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Rescue services
The rapid technological development of modern society has led to society being more vulnerable, and to an increased demand for protection against personal injury and damage to properly and the environment as a result of unforeseen and undesired events. People can never completely protect themselves against accidents and emergencies, but the rescue services through their emergency preparedness can prevent and limit personal injury and damage to property and the environment.
The Civil. Protection Act differentiates between the national and municipal rescue services. There are six national rescue services. The responsibility for rescue services is divided among the following government authorities:
Each municipality is responsible for all other rescue services within its borders.
In the event that extensive emergency operations are required of a municipal rescue service, the county administrative board has the power to assume responsibility for the rescue services in the municipalities affected by a disaster. In such circumstances the government can task another national authority to assume responsibility for the rescue services.
All emergency operations must be lead by an incident commander who has the requisite level of competence. If the incident commander so demands, national and municipal authorities are obliged to provide personnel, materiel and property, on the condition that the authority has access to the resources required and that their use does not seriously obstruct the normal working of the authority. In addition, the incident commander can requisite private property and order all citizens between the ages of 18 and 65 to assist in the emergency work, to the extent that their skills, health and physical strength permit.
National and municipal rescue services
National rescue services comprise: mountain rescue services; air-sea search & rescue services;
emergency service for emissions of radioactive substances from nuclear energy establishments.
In mountainous areas the police carry out search and rescue operations for missing persons, in those cases where there is a threat to a person's life or where a person's health is seriously threatened. In mountainous regions the police are also responsible for rescuing accident victims and people who need immediate medical treatment.
The Swedish Civil Aviation Administration is responsible for air-sea search & rescue in the event of aircraft crashes in Swedish territorial waters, and within j Sweden's economic zone. In addition, the Swedish ( ivil Aviation Administration is responsible for those operations required to prevent injury and damage when an aircraft is in distress or when a hazard threatens air traffic.
The Swedish Civil Aviation Administration is also responsible for searching missing aircraft. Through an international agreement Sweden is connected to an international monitoring system via satellite. The system, which provides an estimated geographical position, is part of the equipment fitted in most Swedish aircraft.
Within Swedish territorial waters and within Sweden's economic zone the Swedish Maritime Administration is responsible for maritime search & rescue when a vessel is in distress. The administration is also responsible for medical transporting persons from the said vessels. In addition to its own vessels, the Swedish Maritime Administration can also employ resources from other authorities and from voluntary organizations, such as the Swedish Society for the Saving of Shipwrecked Persons.
Maritime environmental protection is provided by Swedish Coast Guard. Within Swedish territorial waters, and within Sweden's economic zone the Swedish Coast Guard is responsible for emergency operations when there has been an emission of oil or other harmful substances into the water or when there is imminent danger of such an emission. Emergency operations in the event of emissions of harmful substances into waterways, canals, rivers, and in harbours are the responsibility of the municipal rescue services and municipalities in question. The Swedish Coast Guard also maintains emergency preparedness for and can respond to emergencies requiring air-sea and maritime search & rescue operations.
Emergency service for emissions of radioactive substances from nuclear energy establishments is the responsibility of the relevant county administrative board. It is responsible for the rescue services when there is a need to take specific civil protection measures in the event of an emission of radioactive substances from a nuclear energy establishment or when there is the imminent danger of such an emission. In addition to its responsibility for the rescue sendees in the event of such an emission, the county administrative board is also responsible for subsequent decontamination.
Emergency operations on waterways, canals and rivers, and in harbours are the responsibility of the municipal rescue services and municipalities. In each municipality there are several committees responsible for the municipal rescue service. Each municipality mast have an action plan for the rescue service, approved by the municipal council. I'he plan is to state the objective for the municipality's activities, and the risks present in the municipality that could give rise to the need for emergency operations. The plan is also to state what capabilities and what resources the municipality has or intends to obtain in order to execute emergency operations. Details of capabilities for both peacetime and disaster time are to be provided. Each county administrative board is responsible for the supervision of the municipal rescue services within its county.
Swedish Rescue Services Agency
The Swedish Rescue Services Agency (SRSA) works for the prevention of accidents and emergencies and for limitation of the injury and damage they cause by, for example, imparting information, running training courses and exercises, and through monitoring and supervision.
The objective of the municipal rescue services nationwide is to ensure that the general public is afforded a reasonable degree of safety related to local risks.
SRSA is the central supervisory authority for the municipal rescue services. Its tasks also include the supervision of co-ordination between the various national rescue services, as well as the supervision of planning by the county administrative boards for the rescue services in the event of the emission of radioactive substances.
SRSA also collates experience from major emergencies that have occurred in Sweden and overseas.
It develops methods and equipment for rescue services, and is responsible for the frade training all personnel in the municipal rescue services and in the chimney sweeping service.
SRSA also implements rules for safety in relation to the transport of dangerous goods by road and rail, and co-ordinates the work of the supervisory authorities in that field. In the event of emergencies involving oil, equipment from one of the SRSA's five oilcombating depots can be used. SRSA also has seven depots holding equipment and trained personnel for response to chemical emergencies. In addition, the state has an agreement with six municipalities, which states that they are to assist the Swedish Maritime Administration and the Swedish Coast Guard with emergency operations at sea.
SRSA maintains a state emergency preparedness to provide assistance to other countries with rescue operations, when required. The majority of personnel employed on these operations are recruited from the municipal rescue services