Lws summing up the experimentl fcts concerning mss motion nd force with the help of cler ides nd definitions
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GREAT SCIENTIST WHO CONTRIBUTED MUCH TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE
ISAAC NEWTON
Isaac Newton (1642-1727, Cambridge Univ.) gathered the results of Galileo's experimenting and the work and thinking of others into clearly worded "Laws" summing up the experimental facts concerning mass, motion, and force, with the help of clear ideas and definitions. He extended the force of gravity to universal inverse-square-law gravitation, showing that this would account for the moon's motion, for Kepler's three planetary laws, for the tides etc., thus building a great deductive theory. He experimented and speculated in other branches of physics, particularly optics. In terms of his summary of mechanics, Newton showed mat universal gravitation could explain' the whole of the behaviour of the Moon and the planets.
Newton's life falls into three distinct sections: the first covers his boyhood in Lincolnshire; the second- his life at Cambridge from 1661; the third - his work as a highly-paid government official from 1696 to his death in 1721. Isaac Newton was forty-two years old and at the very peak of his scientific
genius, when he began his famous masterpiece called "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" or as it is always referred to simply "The Principia".
Newton's mind was overflowing with results of more than twenty years of original scientific thinking, and he accomplished the gigantic task of putting it all on paper in this masterwork of his life. This book gave the world his law of universal gravitation. "The Principia" is a book that is little read today. Ask for it in a book-shop or even in many libraries and no copy will be available. It is true that this book is hard to find nowadays, but throughout the world there are still thousands of shelves containing tens of thousands of books with modernized versions of the basic truths in "The Principia". When copies of the first printing became scarce many people were soon paying three or four times the original cost, and even copying out the whole book by hand.
Newton like Archimedes gave up his whole life and all his talents to science and mathematics. It is to the author of "The Principia" that the world looks back with gratitude and awe as the first mind in the eighteenth century that equalled the mind of Archimedes.
THOMAS EDISON
Thomas Edison started work on the railway when he was twelve, selling newspapers and snacks. There were long periods with nothing for him to do. So he built a little laboratory in the luggage van where he could carry out experiments when he was not selling things to passengers. Another way that he occupied himself was by reading. He joined a library and read every single book in it.
One day, when he was waiting at a station he noticed a small boy who was playing by the track, unaware that a train was approaching. Edison ran out and grabbed the child just in time. The child's father was so grateful that he offered to teach Edison to be a telegraph operator. Edison accepted the offer and soon he was having regular lessons. After a year, he was good enough to get a job in the telegraph office. He continued to read and experiment, wherever had time. At twenty one he left telegraph office to devote all his time to being an inventor. He was going on to invent the electric light bulb, the phonograph and the movie camera.
ALFRED NOBEL - HIS LIFE AND WORK
Alfred Nobel was born in Stockholm on October 21, 1833. His father Immanuel Nobel was an engineer and inventor who built bridges and buildings in Stockholm. Due to misfortune in the construction work caused by the loss of some barges of building material Immanuel Nobel was forced into bankruptcy, the same year Alfred Nobel was born.
The family moved to Finland and then to Russia. Immanuel Nobel started a mechanical workshop in St. Petersburg which provided equipment for the Russian army and he also convinced the Tsar and his generals that naval mines could be used to block enemy naval ships from threatening the city.
In St. Petersburg both sons of Immanuel Nobel were given a first class education by private teachers. The training included natural sciences, languages and literature. By the age of 17 Alfred Nobel was fluent in Swedish, Russian, French, English and German. Alfred's father wanted his sons to join his enterprises as engineers, so he sent Alfred abroad for further training in chemical engineering. During a two year period Alfred visited Sweden, Germany, France and the US.
In Paris, the city he came to like best, he worked in the private laboratory of professor T.J. Pelouze, a famous chemist.
Alfred Nobel became very interested in nitro-glycerin and how it could be put to practical use in construction work. He also realized that the safety problems had to be solved and a method had to be developed for the controlled detonation of nitro-glycerin. In 1852 he was back home and together with his father performed experiments to develop a new commercially and technically useful explosive. As a war ended and conditions changed, Immanuel Nobel was again forced into bankruptcy.
After his return to Sweden in 1863, Alfred Nobel concentrated on developing nitro-glycerin 'as an explosive. In 1866 he patented his new material as dynamite. This invention drastically reduced the cost of blasting rock. Drilling tunnels, building canals and many other forms of construction work. The market for dynamite and detonating caps grew very rapidly and Alfred Nobel also proved himself to be a very skilful entrepreneur and businessman. Over the years he founded factories and laboratories in some 90 different places in more than 20 countries.
Although he lived in Paris much of his life he was constantly travelling. Nobel himself worked intensively in his various laboratories in Stockholm (Sweden), Hamburg (Germany), Ardeer (Scotland), Paris (France) and San Remo (Italy). He focused on the synthetic rubber and leather, artificial silk etc. By the time of his death in 1896 he had received 355 patents.
Alfred Nobel's greatness lay in his ability to combine the penetrating mind of the scientist and inventor with the forward looking dynamism of the industrialist. Nobel was very interested in social and peace-related issues and held what were considered radical views in his era. He had a great interest in literature and wrote his own poetry and dramatic works. The Nobel Prizes became an extension and a fulfillment of his lifetime interests.
He died in San Remo, Italy, on December 10, 1896. When his will was opened it came as a surprise that his fortune was to be used for Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, Physiology or Medicine, Literature and Peace. The • executors of his will were two young engineers, R. Sohlman and R. Littjecuist. They set about forming the Nobel Foundation as an organisation to take care of the financial asserts left by Nobel for this purpose and to co-ordinate the work of the Prize- Awarding Institution.
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