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Nature of Investigation
A criminal investigator is a person who collects facts to accomplish
a threefold aim: to identity and locate the guilty party and to provide
evidence of his guilt. Investigation is an art and science. The tools of
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investigator are for the sake of simplicity, referred to as the three «I’s»,
namely: Information, Investigation, and Instrumentation. By the application
of the three «I’s» in varying proportions the investigator gathers the
facts which are necessary to establish the guilt of the accused in a criminal
trial.
It should be noted, that there are no normative criteria for judging
the success or failure of an investigation. The fact that the crime remains
unsolved does not indicate a deficiency in the investigation; nor does a
conviction of the accused necessarily mean that the investigation was
conducted in an intelligent manner. An investigation may be considered
a success if all the available information relevant and material to the
issues or allegations of the case is uncovered. There is, however, no way
of knowing, ordinarily, whether the information was available.
It is a common misconception that every crime is intrinsically soluble;
that there is always sufficient evidence available to reveal the
identity of the criminal; that the perpetrator always leaves traces at the
crime scene which, in the hands of a discerning investigator or technician,
will lead inevitably to his door. Many crimes are not susceptible of
solution by reason of the fact that the evidence is insufficient.
Suspect Identification by Fingerprints
Forensic science plays an important part in the investigation of serious
crimes. One of the first significant developments was identification
by fingerprints. [Identification is an act of identifying by official
papers or cards, such as your passport, that prove who you are. To identify
means to recognize and correctly name someone or something. Fingerprint
is a mark made by the pattern of lines at the end of a person’s
finger, which can be used by the police to help find criminals].
It was discovered in the 19th century that almost any contact between
a finger and a surface left a latent mark. [Something that is latent
is present but hidden, and may develop or become more noticeable
in the future]. It was accepted in 1893 that no two individuals had the
same fingerprints. Fingerprint evidence was accepted for the first time
in an English court in 1902. Fingerprinting is now widely used as a
means of identifying criminals. Most major police forces maintain collections
of fingerprints taken from known criminals at the time of their
conviction, for use in identifying these individuals should they commit
later crimes. [Conviction is a decision in a court of law that someone is
guilty of a crime].
Fingerprints found at the scene of the crime are matched with fingerprints
in the collection. According to the British standard, if the sets
of fingerprints share at least 16 characteristics, it is considered that they
are from the same person.
Notes:
forensic – судебный;
investigation – расследование, дознание;
identification – установление личности;
pattern – рисунок;
surface – поверхность;
latent– скрытый, латентный;
fingerprint evidence – отпечатки пальцев как доказательство;
fingerprinting – дактилоскопия;
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maintain – хранить;
conviction – осуждение, судимость;
Ответьте на вопросы:
1) What plays an important part in the investigation of serious
crimes? 2) What was discovered in the 19th century? 3) What was accepted
in 1893? 4) What happened in 1902? 5) What is now widely used
as a means of identifying criminals? 6) What is known about collections
of fingerprints takenfrom criminals? 7) When is it considered that the
sets of fingerprints are from the same person?
Переведите на английский язык, используя текст в каче-
стве опоры.
Судебный; улика; дознание; установление личности; понятой;
латентный; отпечатки пальцев как доказательство; дактилоскопия;
судимость; место совершения преступления; поверхность; винов-
ный; характеристика; доказывать; рисунок.