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Text 3
Road Junctions
A road junction, as the term is generally used, is the point at which one road meets another: an intersection is the point at which two or more roads cross each other.
The problems of reducing danger at these points are those of cost and space, if junctions and intersections are such that ail classes of traffic meet each other at the same level, there is a danger of collision, not only between cars of the same class but between those of different classes. Almost complete segregation of different classes can be achieved, and the need for users of the same class to cross traffic streams, the most dangerous process of all, can be avoided.
All forms of road junction can be classified into three groups: multi level junctions, roundabouts and flyover-junctions.
a) Multi-level junctions. The clover-leaf, the most typical of these, has already been mentioned. There is need for multi-level intersections where three conditions are fulfilled:
1. only a small percentage of the traffic must turn to left or right;
2. the major volume of traffic is traveling on a fast through route;
3. the volume of traffic would otherwise be sufficient to justify the provision of a roundabout.
b) Roundabouts. Unlike multi-level intersections, roundabouts do not enable traffic to cross without dropping speed but pedestrians and cyclists cannot be segregated unless costly over- or under-passes are constructed.
The success of a roundabout depends greatly upon the ease with which vehicles using it can "weave" or pass from one traffic lane to another. The greater the diameter of the island, the smaller the angle of convergence.
c) Flyover-junctions. These have been developed chiefly at places where there are no pedestrians (and cyclists are few, if any). These "flyovers", which enable high speeds to be maintained, are extremely expensive, costing about ten times as much as a roundabout, so it is much better to have ten roundabouts at ten dangerous junctions than a single flyover at a single junction.
d) A combination of roundabout and flyover bridge can be of great value.
1. Ответьте на вопросы:
1. What is a road junction? 2. What is the classification of road junctions? 3. What are main characteristics of multi-level junctions? 4. What is the difference between multi-level intersections and roundabouts? 5. What is flyover-junctions?
2. Составьте предложения из предложенных ниже слов:
1. intersection, is, point, an, the, at, roads, which, two, more, each, or, other, cross.
2. the, roundabout, ease, success, a, greatly, depends, of, the, upon.
3. a, roundabout, combination, of, value, and, bridge, be, flyover, of, can, great.
4. has, the, clover-leaf, already, mentioned, been.
5. speed, roundabouts, to, do, enable, cross, without, not, traffic, dropping
6. all, of, three, be, road, junction, groups, into, can, forms, classified.
7. problems, space, are, of, danger, at, reducing, points, the, these, of, cost, those, and.
8. between, is, different, danger, collision, not, a, of, cars, between, only, of, the, class, but, those, of, there, classes, same.
3. Поставьте глагол в правильном времени:
1. . The clover-leaf (already, to mentioned).
2. . The major volume of traffic (to be) traveling on a fast through route.
3. The success of a roundabout (to depend) greatly upon the ease.
4. These "flyovers (to be) extremely expensive.
5. A combination of roundabout and flyover bridge (can) be of great value.
4. Соедините слова из правой и левой колонки по смыслу:
percentage велосипедист
roundabouts многоуровневый
clover-leaf развязка
intersection пешеход
multi-level лист клевера
segregation процент
pedestrians объездная дорога
cyclists изоляция
5. Закончите предложения согласно тексту:
1. There is a danger of collision between vehicles of the same class and hose of different classes if....
a) ... there is no need for drivers to cross traffic streams; b) ... there is a clover-leaf junction: c) — all classes of traffic meet at the same level at intersections.
2. Multi-level intersections are adopted when ....
a ) — only a small percentage of traffic travels on a through road: b) ... the traffic must cross the street necessarily dropping speed: c) ... the major volume of traffic is traveling on a fast through route without dropping speed when passing the junctions.
3. A roundabout is considered successful if... .
a) ... the angle of approach of converging streams of traffic is very large; b) ... the vehicles using it can easily reach different exits as directly as possible passing smoothly from one traffic lane to another at a small angle of convergence: c) ... the road for the vehicles to pass from one traffic lane to another is too short.
4. Floyover junctions are not very widely used as ....
a) ... they do not enable high speeds to be maintained; b) ... they cost ten times as much as a roundabout and arc designed for roads where pedestrians and cyclists are excluded; c) ... they are manageable only on roads which accommodate pedestrians and pedal cyclists.