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Functionalism. William James. Investigated functions of mental processes/ consciousness in adapting to the environment
Humanism Humanistic psychology emphasizes the inner self and the importance of subjective feelings. Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers
Cognitivism, Mental function and reasoning, Piaget, Ellis, Experimental research
Studies: Descriptive studies, Case studies, Correlational studies, Experimental research
Cognitive development (Piaget’s theory)
object permanence at about 7 months of age
Intelligence is demonstrated through the logical manipulation of symbols related to abstract concepts.
Vygotsky’s sociocultural cognitive theory: Children actively construct their knowledge, Social interaction and culture guide cognitive development, Learning is based upon inventions of society, Knowledge is created through interactions with other people and objects in the culture, Less skilled persons learn from the more skilled
Moral development (Lawrence Kohlberg)
1. Preconventional morality
Punishment-Avoidance and Obedience
Xchange of favours
2. Conventional morality
Good boy/girl
Law and order
3. Postconventional morality
Social contract
Universal ethical principles (answer to inner conscience)
Sigmund Freud
Erik Erikson
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0–2 |
Hopes |
Trust vs. Mistrust |
Can I Trust the World? |
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2–3 |
Will |
Autonomy vs. Shame |
Is It Okay To Be Me? |
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3–6 |
Purpose |
Initiative vs. Guilt |
Is It Okay For Me To Do, Move and Act? |
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7–12 |
Competence |
Industry vs. Inferiority |
Can I Make It In The World Of People And Things? |
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13–19 |
Fidelity |
Identity vs. Role Confusion |
Who Am I? What Can I Be? |
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20–30 |
Love |
Intimacy vs. Isolation |
Can I Love? |
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30–50 |
Care |
Generativity vs. Stagnation |
Can I Make My Life Count? |
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50-death |
Wisdom |
Ego Integrity vs. Despair |
Is It Okay To Have Been Me? |
Hans Selye – the father of the stress theories
Dr. Friedman, dr. Rosenman Coronary Heart Disease (type A, type B)
The AAAbc’s of stress
A – alter it = removing the source of stress by changing something.
A – avoid it = removing oneself from the stressful situation
A – accept it = equipping oneself physically and mentally for stress
b = building resistance
c = change
b – building our resistance
Physically– proper diet, regular aerobic exercise, and systematic relaxation techniques.
Mentally- taking time for mental health
Socially- by building communication, and intimacy.
Spiritually- meditation, prayer, worship, faith, and commitment strengthen people.
c – changing our perception
Change the way you perceive the situation or yourself. Changing unrealistic expectations and irrational belief is a good start. Building self-esteem and cultivating a positive attitude.
General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): alarm reaction, resistance or adaptation, exhaustion.
Defence Mechanisms
Denial: You completely reject the thought or feeling.
Suppression: You are vaguely aware of the thought or feeling, but try to hide it.
Reaction Formation: You turn the feeling into its opposite.
Projection: You think someone else has your thought or feeling. the attribution of unacceptable impulses to others
Displacement: You redirect your feelings to another target.
Rationalization: explanations to justify the situation. a reasonable explanation for an event
Intellectualization: more intellectualized.
Undoing: You try to reverse or undo your feeling by DOING something that indicates the opposite feeling.
Isolation of affect: You "think" the feeling but don't feel
Regression: You revert to an old, usually immature behavior to ventilate your feeling.
Sublimation: feeling into a socially productive activity.