Pietroassa”
The edge from the “Spear from Kovel”
“Codex Argenteus” (Silver Codex)