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Е.С. Надточева
CULTURE SHOCK AND MULTICULTURALISM
МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО КУЛЬТУРЕ РЕЧЕВОГО ОБЩЕНИЯ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ
обучающихся по специальности «031202 – Перевод и Переводоведение»
(1 ИЯ, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ)
ЕКАТЕРИНБУРГ 2010
Федеральное агентство по образованию
Государственное образовательное учреждение
высшего профессионального образования
«Уральский государственный педагогический университет»
Институт иностранных языков
Кафедра перевода и переводоведения
Е.С. Надточева
МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО КУЛЬТУРЕ
РЕЧЕВОГО ОБЩЕНИЯ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ
обучающихся по специальности
«031202 – Перевод и Переводоведение»
(1 ИЯ, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ)
Екатеринбург 2010
УДК
ББК
Рецензент: кандидат филол.наук, доцент каф. английской филологии и сопоставительного языкознания ИИЯ УрГПУ А.Н. Овешкова.
Автор-составитель: Е.С. Надточева, ст.преподаватель кафедры перевода и переводоведения УрГПУ.
Culture Shock and Multiculturalism: учебно - методическое пособие по дисциплине «Практикум по культуре речевого общения» (1ИЯ, английский) [Текст]: учебно-методическое пособие для студентов высших учебных заведений, обучающихся по специальности «031202 – Перевод и Переводоведение» / Е.С. Надточева; Урал.гос.пед.ун-т. – Екатеринбург, ____ с.
Учебное пособие адресовано студентам факультетов и институтов иностранных языков, изучающим английский язык как специальность. Пособие включает дополнительный лексический материал, текстовый материал и комплекс упражнений для отработки умений и навыков устной и письменной речи по теме «Culture Shock and Multiculturalism».
Печатается по решению кафедры перевода и переводоведения от «____» 20___ г.
УДК
ББК
© Уральский государственный
педагогический университет, 2010
To my students who have taught me so much
Предисловие
Данная методическая разработка предназначена для студентов факультетов и институтов иностранных языков, обучающихся по специальности «031202 – Перевод и Переводоведение» (1 ИЯ, английский).
Пособие состоит из двух частей. Базовая часть пособия содержит аутентичные материалы, методический аппарат которых нацелен на тренировку и закрепление активной лексики по изучаемой теме, расширение рецептивного словаря студентов, развитие языковой догадки, умений антиципации.
Отобранные тексты нося проблемный характер и служат для развития как устно-речевых умений студентов, так и для развития умений письменной речи.
Учитывая специфику специальности 031202, в разработке представлен раздел «Translation Practice», цель которого состоит в развитии умений перевода в направлениях «английский - русский», «русский - английский», а также умений стилистической правки текста перевода.
Во вспомогательной части пособия представлены тексты и задания на перевод, которые могут быть использованы как на учебных занятиях для отработки лексики, так и в качестве домашнего задания.
Автор будет признателен всем за критические замечания и пожелания.
CULTURE SHOCK and MULTICULTURALISM
UNIT I
WARMING – UP
1. Discuss the questions with the members of the class.
1. culture shock 2. alienation 3. to adjust 4. to assimilate
READING 1
Coming To North America
Anandita Rantung (called Dita for short) was in the middle of her first semester as a college student. Because of Dita's superior academic achievement in her secondary school in Indonesia, she had been awarded a full scholarship by the Indonesian government to attend college in the United States. When Dita arrived from Jakarta just two months ago to study at a small liberal arts college in the Boston area, she couldn't have been happier. She was excited finally to be in the land of her dreams, the country where she was plan ning to accomplish her goal of getting a B.A. degree in communications. Dita knew that it would not be easy to attend college in the United States; her English was still not perfect, and she would have to take several semesters of English courses to prepare her for her academic program. Also, she had lived in Jakarta all her life and had never been away from her family before, and she had many close friends that she would miss very much. Nevertheless, she was thrilled that she had been given this opportunity and was certain that she could overcome any barriers she might face. Dita was an optimis tic and enthusiastic person with a strong sense of moral values. She welcomed challenges and maintained her sense of humor, no matter what happened.
Everything had started off well for Dita. She liked Sandra, her roommate from Chi cago, and her academic counselor helped her to choose one academic course (Studio Art) that she could take along with her three English courses. She did have a bit of trouble with the food in the college cafeteria. It never tasted right to her. The food was too bland, and it was greasy compared to what she had eaten in Indonesia. No matter what she tried, none of it was delicious. She considered eating at the fast food restaurants in town, but Dita couldn't stand the hamburgers or chicken sandwiches either. Several weeks went by before Dita noticed that her clothes seemed loose, and she realized that she must have lost weight. But she wasn't really concerned. After all, being thin was what many young women wanted.
In terms of her academic work, Dita was not certain how she was doing. Her English classes were small, and the teachers were kind and patient. Yet Dita kept getting low grades on her quizzes, tests, and essays. The studio art class was also causing her trouble. Dita had always enjoyed drawing, so naturally she was pleased that she was taking the art course. Her only problem, though, was that the professor spoke so quickly that Dita could rarely understand what he was telling her. Dita hoped that her work was satisfac tory, and she tried to listen carefully to the professor. Still, it was quite upsetting to her when during class in the third week of the semester, the professor told Dita that there had been a misunderstanding and her drawing was not what the professor had assigned.
In the fourth week of her semester, Dita began feeling extremely tired. She could hardly stay awake past ten o'clock at night, and in the morning, if she didn't hear her alarm, she would sleep until eleven or twelve. Since all her classes were in the afternoon, it didn't matter that much. Once her roommate asked her why she was sleepy all the time, but Dita said that it probably was because she had to study so hard. "My English classes take a lot of work, and maybe that's why I'm tired," she told Sandra.
Actually, Dita would have enjoyed going out more often and not just studying all the time, but nobody asked her to go places or do things. And she hadn't met any other Indonesian students yet. As for getting to know some American students, it wasn't that easy. One night when Sandra and two of her friends were talking in the room, Dita came over to listen and try to take part in the conversation. But when they began describing their sexual activities with their boyfriends, Dita got embarrassed and left the room. She just wasn't used to such frank talk about sex. Her friends had not talked like that in her country, and she didn't feel comfortable listening. Besides, she wasn't all that interested in discussing sexual relationships, especially since she hadn't had any.
Although her roommate continued to act quite friendly to Dita, after that, she rarely invited Dita to join her group of friends. Once in awhile Dita thought about asking Sandra if she could come along when they all went out to clubs or parties on the weekends, but she hesitated to be so bold.
"Maybe she'll realize that I am alone tonight and will say something," Dita frequently thought.
But Sandra was caught up in her own world, and she didn't pay much attention to her, except for one time when she invited Dita to dinner. During that dinner, Dita had tried to explain how lonely she was, but Sandra seemed unsympathetic.
"There are plenty of activities you could become involved in or clubs to join. And you just need to become more self-reliant," Sandra told Dita.
Dita smiled shyly. "I guess I still miss my friends and family," she confessed.
"Don't worry. You'll feel better soon," was Sandra's casual comment.
That evening was the last time Dita and Sandra went out together. In fact, Dita rarely left her room unless she had a class. She mostly lay on her bed writing letters to her friends at home. One day two weeks later, after Dita had spent the morning in a state of deep depression and loneliness, she decided that she would go to the advising center and get some suggestions about how to adjust better to her new life. However, when she called to make an appointment with the foreign student adviser, she was told to call back the next week because the adviser was on vacation and no one else could see her.
At that point, Dita began to cry. It occurred to her that maybe it wouldn't be all that bad for her to withdraw from school and return m Indonesia even though it would mean losing her scholarship. Her family and friends might consider her a failure for giving up the chance to get a degree from a college in the United States, but Dita didn't really care what other people would say. They weren't the ones who had to live all alone in a foreign country. She knew she had tried her best, and she was ready to call it quits. Her English wasn't improving anyway, she hated the food, and the weather was getting colder every day. Worst of all, she had no close friends, Indonesian or American, nor any other sources of support, so what was the use of trying to live in the States? It seemed to Dita that coming to North America had been a really bad decision.
From Cultures in Contrast by Myra Shulman
VOCABULARY
1. superior academic achievement __________________________________________________
2. be awarded a full scholarship __________________________________________________
3. to accomplish one’s goal of __________________________________________________
4. a strong sense of moral values __________________________________________________
5. to welcome challenges __________________________________________________
6. in terms of __________________________________________________
7. academic work __________________________________________________
8. once in awhile __________________________________________________
9. be caught up in one’s own world _________________________________________________
10. casual comment __________________________________________________
11. the foreign student adviser __________________________________________________
12. to withdraw from school __________________________________________________
13. to consider smb a failure __________________________________________________
VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR
When international students attend schools in the United States, they often experience (vary) _______________ degrees of emotional and physical distress in the first few months of living in the new country. These (feel) _____________ of distress and (alien)_____________, known as culture shock, tend to disappear with time although some students suffer more than others. Research shows that this "up rooting disorder" will be (severe) _______________________ if students are highly motivated, psychologically ma ture, (experience) ______________________ in living in other countries, and competent in the language. Of course, if students don't have a good command of English, the language barrier will make it even (hard) _________________ for them to learn the appropriate social skills they need in their new environ ment.
First of all, in trying to adjust to the customs and traditions of this country, students may find the general pace of life a problem. This is (particular) _____________________ true for students who are attending schools in large cities because life in large cities in the United States is lived at a fast pace. People seem to rush around and don't take time to relax, except on weekends. Families rarely eat lunch together, and some don't even eat dinner at the same time because they are just too busy (try) ______________ to keep up with all their activities. According to one Chinese visitor, "The average American does not understand the calm conversing, napping, strolling, sitting quietly, and various other kinds of leisurely (relax) ________________________ that Chinese enjoy. They think they are alive only when they are 'doing' and 'moving.'
Another problem is caused by the fact that most new students lack the social support systems they had in their home countries. A network of friends can enable an international student to overcome many difficulties, and it is especially (help) ____________________ to form friendships with native English speakers. However, although North American students can seem friendly, their (friend) __________________ is rather superficial and insincere. "Let's get together," they say, without setting a definite date. "Hi. How're you doing?" they ask, without expecting or waiting for an answer. To international students, Americans appear to be self-absorbed and uninterested in making friends.
Also, ethical beliefs and value systems differ from culture to culture, and students may feel anxious about living in a society whose values do not match theirs. For instance, some international students may consider the attitudes of Americans much too liberal in regard to moral issues, such as young men and women (have) ______________ inti mate relationships or living together before marriage. Moreover, the use of drugs and alcohol may be (accept) ______________________ to them.
Finally, the bland North American food is usually not at all (appeal) __________________ to students whose native food is (spice)_______________, healthful, and full of variety. Hot dogs, hamburgers, potato chips, and French fries can become (bore)_____________________ on a daily basis, and they aren't as healthful as fresh fruits and vegetables or rice and beans. Because they dislike the food, many students do not eat properly during their (one) ___________ few months in the United States. Therefore, it is fairly common for them to lose weight or get sick during this period of (adjust)_______________________.
Despite these various problems, most international students are flexible enough to acquire the (cope) ___________ skills (require) ___________________ in their new surroundings as they become more aware of others' values and practices. Gradually, they grow accustomed to the lifestyle in the United Sates, build a network of friendships, and learn to enjoy the benefits of living abroad. Actually, culture shock can be a positive experience of growth and learning and is a normal (respond)______________________ to change. In fact, students who have become assimilated into North American culture may even have reverse culture shock when they return to their home countries.
WRITING
- disadvantages;
- disadvantages;
- disadvantages.
SPEAKING
International students shouldn’t come to another country to study untill they have mastered the language.
Follow the rules:
Remember to plan and practice before you present your role-play:
*work in teams of two or three, the third person can serve as a director to help the two actors prepare and rehearse the role –play;
*discuss the role-play scenario with your partners, choose your role, and reread the text;
*develop several objectives for your role play and write them down;
*think about your character and plan what your character will say (make notes about the broad ideas and emotions you will act out, decide how to achieve your objectives);
*rehearse your role-play with your partner (don’t try to write out the dialogue; let your dialogue develop naturally and spontaneously; remember about eye contact, facial expressions, gestures, and body language);
Follow the plan:
6. Game. One of the students chooses a stage of culture shock. The other students ask him| her yes-no questions trying to guess the stage.
READING 2
1. You are going to read several articles related to culture shock. In which article would you expect to find the following words and word combinations?
tasteless, readjustment, potluck supper, missionary, teaching experiences
2. Now read the articles to see if your expectations were correct and answer the questions that follow each article.
ON ALIENATION AND THE ESL STUDENTS
Laura Carey
Among the clutter of ads on the bulletin board in the neighborhood bookshop, I found a notice about a political organization I would have liked to have joined. Every month, people with whom I shared basic principles met to discuss their frustrations, grieves, and small triumphs and to bask in the luxury of common thought.
Next to that notice in the bookshop hung another, inviting women of all ages to infor mal biweekly potluck suppers. I wanted to go. I hadn't seen any of my women friends or my mother or my sister for six months. I was an American alone in Barcelona. But every time I bought a new supply of books, I stared at those notices longingly and then headed home to my tiny piso to read. I knew that I should go to the meetings and the potluck suppers; I knew that I should make the most of my year in Spain. Attending such gather ings would mean that I was at least trying to stave off my homesickness and the occasional bouts of loneliness by joining some of the groups whose addresses, meeting dates, and times I knew by heart.
But I just couldn't—or wouldn't. I felt uneasy about joining such groups. It was the language barrier—and probably the culture barrier, too, though I rarely admitted it even to myself. If these barriers loomed so large for me —an adult with a loving family and a modest bank account waiting back home—how formidable must they seem to the students in my English-as-a-second-language (ESL) classes in California? I've always known that their lives have been traumatic: escaping from war-torn Laos in the middle of the night or fleeing from screaming poverty in Mexico, only to meet with frustration and alienation in the promised land. I felt sympathy for these students, but I couldn't feel their feelings.
I still can't know what it is like to be a child wrenched from home and tossed into dangerous foreign waters. But I have been given a glimpse of life as an alien, and my heart hurts when I think of my students. They wouldn't want my sympathy, though. They are human beings, and, at 16 or 17 years of age, they are more adult and worldly than I; they would insist on their dignity.
I knew no Spanish when I arrived in Barcelona. As I had stated in my request for a leave of absence, I came to learn Spanish and to teach English as a foreign language, so that I could better serve my ESL students. I studied Spanish every day before work. I used it in the bread shop, in the butcher shop, in the taxi. I practiced on the portero in my building, and sometimes I asked my adult students to clarify some vague grammatical rule that I had just learned.
But I couldn't for the life of me picture myself in a social situation: the gawky Ameri can who says everything in the present tense, the woman with the vacant or puzzled look on her face, who can come, go, have, or be but can't walk, run, or laugh for lack of the appropriate verbs. What if they asked me a question? What if someone told a funny joke, and I didn't laugh? What if it were a racist joke, and I did laugh? And worst of all, what if I reached out to people, did my best to be warm and make a friend or two, and they turned away from me, embarrassed or impatient? What then?
It was much easier to be friendly with the other Americans that I met. Most of them were English teachers too, and we shared our daily experiences in the classroom. We discussed our students' progress, and we practiced rolling our r's together. We mourned the exchange rate for U.S. currency, we wondered about politics back home, and we remi nisced about tortilla chips, bad coffee, and peanut butter.
Never again will I wonder why my ESL students segregate themselves by nationality. I used to be baffled over the way they grouped themselves in the classroom: Mexicans on the right, Laotians on the left, Hmong in the middle. "But you're all in the same boat!" I would cry. "You should stick together." They would only smile, amused; I didn't know what I was talking about.
I learned quite a bit about language acquisition during the time I spent in Spain, far from the land of convenience, stores and fenced backyards. I was exposed to all sorts of materials for teaching English, and I discovered that the books and cassettes that personal ize the material and tell a story are more effective than straight grammar, that drills are not as evil as I once thought, that role playing eventually eases anxiety, and that the daily lives of the students should be incorporated into every lesson plan. I filled notebooks with tips from other teachers, and I compared and contrasted bits and pieces of information from English, Irish, Scottish, and American teachers. But nothing has been more valuable to my life as a teacher than my own fear.
My fear—unfounded, silly, not terribly adult—made me long for the days when the vagar ies of the copy machine posed my greatest frustrations. In California I could explain my flu symptoms to my doctor in complex linguistic structures: "Well, my stomach started to hurt the other day after dinner, although even at the dinner table I wasn't as hungry as usual, and the pain is low, almost abdominal." But in Spain I had a brief bout of something intestinal and, pointing at my stomach, I said to the doctor something like: "Me bad." In California I could call virtually anyone on the telephone, ask for instructions or directions, chat about personal or professional subjects, discuss prices, complain. In Spain a tele phone call was a major event requiring several minutes with an English/Spanish dictionary and grammar book, a page of carefully drawn notes, and a pushup or two. I phrased my questions so that a simple yes or no would suffice as an answer, and a string of fast Spanish in reply would throw me into despair. But mine was the Caspar Milquetoast of despairs compared to what my ESL students must have endured.
I arrived in Spain by plane, after a movie and chicken cacciatore. Khammay crossed the Mekong River, her stomach empty, her little brother wiggling and crying under one arm. At the airport in Barcelona I caught a taxi; the smiling driver jabbered away while I repeated, "No entiendo." I don't understand. Khammay walked barefoot to a Thai refugee camp, where she was greeted by uniformed soldiers with rifles who leered at her and shouted at her mother, "Stay away from our food. Do not cause trouble."
I stayed in a pension room with a single gas burner for cooking and two hangers in the closet. Mai's family of seven shared a room with a dirt floor with two other families for their entire first year in Thailand. On some days they had no food at all.
While in Spain I took to reading in solitude for entertainment. Occasionally, I found a film in English with Spanish subtitles, and on those rare evenings I felt rich pleasure. Somsack found a cigarette in the refugee camp. He found it in the pocket of someone else's jacket. Somsack learned the value of stealing and the luxurious escape of nicotine.
Although I have brown eyes and brown hair, 1 didn't wear the black loafers and leather coat so typical of the modern young Barcelona woman that year. My hair was cut in an American style, and sometimes I felt a little conspicuous. People did look at me. They knew I wasn't native. But Juan, with his strikingly high cheekbones, baggy pants, slicked-back hair, and rusty girl's bicycle, which he pedals faithfully to school and then to work in the orchards every day, is so different from the others in the sophomore class that he has ceased to be conspicuous. He is mas guapo. In Mexico he would be the object of enor mous yearning, but in California he is invisible. And that, I think, is worse.
My responsibility as an educator involves more than what is written in my contract. Every teacher knows this, and some even enter the field because of it. We are role mod els—expected to exhibit good health and happiness, to show our students what a solid education did for us. "If you want to live the good life, follow my example." we say although not in so many words. But in Spain I saw myself becoming a hypocrite. My wealth and my security, even thousands of miles from home, were insulating me. When the next potluck supper was held, I brought an apple pie.
Reading Comprehension
EATING IN AMERICA
Cai Nengying
American restaurants are all the same. They prepare food in only three ways: boiled in water, grilled, and deep-fried; apart from these there is no other variety. Then, on the table a lot of "condiments" are served so that customers can make things as sweet, salty, sour, or peppery as they like. All over the whole country food stands on the street sell the same hot dogs, hamburgers, sandwiches, french fries, and so on; wherever you go the taste is the same. Especially for someone who has just arrived in America, the sight of a hot dog drip ping with red tomato sauce and yellow mustard is enough to take your appetite away. But when you are hungry, there is nothing to do but close your eyes and swallow it. Hamburg ers are even worse: semiraw beef with a slice of raw onion and a slice of raw tomato, and then some hamburger sauce—one dares not try it. Sandwiches sound good, but are in fact bland and tasteless. So eating is the most troublesome aspect [of living in America].
Being invited to dinner is a big treat for Americans, but I find it a painful assignment. First, I cannot get used to eating sweet and salty things together. Second, terrible-tasting food must be praised to the skies. Third, it is not filling, and you have to make yourself another meal after going home.
One time a colleague said to my husband, Fan Guangling, "My father is a good cook and invites you two to have a taste of his culinary skill this weekend." It would have been embarrassing to refuse, so we had to accept. The meal turned out to be canned chicken with vegetables and rice, which tasted funny. Following this dish was a dessert of cored apples stuffed with plum jam and coated in sugar. Eating it made me feel like vomiting, but I had to say, "Delicious! Delicious!" It was unspeakably painful.
Often when we were invited to dinner by Americans I felt that they were not inviting us to eat but to look at the tableware. They do not use rice bowls. At the beginning of the meal the table is set with three plates for each person, three glasses, knife, fork, big spoon, and little spoon. The big spoon is seldom used, however, for they do not drink soup but lots of cold water, so the glasses see much service. The first course is usually raw salad or fruit salad, followed by bread and butter. After that some strange-looking and odd-tasting little dishes are served while people eat and talk. Then comes the main course, usually a piece of chicken or steak or a slice of ham, with a few fried potatoes, and some peas, or whatever, boiled to a pulp. When this is finished dessert is served, fruit pie or ice cream and cake, which is murder to eat for it is tasteless. Moreover, it is not a lot of food in the end, but just a lot of dishes and silverware on the table. Last comes coffee or tea. American tea is a bag of tea leaves in a cup of hot water, at which point the dinner is considered over. Then you are invited into the living room to talk for two or three hours. The foreigners talk and laugh, and we Chinese do not understand what is being said. It is really unbearably painful. That is why I find eating American meals most troublesome.
Cai Nengying, who was from Taiwan, was the wife of a graduate student. This excerpt is from her article "A Housewife Staying in America Talks about Household Matters." From Cultures in Contrast by Myra Shulman.
Reading Comprehension
CULTURE SHOCK ON RETURNING TO AMERICA
J. Peter Schineller
It took me more than six months to readjust to American culture, and even after that, I was never fully at home. What was this other side? What did I see that I didn't like?
Everyone was concerned that I would suffer culture shock when I went to Nigeria in 1981. Could I adjust to that foreign culture? Was it safe? Would I ever adapt? The adjustment for me, however, was surprisingly easy. No one at that time spoke about the culture shock when you return home. And yet, for me it was far more difficult, far more painful and time-consuming, to readjust to American culture than it was to go from the United States to Africa. When I say this to friends, they are amazed, and in many ways so am I. Yet for me it is a clear, indisputable fact. Moreover, most foreign missionaries would agree with this view, that the reentry to the United States is more painful than the entry from America to Africa or Latin America.
How do I explain it? What was so difficult in returning home? Why such a slow re adjustment? I have tried to reflect on this, and now at a distance of a few years, when I am settled back in Africa, I will try to express what I saw and felt.
First of all, I must say that there are many wonderful aspects of American society. It is always good to get back to U.S. soil, and I look forward to my next home visit. Telephones work, television has an amazing variety of programs, transportation systems can be relied upon, stores and shopping centers usually have whatever you want in stock, business and legal systems can, for the most part, be trusted. Things usually work, or if they are broken, can be readily repaired. The melting pot is a reality in the major cities, where peoples of various races and creeds live and work together.
And yet, it took me more than six months to readjust to American culture, and even after that, I was never fully at home. What was this other side? What did I see that 1 didn't like? What did I miss?
Perhaps the best way to depict the shock or difficulty of reentry is to set forth a series of vignettes, with some comments. . . .
Children. In Cambridge, Mass., I used to walk back and forth from school along Brattle Street, 20 minutes each way. It is a historic and beautiful street, with large spacious homes on both sides and overarching trees. But something was lacking—people, and especially children! Sure, this was expensive Cambridge, but it is, I feel, becoming more typical. Except in inner cities, one does not see many children. In Nigeria, one cannot avoid them, and one does not want to. Children show forth life, hope, joy, play, a sense of the future. In my more cynical moments, I think that the lack of children in the United States results from self-centeredness, the desire to have it one's own way without any strings or obligations. There is something unreal, something that worries me, about so many beautiful houses, mansions, with so few children playing around them.
So much did I miss the smiling faces of children in Nigeria that for the first five months back in the United States, I had to get out my photo album once a week, and spend a few minutes looking at their faces, being with the children once again, at least in my imagina tion.
Shopping Center and Supermarket. One is overwhelmed upon entering a modern supermarket. There are long aisles of breakfast cereals alone. The quantity and variety are shocking. Then half an aisle for pet foods, including diet food for dogs and cats. I can understand why one missionary from a poor country, upon entering a supermarket, broke down and wept. Instead of low-cal foods, in Africa many simply need food. Of course it is marvelous, a tribute to U.S. enterprise to see such well-stocked stores, and yet there is another world, most of the world that will never have the opportunity to share that con sumer abundance.
Conversation. So much American conversation, it seemed to me, was about the latest and often fast-fading fads. Concern with health, foods safe or unsafe, with the latest theory on exercise, with the latest on cholesterol, seemed to take up a disproportionate amount of time. One must talk not about cooking but about cuisine. Again, these can be wonderful. I enjoy a good, healthy meal, but there is more to life than that. And is everyone expected not only to have seen the latest film at the nearby cinema, but also to be able to talk at length about it?
Family. One finds a high and growing percentage of single-parent families. Divorce and second marriages are often talked about with no sense of failure, with little sensitivity to their effects on the children. Stories of child neglect or child abuse dot the newspapers. The elderly have special homes with good health care, yet so often they are distant from the children and grandchildren they cared for and loved. This is in notable contrast with Nige ria, where the elderly are so often in the center, where family life revolves around them, with their wisdom and experience.
Television. No longer for the living room or recreation room, the television is now found in the kitchen and bedroom. The children have their own. Sure, there are many good programs, but then there is the rest. While the quantity of programming has increased, what about the quality? So much television is very provincial and narrow. American-centered. The vision extends beyond the bounds of the United States only to bring us the latest news on the latest crisis. Instead of being with one another, we go to our room or den and turn on the television.
Morality in Media. One does not have to go to 42nd Street or Times Square to see pornography. The local newspaper stand has more than enough. Or videos on the top shelves of rental stores, or special telephone numbers promising thrills. It hurts to see how all this has increased, and with seemingly little question, discussion or opposition. The truly hu man is being denigrated.
Artificiality. By this word, I mean a distancing from the natural, from nature, or from personal interactions. We live in a world of machines, from our cars to our computers. The marvels of television bring the world of nature into our homes, and yet something—namely, more direct contact—is missing. Our experience is increasingly indirect, filtered, pack aged, dished out to us piecemeal. Deep realities of human existence, such as sickness, old age and death, are specialized, sanitized, separated off to the hospital or the old folks home. We don't have to visit there. We don't come face to face with these harsh aspects of life, and yet we expect to have a full, rich emotional experience.
Time. Americans are always short of time, caught up in the race, the fast lane. Micro wave ovens, fast foods, 15-second commercials, digital watches that cut the seconds up into hundredths of a second. Time is for doing things, getting things done, rather than (as in Africa) for being with people.
How does one keep a balance? How does one continue to cherish and appreciate the virtues of American culture, and yet not lose a critical perspective? ... The theologian Paul Tillich praised America, but then reminded us that all people and nations, especially the strong, should constantly be self-critical and aware of the deep ambiguities within them. "He who is not aware of the ambiguity of his perfection as a person and in his work is not yet mature; and a nation which is not aware of this ambiguity of its greatness also lacks maturity. Are we mature as a nation, are we aware of the ambiguity even in the best of us?" Good questions, and questions which the outsider/insider perspective of the returning missionary can help us address.
J. Peter Schineller, S.J., is regional superior of the Nigeria-Ghana Mission, Nigeria, Africa. From Cultures in Contrast by Myra Shulman.
Reading Comprehension
10. How do Americans use time in contrast with Africans?
11. Why did the theologian Paul Tillich remind us that all people and nations, especially the strong, should be self-critical and aware of the deep ambiguities within them?
3. Comment on the contexts which the following concepts illustrate:
social niceties language barrier embarrassment loneliness
VOCABULARY 2
SPEAKING
1. Role-play one of the following:
1. The conversation between Laura Carey and her fellow-teacher in which Laura shares her experiences of living in Barcelona.
2. The conversation between Cai Nengying and her husband when they returned home after dinner.
Remember to follow the rules (see ex.2 p.5)!
2. Imagine that you are Peter Schineller, who is preaching at the local church after coming back to the US . Get ready with the sermon. Your groupmates will play the roles of your parish.
4. A friend of yours is going to study abroad. Speak to him giving advice on how to avoid or reduce culture shock.
VOCABULARY REVIEW
1. Read the article by Duncan Mason and fill in the gaps using the words given below. You don’t have to use all the words:
experience, homeland, honeymoon, hate, complain, reverse, illusion, successfully, identity, stages, disease, cues, anxiety, reactions, honeymoon, thoughts.
CULTURE SHOCK: A Fish Out Of Water
1. Kalvero Oberg was one of the first writers to identify five distinct ______________ of culture shock. He found that all human beings __________________the same feelings when they travel to or live in a different country or culture. He found that culture shock is almost like a ____________________: it has a cause, symptoms, and a cure.
2. Whenever someone travels overseas they are like "a fish out of water." Like the fish, they have been swimming in their own culture all their lives. A fish doesn't know what water is. Likewise, we often do not think too much about the culture we are raised in. Our culture helps to shape our ____________. Many of the cues of interpersonal communication (body language, words, facial expressions, tone of voice, idioms, slang) are different in different cultures. One of the reasons that we feel like a fish out of water when we enter a new culture, is that we do not know all of the ____________ that are used in the new culture.
3. Psychologists tell us that there are five distinct phases (or stages) of culture shock. It is important to understand that culture shock happens to all people who travel abroad, but some people have much stronger ______________than others.
4. During the first few days of a person's stay in a new country, everything usually goes fairly smoothly. The newcomer is excited about being in a new place where there are new sights and sounds, new smells and tastes. The newcomer may have some problems, but usually accepts them as just part of the newness. They may find themselves staying in hotels or be with a homestay family that is excited to meet the foreign stranger. The newcomer may find that "the red carpet" has been rolled out and they may be taken to restaurants, movies and tours of the sights. The new acquaintances may want to take the newcomer out to many places and "show them off." This first stage of culture shock is called the "_____________ phase."
5. Unfortunately, this _______________phase often comes to an end fairly soon. The newcomer has to deal with transportation problems (buses that don't come on time), shopping problems (can't buy favorite foods) or communication problems (just what does "Chill out, dude." mean?). It may start to seem like people no longer care about your problems. They may help, but they don't seem to understand your concern over what they see as small problems. You might even start to think that the people in the host country don't like foreigners.
6.This may lead to the second stage of culture shock, known as the "rejection phase." The newcomer may begin to feel aggressive and start to ____________about the host culture/country. However, it is important to recognize that these feelings are real and can become serious. This phase is a kind of crisis in the 'disease' of culture shock. It is called the "rejection" phase because it is at this point that the newcomer starts to reject the host country, complaining about and noticing only the bad things that bother them. At this stage the newcomer either gets stronger and stays, or gets weaker and goes home (physically, or only mentally).
7. If you don't survive stage two_____________, you may find yourself moving into stage three: the "regression phase." The word "regression" means moving backward, and in this phase of culture shock, you spend much of your time speaking your own language, watching videos from your home country, eating food from home. You may also notice that you are moving around campus or around town with a group of students who speak your own language. You may spend most of this time complaining about the host country/culture.
8. Also in the regression phase, you may only remember the good things about your home country. Your ______________ may suddenly seem marvelously wonderful; all the difficulties that you had there are forgotten and you may find yourself wondering why you ever left (hint: you left to learn English!). You may now only remember your home country as a wonderful place in which nothing ever went wrong for you. Of course, this is not true, but a(n) ______________created by your culture shock 'disease.'
9. If you survive the third stage successfully (or miss it completely) you will move into the fourth stage of culture shock called the "recovery phase" or the "at-ease-at-last phase." In this stage you become more comfortable with the language and you also feel more comfortable with the customs of the host country. You can now move around without a feeling of _______________. You still have problems with some of the social cues and you may still not understand everything people say (especially idioms). However, you are now 90% adjusted to the new culture and you start to realize that no country is that much better than another - it is just different lifestyles and different ways to deal with the problems of life.
10. With this complete _______________, you accept the food, drinks, habits and customs of the host country, and you may even find yourself preferring some things in the host country to things at home. You have now understood that there are different ways to live your life and that no way is really better than another, just different. Finally, you have become comfortable in the new place.
11. It is important to remember that not everyone experiences all the phases of culture shock. It is also important to know that you can experience all of them at different times: you might experience the regression phase before the rejection phase, etc. You might even experience the regression phase on Monday, then at ease phase on Tuesday, the honeymoon phase on Wednesday, and the rejection phase again on Thursday. "What will Friday be like?"
12. Much later, you may find yourself returning to your homeland and - guess what? - you may find yourself entering the fifth phase of culture shock. This is called "_____________ culture shock" or "return culture shock" and occurs when you return home. You have been away for a long time, becoming comfortable with the habits and customs of a new lifestyle and you may find that you are no longer completely comfortable in your home country. Many things may have changed while you were away and - surprise! surprise! - it may take a little while to become at ease with the cues and signs and symbols of your home culture.
13. Reverse culture shock can be very difficult. There is a risk of sickness or emotional problems in many of the phases of culture shock. Remember to be kind to yourself all the time that you are overseas, and when you get home, give yourself time to adjust. Be your own best friend. If you do these things you will be a much stronger person. If you do these things, congratulations, you will be a citizen of the world!
http://international.ouc.bc.ca/cultureshock/printext.htm
2. Answer the questions of the quiz.
1 What are the first four phases of culture shock ?.
A honeymoon, recovery, regression, rejection
B honeymoon, recovery, reaction, rejection
C honeymoon, rejection, regression, recovery
D honeymoon, regression, recovery, rejection,
E honeymoon, rejection, reaction, recovery,
2 Which of the following words means something that surprises or upsets you?
A adjust B cue C cure D shock E hint
3 This word refers to the history, language, art and food of a particular nation or people.
A identity B illusion C honeymoon D phase E culture
4 You can use this verb to talk about changing the channel or volume on your TV, changing the way you sit in your chair, or becoming more comfortable in a new culture.
A cue B hint C reject D adjust E recover
5 Which of the following words means a signal or sign for you to do something?
A idiom B slang C hint D cure E cue
6 According to the reading, which of the following words has the same meaning as "phase"?
The reading talked about the phases of culture shock or of the life of a butterfly.
A stage B facet
C aspect
D step
E cue
7 If somebody arrives in a new country, that person is a foreigner; however, there is a friendlier, a better word we can use to describe someone from another country. What is it?
A newlywed
B newcomer
C outsider
D immigrant
E emigrant
3.Complete the paragraph by filling in the appropriate word: disease, slang, culture, idioms, cues, shock, newcomer, gestures, adjust. (One word is not used)
In this reading we learned about the (1) _____________that can happen to people who move from their homeland to another country or (2)_______________. This culture shock happens because the (3)___________is not familiar with the ways people communicate in the new culture. Some of these communication techniques are called (4)____________, which can mean (5)____________or words. Some of the other communication techniques are called (6)_______________, which refers to phrases or words which can only be understood by understanding the culture. A third kind of communication is (7)______________, which means words that are used in unusual, though popular ways. Without an understanding of these cues, idioms and slang, living in a new country or culture can be very difficult. In fact, it can make the newcomer feel like they are suffering from a (8)__________: the disease of culture shock. Most people can survive the first four phases of culture shock if they work hard to learn the culture and take good care of themselves. Sometimes a fifth phase of culture shock can happen when they go home.
4. Answer the questions of the quiz.
1. Which of the following words refers to the most difficult (or dangerous) part of the process of culture shock?
A serious
B identity
C symptom
D crisis
E disease
2 This word refers to how a person may feel during the second stage of culture shock: the rejection phase.
A crisis
B identity
C reaction
D concern
E aggressive
3. This word means something that is not real, fake, false.
A illusion
B crisis
C reject
D regress
E anxiety
4. Culture shock has been described as a kind of disease because it has ............... and a cure.
A serious
B symptoms
C complain
D reactions
E concerns
5. This word is used to name the uncomfortable feeling that comes from culture shock.
A foreigner B complain C anxiety D survive E reaction
6. This is the word we use to describe living through a serious, difficult or dangerous situation.
A serious B complain C reaction D concern E survive
7. This is something you do when you tell someone you are not happy about something: something is bothering you.
A recover B complain C reject D concern E recover
Try to complete the paragraph using these words: anxieties, rejecting, crisis, concerns, react, reject, regress, survive, recover, complain, identity, symptoms, aggressive, regressing, reacting, illusions.
Some of the (1)_______________of culture shock are: (2)______________the host culture, (3)_______________in an (4)___________________way to small problems, (5)_______________in your language studies, and suffering from (6)__________________and (7)_________________that seem real. It is important to take time out to strengthen your own (8)_________________; you have to learn to take good care of yourself.
Try not to (9) __________________too much, and try to stay calm and strong. If you feel you are entering a (10)_________________, take time to get help. Find someone to talk to about your (11)__________________. There are trained people who can help you. You will find them on every campus; you just have to ask for help.
If you find that you always (12)___________________strongly to the problems you meet, you may be starting to (13)________________the host culture which may cause you to (14)______________________in your language studies or your work. Do not be embarrassed to talk to someone. A good friend or counsellor will help you to (15)____________________and be strong again. You will (16)_____________________!
ADDITIONAL READING *
Read text 2 (Additional Materials, p.17). What problems are being discussed? How would you answer the questions in the subheading?
TRANSLATION PRACTICE
1. A friend of yours who doesn’t know English is writing a report on culture shock. Translate one of the articles given above for him.
2.This is a guide for students going to study abroad. It’s been translated from English by a student learning Russian. Try to find and correct mistakes in spelling, grammar, word use, etc. Make it sound more Russian.
Руководство для студентов
Студенты – иностранцы и культурный шок
Отъезд из дома и путешествие с целью обучения в новой стране могут оказаться стрессовым опытом. Даже если это именно то, что вы планировали и к чему готовились, масса перемен и влияний, которые поездка оказывает на вас, могут застать вас врасплох. Если вы почувствуете, что перемены застали вас врасплох, то вам может помочь осознание того, что ваш опыт вполне нормален. Этот принцип работает везде – из какой страны вы бы не приехали, куда бы не поехали учиться – так как одни культуры более схожи, чем другие в силу своих географических, исторических, демографических и других факторов.
Что такое «культурный шок»?
Понятие культурного шока описывает влияние, оказываемое вследствие перехода от привычной культуры к новой. Опыт культурного шока описан многими людьми, которые путешествовали заграницу с целью работы, жизни или учебы; он может даже ощущаться в определенной мере при путешествии заграницу с целью отдыха. Он может повлиять на любого человека, включая студентов-иностранцев. Культурный шок содержит в себе шок от новой окружающей среды, встречи с новыми людьми, а также изучения местности другой страны. Он также включает в себя шок, связанный с отдаленностью от близких в вашей жизни людей, возможно семьи, друзей, коллег, учителей: людей, с которыми вы бы обычно общались в периоды неопределенности, людьми, которые поддерживают вас и дают наставления. Когда рядом больше нет знакомых взглядов, звуков, запахов или вкусов, вы можете очень скучать по ним. Если вы устали по прибытии, мелочи могут раздражать вас и не соответствовать своей реальной значимости.
Далее перечислены некоторые из составляющих, способствующих культурному шоку:
Многие студенты считают, что климат Великобритании влияет на них очень сильно. Возможно, вы привыкли к более теплому климату или находите очень трудным привыкнуть к серости и влажности, особенно зимой.
Возможно, вы сочтете британскую еду странной. Она может иметь различный вкус или быть приготовленной по-разному, может показаться легкой или тяжелой по сравнению с той, к которой вы привыкли. Если вы на самообслуживании и не привыкли готовить для себя, вы можете почувствовать себя зависимым от быстрого питания, вместо обычной еды. Попробуйте найти поставщика привычной еды, ешьте много свежих фруктов и овощей.
Постоянное слушание и говорение на иностранном языке утомляет. Если английский - ваш не первый язык, вы можете скучать по своему родному языку, который дома был частью вашей повседневной жизни. Даже если вы бегло говорите по-английски, по прибытии в Соединенное Королевство вы обнаружите местные акценты, усложняющие язык. Люди могут говорить слишком быстро, и вы можете почувствовать неловкость переспросить их.
Если вы приехали из страны с теплым климатом, то можете почувствовать неудобство носить тяжелую зимнюю одежду. Не все студенты сочтут британский стиль одежды отличным от других, но некоторым он может показаться неприличным, непривлекательным, комическим или просто однообразным («серым»).
Социальное поведение может смутить, удивить или задеть вас. Например, вы можете встретить людей, которые держатся подчеркнуто холодно и сохраняют дистанцию или же которые вечно в спешке. Особенно это имеет место в центре больших городов. Вы также можете удивиться, увидев парочек, держащихся за руки и целующихся в общественных местах. Возможно, вы сочтете отношения между мужчинами и женщинами более формальными или менее формальными, чем те, к которым вы привыкли, также как и различия в социальных связях и отношениях между людьми одного и того же пола.
«Правила» поведения
Наряду с очевидными вещами (взглядами, звуками, запахами и вкусами), которые поражают вас по прибытии, в каждой культуре есть невыраженные словами правила, которые могут повлиять на то, как люди относятся друг к другу. Они могут быть менее очевидными, но рано или поздно вы, вероятно, столкнетесь с ними, и снова их влиянием будет возможная дезориентация. Будут, например, различия в том, что люди считают важным, как распределяются их цели, а также насколько люди придерживаются пунктуальности. Британцы, как правило, носят репутацию самых пунктуальных. В бизнесе и учебе пунктуальность очень важна. Вы всегда должны приходить во время на лекции, уроки, а также встречи с обучающим и административным персоналом. Если вы опаздываете на встречу, обязательно постарайтесь дать знать об этом тому, с кем у вас она назначена. Социальная жизнь несколько больше усложнена. Договорившись встретиться, чтобы посмотреть фильм, в 8 часов вечера, означает, что вы должны прийти в 8 часов. В случае если вы приглашены к кому-то на ужин к 8 часам вечера, вы должны постараться прийти в 8:10, но не позднее 8:20. Если вы собираетесь на студенческую вечеринку по приглашению на 8 часов вечера, вероятно, это означает, что вы можете прийти в любое время от 9:30 и позже! Возможно, эти тонкие различия будет трудно усвоить; они могут также способствовать культурному шоку.
Возможно, сначала вы познаете культурные различия в своем материальном окружении (еда, одежда, поведение), но вы можете также заметить, что люди других культур могут иметь взгляды на мир, очень отличные от ваших. Культуры основываются на глубоко укорененных системах ценностей, норм и верований. Очень удивительно и даже иногда мучительно обнаружить, что люди не разделяют некоторых наших самых сокровенных идей, так как большинство из нас принимают свои основные ценности и верования как должное и предполагают, что их придерживаются все. Попытайтесь, насколько это возможно, прекратить критику, пока не осознаете, как части культуры составляют друг с другом гармоничное целое. Постарайтесь смотреть на то, что люди говорят и делают, с точки зрения их собственных культурных норм. Это поможет вам понять, как другие оценивают ваше поведение, а также в свою очередь понять их. Когда вы постигнете обе культуры, вы обнаружите в них аспекты, которые вам нравятся или не нравятся.
Процесс культурного шока может быть проиллюстрирован моделью, известной как «W-образная кривая» ( см. диаграмму на след. стр.). Эта модель может вовсе не относиться к вашему опыту либо относиться лишь частично. Иногда процесс идет быстрее или медленнее. Многие люди проходят различные стадии процесса адаптации несколько раз, таким образом, части кривой в диаграмме могут повторяться. Например, в определенное время – важные семейные даты или торжества – вы можете чувствовать себя подавленным или одиноким, в то время как в другие моменты вы чувствуете себя довольно уравновешенным. Однако, большинство людей сообщили, что эта модель отражает что-то из их жизненного опыта, и находят ее способной помочь в осознании того, что они не единственные, кто столкнулся с такими переживаниями. Данный процесс можно разделить на 5 стадий:
Если вы впервые прибыли в новую страну, то различия будут заинтересовывать вас, и вы можете почувствовать себя возбужденным и любопытным. На этой стадии вы все еще защищены близкими воспоминаниями о культуре своей страны.
Немного позже различия повлияют на вас, вы можете почувствовать себя сбитым с толку, изолированным или неадекватным, так как культурные различия вторгнутся в вашу жизнь, а привычная поддержка (семьи, друзей) станет больше не доступной.
Далее вы, возможно, отвергнете различия, с которыми столкнетесь. Вы можете почувствовать себя недовольным, расстроенным или даже враждебным к новой культуре. На этой стадии вы можете ощущать по большей части то, насколько вам не нравится эта страна по сравнению с вашим домом. Не беспокойтесь, это вполне нормальная реакция. У вас произойдет переоценка своей личности и культуры.
Различия и сходства приняты. Вы можете почувствовать себя расслабленным, уверенным и более опытным, потому что вы становитесь все более осведомленными о ситуациях и чувствуете свою способность справиться с новыми трудностями, основываясь на своем растущем опыте.
Различия и сходства высокоценны и важны. Вы можете почувствовать себя полным потенциала и способным доверять самому себе во всех ситуациях, большинство из которых будет доставлять вам удовольствие. Вы сможете делать выбор согласно своим собственным предпочтениям и ценностям.
Некоторые симптомы культурного шока могут беспокоить вас. Например, вы можете обнаружить, что ваше здоровье подорвано, вы можете страдать от головных болей и болей в желудке или тревожиться о своем здоровье больше обычного. Возможно, вы сочтете трудным сконцентрироваться, в результате чего вам будет сложно сосредоточиться на процессе обучения. Другие обнаружат, что они становятся более раздражительными и плаксивыми, в общем, их эмоции окажутся более непостоянными. Все эти воздействия могут сами по себе усилить ваше беспокойство.
Хотя культурный шок обычно является временной фазой, важно знать, что есть вещи, которые могут вам помочь, так что некоторые из этих тревожащих вас воздействий могут быть сведены к минимуму. Не думайте, что «это не коснется меня». Культурный шок может настигнуть вас, к какой бы культуре вы не принадлежали, как опытны вы бы не были и как много стран не посетили бы.
Важно отметить, что культурный шок - вполне нормальное явление, обычно неизбежное и не означающее, что вы допустили ошибку или с чем-то не справились. В сущности, существуют и положительные аспекты культурного шока. Жизненный опыт может явиться определенным поучительным опытом, который делает вас более осведомленным об аспектах как вашей собственной культуры, так и новой, в которую вы проникли. Вы получите высоко ценимые навыки, которые будут служить вам во многих отношениях как в настоящее время, так и в будущем и которые явятся частичной целью обучения за рубежом.
www3.uop.edu/sis/culture
КУЛЬТУРНЫЙ ШОК |
|
Готовясь к поездке в незнакомую страну не забывайте, что Вам предстоит столкнуться с непривычной для Вас культурой. Каждая страна имеет свою специфику, свои традиции и обычаи. Америка – не исключение. Вам будет легче адаптироваться к новой стране, если Вы заранее узнаете об истории этой страны, ее национальных особенностях, менталитете проживающих в ней людей и их ценностях. 285 миллионов человек называют Америку своим домом, но корни их находятся в самых разных странах мира. В американских городах вы найдете много этнических районов и иммигрантских районов со своими обычаями и традициями. Почти все сливаются между собой в Америке, но, тем не менее, люди могут иметь свои национальные обычаи дома. Люди из разных уголков США могут иметь разные взгляды на одни и те же вещи. Например, мировоззрение коренного жителя Новой Англии отличается от мировоззрения техасца настолько, насколько мировоззрение англичанина отличается от мировоззрения Француза. С американцами легко общаться. Как житель другой страны Вы обладаете определенным шармом для них. Не обижайтесь, если обнаружите, что они мало знают о Вашей стране. Они с живейшим интересом отнесутся к вашим рассказам. Как новичку в американской жизни, Вам надо больше общаться и развлекаться. Вы можете быть «Посланцем культуры» для своих новых друзей! Адаптироваться к новой культуре и интересно и сложно одновременно. Не удивительно, что у Вас будут как взлеты, так и падения. Вы выбрали для себя приключение всей жизни – приехали в чужую страну, которая может показаться вам странной. Когда будет трудно, напомните себе, что это всего лишь из-за разницы в культуре и традициях жизни, которые собственно и являются основной причиной всех путешествий. Ведь так интересно испытать неизведанное! http://www.worktravel.kiev.ua/mainmenu/44eb00b0a0014/ |
PROJECT WORK
An exchange student is coming to study to your university. Make up a Guide for Exchange Students. It should help international students to get accustomed to living in Russia and studying at your university.
SITUATION ANALYSIS
Read the situations taken from the real experience of American students. Think of possible explanations.
SITUATION 1: I Just Asked for a Napkin!
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Location: London, England Student: Female 20 |
I'm a napkin person. At every meal I tend to use a lot of napkins…say anywhere from 3-5, depending on whether the napkins are the flimsy paper kind or the cloth ones. Out at a restaurant, I never seem to have enough napkins. I always ask for more napkins. While in London I ate out often and I noticed that every time I would ask the waiter/waitress for more "napkins" I would get funny looks. I felt as if I had asked for something dirty or disgusting. People knew what I meant, and always handed me more napkins. But they seemed to give me a weird look.
Why the strange looks?
SITUATION 2: Why were our friends left behind?
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Location: London, England Student: Female, 21 |
My two friends, Michelle and Carolyn, and I had a four-day weekend, so we decided to spend them in London. One night we went dancing with three non-British men we met at the hotel. We left the dance club at about 2:30 am, so we all tried stopping a taxi since the underground had closed. No taxis would stop for us for the longest time, even though we could see that they were in service and empty. Finally one stopped, but only Michelle, Carolyn and I got in and left. Why were our three friends left behind?
SITUATION 3: Rain in the Train
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Location: Copenhagen, Denmark |
After my first full day of classes in Copenhagen I was exhausted. I could not wait to get back to my host family's house and write in my journal about all of the new things I had encountered. But first I had to take the train home. It was raining slightly but I only had to wait five or ten minutes for my train to show up since in Copenhagen they are always on time. When it stopped, I opened the doors like I had seen so many other people do and took the first empty seat. Since it was after commuting time the train wasn't full and the seat in front of me was empty. In an effort to get more comfortable, I propped my feet up on the empty seat and reclined. The ride was much nicer than I had anticipated; there were lots of picturesque houses and stores along the route to daydream about, so I wasn't bored. About halfway home an older woman came up to me and gave me an odd look. I thought she wanted to sit in the seat in front of me so I put my feet down to make room. However, instead of sitting she started yelling at me in Danish and walked off.
Why was she so annoyed?
SITUATION 4 :German Dinner Party
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Location: Freiburg, Germany |
The first week we were studying in Germany, a friend of mine, Devin, decided to host a dinner for her new German flat-mates. She thought this would give them a chance to get to know each other better and discuss household duties. Cooking a basic Italian meal for dinner, spaghetti, she invited everybody to come at 8:00 pm. Slowly the flat-mates began to come home, the first arriving at 7:55 and the last coming home at around 8:15. They sat down; she served up their plates, and conversation seemed pleasant. She eventually met all five of her new roommates: three German guys, one German girl, and a US-American girl. They discussed where each of the Germans were from in the country, from Berlin to Munich to Freiburg, and the two American girls showed great interest in seeing each of their home towns, meeting their families, and visiting their homes. The Americans commented on what a great opportunity their roommates could be in discovering German culture.
The discussion veered toward what each was studying, how they liked the university, and, since neither of the American girls spoke German, they asked how well each of their German flat-mates could speak English. The Germans also asked many questions about the States and whether it was like what they had seen on TV. They wanted to know the Americans' first impressions of Freiburg, and the differences they could see between the US, and Germany. The American girls complimented Germany a great deal saying how much cleaner it was than the US and how it was almost like living in a fairytale village. The girls also described their two very different hometowns in the US, Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Seattle, Washington.
They spoke fondly of their respective hometowns, especially Devin, as she tried to dispel the myths of the uninteresting Midwest. She invited the Germans to come visit her when they had the chance to travel to the US so they could stay with her and meet her family and friends. The others just nodded and smiled while continuing on with their meals.
As the night wore on, Devin was complimented on her cooking, and the big pot of spaghetti she had made was nearly gone. The six eventually divided up the household chores. They also decided it would probably be a good idea to have monthly or bimonthly roommate gatherings to keep up on what one another was doing. At about 10:00 pm all had retired to their rooms except for the two American girls who stayed to wash the dishes.
Devin and her American roommate thought the dinner had gone very well and that their German flat-mates would soon become good friends. However, the Germans remained rather distant and aloof after the dinner and generally things did not turn out as the girls had had hoped.
Why not?
SITUATION 5 :Potty Stop in the Bush
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Location: Antandroy Tribe in Faux Cap, Madagascar Student: Female, 21 |
It was a soul-wrenching heat on the southern tip of Madagascar in February, around 115 degrees Fahrenheit. The Antandroy tribal people walk an average of twelve kilometers a day to retrieve water in the arid spiny desert! With my host family, I lay on a sisal mat as still as possible to avoid using too much energy while my sisters prepared the dinner. Whenever I got up to walk to the bathroom, which was a prickly pear cactus of my choice, a five-minute walk from the huts, my face would burn from the relentless western setting sun. When dinner was served and we were all seated around under the shade of the Baobob tree, for some reason my family started screaming amongst themselves in anger and chaos, every once in a while pointing at me. Unable to understand their rapid Malagasy, I was startled and confused, sensing I was definitely the cause of this upset. What had happened?
FILM ANALYSIS
Watch the film “Did you hear about the Morgans?”, USA, 2009 (or any other where you can find examples of culture shock) and report it to the class.
UNIT II
WARMING – UP
READING
THE DEVELOPMENT OF MULTICULTURALISM
Why did so many people from different ethnic backgrounds come to Great Britain? As subjects of the British monarch, people from the Empire were expected to fight in all Brit ain’s wars, and the part they played in both World Wars made a decisive difference to Brit ain’s future. Faced with the massive task of reconstruction after the Second World War and acute labour shortages, the British government encouraged immigration, first from among European refugees exiled by the war, and then from Ireland and the Common wealth. Before long, in some factories, the great majority of workers were Black or Asian: Afro-Caribbeans from the West Indies as well as from the mainland territories of Guyana and Belize, and immigrants from Hong Kong and the Indian subcontinent. Prior to 1962, Commonwealth citizens had always been free to enter Britain. Since many British people complained that their “homogenous” Anglo-Saxon society was being seri ously undermined by the massive immigration, the government decided that is was ne cessary to limit the influx of immigrants to a number the country could absorb, both eco nomically and socially. Further Immigration Acts followed. The majority of those who are now allowed to settle in Britain are married couples or dependants of people who are Brit ish citizens. People from the New Commonwealth countries make up more than 55% of the total number accepted.
Some statistics on ethnic minorities
Population by ethnic group, 2001
No. in 1000s/(Percentage)
|
White |
54,154 |
(92,1) |
Black or Black British |
1,149 |
(2,0) |
|
|
All ethnic minorities |
4,635 |
(7,9) |
Black Caribbean |
566 |
||
|
Asian or Asian |
British |
2,331 |
(4,0) |
Black African |
485 |
|
|
Indian |
1,053 |
Black other |
98 |
|||
|
Pakistani |
747 |
Chinese |
247 |
(0,4) |
||
|
Bangladeshi |
283 |
Other groups |
231 |
(0,4) |
||
|
Other Asian |
248 |
Mixed |
672 |
(1,1) |
The Office for National Statistics projects that the nationwide minority ethnic popula tion (currently nearly 8%) will almost double by 2020 due to a higher birth-rate.
Ethnic minorities are mainly represented in large cities and towns and are rarely found in small towns or areas in the countryside (in Scotland and Wales, they are just over 1 % of the population).
There are diverse settlement patterns within the ethnic minorities (nearly 60% of Afro-Caribbeans, but only about 35% of South Asians live in London; many South Asians live in the West Midlands, Leicestershire and West Yorkshire).
The highest concentration is in Greater London (home to nearly 50% of all minorities, approximately 20% of the capital’s population).
In London, the over 30 ethnic communities of more than 10,000 residents each have a huge influence on all areas of life (e.g. over 300 languages are spoken; the Caribbean Notting Hill Carnival celebrating multiculturalism).
The two sides of multiculturalism
On the positive side, the great pluralism that multiculturalism creates contributes to the cultural and economic vitality of the British nation. For example, due to the linguistic vari ety of the staff that multinational companies can recruit, Britain continues to be a pre ferred location in Europe. This variety is also noticeable in terms of British food. Today, curries and Chinese takeaways are as popular as fish and chips, while the combination of Indian and British tastes has made Chicken Tikka Massala more or less a British national dish.
Members of the ethnic minorities as a whole, though, experience a greater number of social disadvantages than other groups. Their children are more likely to need special help in education; unemployment is higher among the ethnic minorities than among the population at large, particularly among the younger age group, and racial discrimination is often experienced on a daily basis. The 1980s riots in Brixton, Birmingham and Liver pool and more recent racial clashes in Oldham and Bradford in 2001 have seen a dramatic breakdown in confidence between the police and certain members of the community, both black and white.
Despite some negative aspects of life in Britain for ethnic minorities, in general they are probably better integrated into society than ethnic minorities in other European coun tries. Almost everyone has British citizenship, and citizens of Commonwealth countries who are not British citizens may even vote in elections if they reside in Britain. Despite this, it should be pointed out that only 15 of the 646 Members of Parliament are of Black or Asian descent.
Like many other European nations, Britain has over the past few decades had to cope with an increasing influx of asylum seekers, refugees and illegal immigrants. The smuggling of people into the country is a fast growing criminal business. In many cases, organized crime is involved in this trafficking of people.
In more recent times, the bombings committed by assimilated third-generation immi grants in London’s Underground in July 2005 have triggered off a debate about whether the concept of multiculturalism has failed altogether.
2. Read the text again and while reading take notes summarizing the main points.
3. A friend of yours hasn’t read the article, give him the basic information in a one-minute speech. Use your notes if necessary.
SPEAKING
3.1. How to get US citizenship (procedure, costs of applying).
3.2. Green Card Lottery (procedure, costs of applying).
|
PRE - 1790 |
1790-1820 |
1820-1880 |
|||
|
African |
300,000 |
African |
85,000 |
German Empire |
3,000,000 |
|
English |
300,000 |
Scotch-Irish |
50,000 |
Ireland |
2,800,000 |
|
Scotch-Irish |
100,000 |
English |
45,000 |
Britain |
2,000,000 |
|
German |
100,000 |
French |
40,000 |
China |
230,000 |
|
Scottish |
75,000 |
German |
25,000 |
African |
50,000 |
|
1880-1930 |
1930-1965 |
1965-2000 |
|||
|
Italy |
4,600,000 |
Germany |
940,000 |
Mexico |
4,300,000 |
|
Austro-Hungarian Empire |
4,000,000 |
Canada |
900,000 |
The Philippines |
1,400,000 |
|
Russian Empire |
3,300,000 |
Mexico |
610,000 |
Korea |
760,000 |
|
German Empire |
2,800,000 |
Britain |
480,000 |
Dominican Republic |
750,000 |
|
Britain |
2,300,000 |
Italy |
390,000 |
India |
740,000 |
|
Canada |
2,300,000 |
Cuba |
720,000 |
||
|
Vietnam |
700,000 |
||||
|
Canada |
650,000 |
Data: The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation, Inc.
World War I Gold Rush Central Pacific Railroad German Revolution
slavery Vietnam War Irish Potato Famine World War II ……
Number of immigrants
Pre-1720
|
Country |
#/year |
2000 |
2004 |
2010 |
2010, % |
|
Canada |
24,200 |
678,000 |
774,800 |
920,000 |
2.3% |
|
China |
50,900 |
1,391,000 |
1,594,600 |
1,900,000 |
4.7% |
|
Cuba |
14,800 |
952,000 |
1,011,200 |
1,100,000 |
2.7% |
|
Dominican Republic |
24,900 |
692,000 |
791,600 |
941,000 |
2.3% |
|
El Salvador |
33,500 |
765,000 |
899,000 |
1,100,000 |
2.7% |
|
India |
59,300 |
1,007,000 |
1,244,200 |
1,610,000 |
4.0% |
|
Korea |
17,900 |
701,000 |
772,600 |
880,000 |
2.2% |
|
Mexico |
175,900 |
7,841,000 |
8,544,600 |
9,600,000 |
23.7% |
|
Philippines |
47,800 |
1,222,000 |
1,413,200 |
1,700,000 |
4.2% |
|
Vietnam |
33,700 |
863,000 |
997,800 |
1,200,000 |
3.0% |
|
Total Pop. Top 10 |
498,900 |
16,112,000 |
18,747,600 |
21,741,000 |
53.7% |
|
Total Foreign Born |
940,000 |
31,100,000 |
34,860,000 |
40,500,000 |
100% |
|
Historical Data from 2000 U.S. Census and 2004 Yearbook of Immigrant Statistics |
READING 2
1. Read the text and say why a country needs immigrants.
Rodger Doyle
COMING TO AMERICA
The current wave of immigration, which rivals the massive influx of 1880-1914, started with the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965. Since then, about 27 million legal immigrants have crossed the boarder. In addition, an estimated 10.3 million illegal ones live in the U.S. "The net result is that, as of 2004, there were 34.2 million foreign-born residents in the country. More than half are from Latin America and about a quarter are from Asia, which contrasts with the pre-World War I period, when the foreign-born were overwhelmingly European.
Today's surge, like its predecessor, is profoundly affecting the culture and economics of the U.S., particularly in southern Florida, southern California and the New York metropolitan area. In 2004 the foreign-born accounted for 11.3 percent of the population, and at their present rate of increase, this figure could exceed the record of 14.6 percent in 1890. The foreign-born now account for half the growth of the U.S. population.
One reason that the U.S. draws immigrants is the long-standing shortage of native-born workers. Too few Americans are acquiring scientific and engineering skills: of the foreign-born, 3.3 percent of those 18 years of age and older hold higher degrees, such as Ph.Ds and J.Ds(Doctor of Law) compared with 2.2 percent of the native-born population. At the same time, the native-born shun many manual jobs. Farm labor, for instance, is largely foreign-born. Several Californian industries, such as apparel and construction, depend almost exclusively on immigrant workers.
Another stimulus to immigration is U.S. involvement abroad, which has led to waves of migrants from South Korea, Vietnam, Cuba and other countries. Other triggers include civil conflict, as in Colombia, and hard times, as in the former Soviet countries.
Although some immigrants are a burden on the welfare system, as a group they pay far more in taxes than they receive in government benefits, such as public education and social services. A National Academy of sсiences study in 1997 found that immigrants had little impact on the earnings of U.S. born Americans, except for unskilled jobs, where native-born high school dropouts found their wages going down because of соmpetition from unskilled immigrants. According to the National Foreign Intelligence Board, an advisory body to the Central Intelligence Agency, the more liberal immigration policies of the U.S. have given it a competitive edge over Europe and Japan in industries such as information technology.
Discussion Points.
SPEAKING
What challenges would you face?
To what extent is it necessary to assimilate to the new culture?
Would you have to break with your own culture?
What customs would you keep?
INDIVIDUAL READING
NON-FICTION
1. Adamson-Taylor, Sally (1990). Culture shock! France. Kuperard, London.
2. Anderson, Hans Christian (1974). The complete fairy tales and stories. Translated by Erik Christian 3.Hangaard. Bantam Doubleday Dell Publishing, New York.
4. Appel, Rene & Pieter Muysken (1987). Language contact and bilingualism. Edward Arnold, London.
5. Barzini, Luigi (1988). The Europeans. Simon & Schuster, New York.
6. Bermont, John (1986). How-to Europe. Murphy & Broad, Newport Beach, CA.
7. Blanchard, Kenneth & Spencer Johnson (1982). The one-minute manager. William Morrow & Co., New York.
8. Bochner, Stephen (ed.) (1982). Cultures in contact: Studies in cross-cultural interaction. Pergammon Press Ltd.
9. Braganti, Nancy L. & Elizabeth Devine (1984). European customs & manners. Meadowbrook Inc., Deephaven MN.
10. Brislin, Richard W. (1981). Cross-Cultural encounters: Face-to-face interaction. Pergamon Press, New York.
11. Campbell, Joseph (ed) (1971) The portable Jung. Penguin Books, New York.
12. Campbell, Joseph (1990) Transformations of myth through time. Harper & Row, New York.
13. Casse, Pierre (1984). Training for the multicultural manager. SIETAR International, Washington D.C.
14. Casse, Pierre (1984). Training for the cross-cultural mind. SIETAR International, Washington D.C.
15. Clarkson, Petruska (1989). Gestalt Counseling in Action. Sage, London.
16. Craig, Gordon A. (1982). The Germans. Penguin Books, New York.
17. Do's & taboo's around the world. Compiled by the Parker Pen Company. The Benjamin Company, Elmsford, New York, 1985.
18. Exporter's guide to federal resources for small businesses. A publication of the U.S. Small Business Administration Office of International Trade. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington D.C., 1992.
19. 50 simple things you can do to save the Earth. Compiles by the EarthWorks Group. EarthWorks Press, California, 1989.
20. Fredette, Jean M. (ed) (1988). Handbook of magazine article writing. Writers Digest Books, Ohio.
21. Furnham, Adrian & Stephen Bochner (1986). Culture shock: Psychological reactions to unfamiliar environments. Methuen & Co. Ltd., London.
22. Hall, Edward T. (1977). The silent language. Anchor Press, Doubleday.
23. Hall, Edward T. (1977). The hidden dimension. Anchor Press, Doubleday.
24. Hall, Edward T. (1977). Beyond culture. Anchor Press, Doubleday.
25. Harris, Philip R. & Robert T. Moran (1988). Managing cultural differences. Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX.
26. Janssen, Gretchen (1989). Women overseas: A Christian perspective. Intercultural Press, New York.
27. Kohls, Robert (1984). Intercultural training: Don't leave home without it. SIETAR International, Washington D.C.
28. Leites, Nathan (1969). The rules of the game. Translated by Derek Coltman. University of Chicago Free Press.
29. le Page, R. & A. Tabouret-Keller (1985). Acts of identity. Cambridge University Press, London.
30. Kramer, Jane (1988). Europeans. Straus & Giroux, New York.
31. Marsella/Pederson, Cross-Cultural counseling and psychotherapy. Pergamon Press, New York.
32. Moran, Robert T. (1989). Venturing abroad: Europe. International Management, McGraw Hill, London.
33. Nelson-Jones, Richard (1988). Practical Counseling and helping skills. Cassell, London.
34. Newmark, Women's roles: A cross-cultural perspective. Pergamon Press, New York.
35. Peck, M. Scott (1978) The Road Less Traveled. Simon & Schuster, New York.
36. Platt, Polly, French or Foe.
37. Roth-Walsh, Mary (1987). The psychology of women: Ongoing debates. Vail-Ballou, New York.
38. Stock, Gregory (1987). Book of questions. Workman Publishing, New York.
39. Tannahill, Reay (1992). Sex in history. Scarborough House, New York.
40. Varro, Gabrielle (1988). The transplanted woman: A study of French-American marriages in France. Praeger, Westport, CT.
41. Win, David (1987). International Careers. Williamson Publishing, Vermont.
FICTION
1. Ambler, Eric- Passage of arms.
2. Barich, Bill- Traveling light.
3. Bowles, Paul- Their heads are green & their hands are blue.
4. Durrell, Lawrence- Bitter lemons.
5. Eden, Emily- Up the country.
6. Farrell, JG- Indian diary.
7. Forster, EM- A passage to India.
8. Forster, EM- Hill of Devi.
9. Forman, Milos- Time.
10. Fussell, Paul- Abroad.
11. Greene, Graham- Journey without maps.
12. Grimble, Arthur- A pattern of islands.
13. Haley, Alex- Roots.
14. Hall, Edward T.- The dance of life.
15. Hall, Edward T.- The hidden dimension.
16. Hazlitt, William- Notes of a journey through France and Italy.
17. Huxley, Aldus- Along the road.
18. Huxley, Aldus- Brave New World.
19. Huxley, Aldus- Jesting Pilate.
20. James, Clive- Flying visits.
21. Jenkyns, Richard- The Victorians & ancient Greece.
22. Johnson, Diane - Le Divorce and Le Mariage (in English).
23. Kipling, Rudyard- We and they.
24. Lewis, CS- Out of the silent planet & other travels.
25. Mangham, Somerset- The gentleman in the parlor.
26. Naipaul, VS- An area of darkness.
27. Nalpole, Horace- Letters.
28. Scott, Paul- The Raj quartet.
29. Seth, Vikram- From heaven lake.
30. Smollett, Tobias- Travels through France & Italy.
31. Twain, Mark- A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court.
32. Twain, Mark- The innocents abroad.
33. Woolf, Leonard- Growing.
34. Young, Arthur- Travels in France.
APPENDIX
TEXT 1
Read the article and tell what the author thinks helped her to cope with alienation and fear?
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Scared Stiff In North America |
Imagine starting freshman year during spring quarter, leaving home for the first time and being 11,000 miles away from family and friends. I was nervous, apprehensive and scared out of my wits. My well-known independent, adventurous, conquer-the-world attitude nearly lost out to my less-known anything-for-a-sheltered-lifestyle outlook. But my confident self did not allow me to back down. The decision had been made; I had been accepted at Northwestern University near Chicago, and was going to meet that challenge even if I died of loneliness and desperation in the attempt.
So I put on a tough front and requested a single room. I wasn't going to deal with any blonde, blue-eyed, stereo-blasting, gum-chewing North American roommate. I built barriers to protect myself from my U.S. hosts and hostesses... contrary to my teen-age desire to appreciate and adapt to a different culture. I'd always wanted to be a citizen of the world; studying abroad was a step in that direction. The school I chose would offer me a cross section of North Americans, the cosmopolitan urbanites, the neighborhood ethnics, the suburban preppies and the laid-back farmers... a perfect environment to pursue my dreams.
So why the walls? With my convictions, I should have wildly grabbed the first North American I saw on campus (female, of course) and invited her to be my roommate. But once on campus I stiffened with fear... fear of how my fellow students would accept my darker skin, my squinted eyes and my accent. Would they all be snobby and ethnocentric like many of the North Americans in my country? Overnight my focus changed from wanting to understand be appreciate North American culture to wanting to be a hermit, bag my A's, return to my county and be a world-renowned economist.
For the first few days, I mutely went to my classes, hid in the library and my room, and ate silently in a cafeteria corner. The spunky girl I used to be couldn't muster the courage now even to start a conversation, much less initiate a friendship. Everybody fears being rejected, but to be disliked for what you are is much worse than to be rejected for who you are. (You can't change the color of your skin.)
Friday night found me looking for a quiet corner in the library. In my search I caught sight of an extremely blond head smiling warmly in my direction. I wasn't sure he was smiling at me, but I liked the smile anyway. That smile somehow reminded me of a campus fellowship meeting that was going to be held at the student center that evening. I had asked about Christian groups on campus earlier, for I felt that if there was anyone with whom I had anything in common here, it would be those who shared the same belief in Christ. The warmth of that light-skinned face encouraged me to go to the meeting, scheduled for 7:30 pm. When my watch registered 7:00 my courage failed me. I debated for the next forty-five minutes about going.
What finally stirred me from my seat were the faces of my Christian friends from high school and my church, and the face of my brother. Those faces had watched me take off from the airport, encouraged me to seek out other campus Christians in the U.S. and said they would be praying for me and writing to me. Then Isaiah 43:18-20 rang in my ears: "Forget the former things; do not dwell on the past. See, I am doing a new thing! Now it springs up; do you not perceive it? I am making a way in the desert and streams in the wasteland."
Until then, I had been trapped by my fears and prejudices. I had tightly clung to memories of life on my island in the sun, crippling the new life of new friends in a new environment. With that realization, my gregarious, adventurous spirit revived within me. I grabbed my sweater, purse and books, and raced off to the meeting.
I entered quietly, slipped into a back-row seat. As I looked up, there was the beaming blonde again! I smiled back at him, finally disrobing myself of my prejudices and fears, and I sang the familiar songs and read the familiar Bible passages with those North Americans around me. I no longer felt like a foreigner; it was no longer them versus me. I was part of their group, and I knew that if I allowed them to, they could plan an important role in my life during the next four years.
Fear and prejudices arise on both sides of any cross-cultural interaction. I had to decide to allow my U.S. counterparts into my daily existence in the same way that they had to decide to welcome me, not only to their country but also into their individual lives. The campus fellowship succeeded in this. They chose to take an interest in me for who I was and not for what I was. I appreciated being liked for being Aye-Tee Teo who happened to be a foreign student, instead of the foreign student to whom good Christians should minister.
AYE-TEE TEO MONACO, who is from Singapore, still lives in the United States and is happily married to a North American.
http://www.intervarsity.org/ism/article/101
TEXT 2
Here is a travelblog from http://www.travelblog.org. Read it and give your comments. Which facts shocked the bloggers most of all? Why?
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How to prepare oneself for reverse culture shock. |
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Is it true that reverse culture shock is worse than regular culture shock? Have you had it? When and how did it hit you? Any advice for the returning traveller besides just never going home? |
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Beth and Craig Elizabeth Christie |
Msg: June 10th 2008 |
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I'm heading home to Canada for 10 days after teaching for a year in Tianjin, China. Next year I am teaching in KL, Malaysia. I am anticipating it will feel really odd to be home. Don't get me wrong, I miss my friends and family like mad, but I realize that I will be viewing my own culture through a different lens. Anybody have stories to share...hopefully ones that are funny and will make me ...less worried? |
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Mel Fla |
Msg: 93 days ago, June 10th 2008 |
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Hello Beth :) I used to get reverse culture shock when I was new to travelling. Sleeping in the same bed night after night after night and seeing the same things everyday used to make me feel restless. Mel |
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Maya Northen |
Msg: June 10th 2008 |
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Hi Beth, My culture shock is that I don't want to be back because I love traveling so much!! Actually I do get some and it's mostly because I really prefer the way many other cultures live, esp in Europe as compared to the U.S. But honestly, the biggest thing I notice is that I've picked up habits from where i have been. When I studied in Australia for 6 months, I came home calling things by their Australian names instead of their American names and using phrases that would cause people at home to look very confused at. I think, as Mel said, a lot of it is what you have to come home to. One thing that always helps me is that when I return, I try to think of what I really enjoyed about the places I was and if possible, I incorporate that into my own life. When I return from Europe, I find myself spending a lot more time sitting in coffee shops and cafes reading, writing and people watching. Things like that. Also, when I come home, I try to look at my local area from the eyes of a tourist a bit - if someone were visiting, what would I show them, what experiences would I suggest for them, where should they go out to eat or for nightlife, etc. This helps me get a bit of a fresh look on my home area and makes it more fun for me to return! |
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Tannis McCartney |
Msg: June 10th 2008 |
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Just after I came back after a year on an exchange in New Zealand, I was out running some errands with my mom. At some point I turned to her and made some comment about how someone we'd just been talking to sounded like a used car salesman. She was mortified--after a year away, this was how I interpreted the accent from Alberta, where I was born and raised. My mom rather indignantly pointed out that I was the one with the problem--my accent had changed just enough that she claimed I didn't even say my own name properly anymore. Still makes me laugh to think about it, and it's been thirteen years. |
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Skylark Peaced Off |
Msg: June 10th 2008 |
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The nearest thing to a culture shock is visiting countries like Canada and New Zealand, with clean cities and plenty of open space, then coming back to Heathrow or Gatwick ... |
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Tannis McCartney |
Msg: June 10th 2008 |
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I forgot to mention in my previous post that there are lots of articles on the Internet about reverse culture shock. Many of them are geared toward exchange students, but there is still useful information in them. Just search for 'reverse culture shock.' I've had to do some research on this myself for my current volunteer role with the Rotary Youth Exchange program, and one of the really good articles I've found discusses the five stages of culture shock, with reverse culture shock being the fifth. This article applies to expats, so it may be more useful to you Beth. Hope it's helpful in understanding reverse culture shock as a normal part of the whole process of spending a year overseas. I've never seen anything documenting reverse culture shock as it applies to long-term backpackers--it would be an interesting study... |
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Post Count: 3636 |
Msg: June 10th 2008 |
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I heard people who have worked in countries where everything is a lot less expensive than their own country and they got paid a lot less than they would in their own country get very shocked by the prices in their own country when they got home. Some of them who worked as volunteers said they experienced anger when they saw how much a person would spend on a beer(for example), because that money would do so much where they just spent the last 2 years. |
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Elizabeth Christie |
Msg: June 11th 2008 |
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Mell, you just hit on what scares me most! Despite the number of big shiny buildings, China is a developing country and I volunteer a lot in the community. Right now as I pack up, I just bring anything I won't need down to street level where it vanishes as soon as you turn your back. I remember putting stuff that was left over from a garage sale on my lawn with a "free" sign in Canada and most of it still being there the next day! You don't feel bad leaving food on your dishes in the restaurants because that is what the staff gets to eat. Also, I'm worried about the mass consumerism. TV commercials here are mostly for Coke and Chips, products people can afford. The vast majority of Chinese people don't have credit cards, they only buy what they can afford. You don't feel pushed to upscale your television or car or get a new furniture set. |
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el salvaje Juan Esteban Zea |
Msg: June 11th 2008 |
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I have experienced reverse culture shock twice. In 2004 I returned from working in Mexico. When I arrived at the United States I was shocked at the urban sprawl, and how much space there is between things. In Mexico, houses, apartments, business are all on top of one another. In addition, the amount of waste that is produced in the United State shocked me--though I am used to it once again. What I mean by waste is much wrapping doesn't get recycled, items not reused, or food thrown away because it doesn't "look" good. (I am sure I have done that many times). Back in 2006, I returned from working in South Korea. The shock that time was food culture. The first place I arrived to was Chicago, and was at the airport for 4 hours waiting for a connecting flight. Every single individual was eating something at all times, I couldn't believe it. Whether it was a burger, fries, sandwich, drink, or any other snack, the amount of food that people were eating at every second shocked me. I never saw it to the same degree in Korea as the U.S., and it didn't help for the fact that nearly every business in the airport was for food consumption. But, at least for me, the reverse culture shock went away fast. I haven't experienced it from my other travels. |
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Beth and Craig Elizabeth Christie |
Msg: June 11th 2008 |
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That is really interesting because I can never get over how much they eat here in China...never a lot, but it seems like constant snacks! We went on a trip with a group of our Chinese friends and it was meal, snack, meal, snack, snack, meal...but they don't eat one big filling thing like a hamburger either, Chinese food isn't nearly so heavy. I'm thinking the airport should be fairly overwhelming...thanks, this is useful information! |
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Post Count: 3636 |
Msg: June 11th 2008 |
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I have also met travelers who are highly critical of the 'boring' lives those who don’t travel lead. They arrogantly believe that others are too 'boring' or 'unimmaginative' to travel. This makes it difficult for them to fit in when they return home. |
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Elizabeth Christie |
Msg: June 12th 2008 |
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That is interesting too, begging the question of what motivates people to travel. Surely the motivation will affect how they integrate back into their family and circle of friends, likewise to what degree their world view has changed by travelling. I would think that the critical people you mentioned were likely leaning that way at least, before they set off on their travels? Did they always have something to prove? So going back to reverse culture shock, maybe we see the differences we wanted to be able to see in the first place? I wanted perspective on my career and location... and I miss it so much, I would go back this year if it made sense. I don't want to lose that perspective. |
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Debbie Cooper |
Msg: June 16th 2008 |
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That last sentence is an interesting point, Beth - things start to feel very different when you're travelling, particularly in developing countries, and with distance from the life you had at home, you can start to see things more clearly about it, as well as seeing how other cultures behave, maybe noticing how less stressed and obsessive people are, compared to how we are in the west... I left India after 6 months, and although my trip was continuing on through Asia, my next stop was Singapore, which is very wealthy and glitzy and consumerist. It was then I noticed how much I'd let go of caring about getting the latest products, fashion, etc, and was much happier having a simple life where you just get your basics, then spend time focusing on other things - I felt very reverse culture-shocked, and even a bit angry and resentful that all there seemed to be were shops, shops, shops and spend, spend, spend, spend. I really didn't want to lose my new sense of feeling freer and less burdened by the pressures of consumer society, and I had the protection of knowing I was going back in to other developing countries after Singapore - but I also knew that one day, when I was back in the western world, at some point that sense would begin to fade, and to a certain extent I would get caught up again in the western way of life, stress, money etc. I don't know the answers about how not to lose perspective on things - in a way when you're sucked into your life again, inevitably you'll lose some of the new found awarenesses you've gained - my advice is let nature take control and don't worry about it! What you've experienced, and the much-needed distance from your life back home will have rubbed off, and some of that will stick, some of it will go. don't try and hold on to it too tight as that will just cause worry and stress and make it more likely that you'll 'lose' something. Like trying to catch a bubble - if you do, it pops and then it's gone - but if you just watch it and let it float away, it looks amazing and you see all the rainbow colours in it. Keep your experiences as precious, let them grow inside you. Like you say, you'll be travelling again next year, and after that, the wonders of the world will always still be there for you! |
http://www.travelblog.org/Forum/Threads/10733-1.html.
TEXT 3
Culture Shock: It's the Little Things That Count in the Biggest Ways
By Desi Downey
One of the first things I noticed about China was that all the men carried purses and the women held hands. This phenomenon shot straight to the top of my list of "Weird World Wonders" and stayed there until a mere five minutes later, when I went looking for a bathroom at the airport and came face to face with my first squatty potty.
This was culture shock, pure and simple, and I was already moving from the first stage of it - the honeymoon, or tourist, stage, which I had entered before we ever left the States - into the second, the irritation-to-anger stage. Culture shock can mean many different things to many different people, and any kind of move - whether it be across town, across the country or across the planet - can create different kinds of trauma in different kinds of people. Kalvero Oberg first identified the five distinct stages of culture shock in 1958, and we know them today as:
When my husband's company offered him a job in China, we jumped at the chance. This would be the opportunity of a lifetime, a chance to see the world, a great way to experience a new, exciting and mysterious culture. And get paid for it!
I was really excited. The first thing I did was run down to the local bookstore and buy a whole bunch of books about China, the Chinese people and how to speak Chinese. I even hired a Chinese friend from Taiwan to teach us the language (and whose first lesson of course was to explain that Taiwanese Chinese was completely different from Mandarin Chinese, but fortunately for us he spoke both).
We had a whole three weeks to get ready, and ready I was going to be. I would walk like they walked, talk like they talked and think like they thought. I would eat their food (I loved Chinese food!), drink their (warm) Tsingtao beer, dress like they dressed, dance like they danced, learn to sing kari-yucky (karaoke - the Chinese national past-time second only to staring at the foreigners) and sleep on a bamboo-grass mat. (I can be really naive sometimes.) I was going to China! Wow. Things like this just didn't happen to people like me!
Those three weeks flew by, of course, and before I knew it we were getting off a plane in Chengdu, Sichuan. I had not yet figured out that Chinese food in China was not anything like Chinese food in America, and I had not yet developed a taste for warm beer. But I could say hello, thank you and goodbye in Chinese, I was excited and happy to be there, and I was more than ready, willing and able to start my new life in China. The honeymoon wasn't over yet, and I just didn't have a clue.
The first stage of culture shock is the honeymoon, or tourist stage; this is the fun part. This is the stage where everything is new and novel and exciting and fun and different and cute and quaint and happy, and all the quirky little cultural anomalies you run across make you smile. Since I actually entered the first stage of culture shock while we were still in the States, it did not take me very long after arriving in China (like, the next day) to go from happy little tourist to spoiled, ugly American. I went from "Aren't those pedicabs cute?" to being mad at all the pedicab drivers because they didn't speak English.
I went from being fascinated with China to being nauseated by the sight and smell of Sichuan food. I went from desperately wanting to learn the language to not being able to stand the infernal racket of their constant, unintelligible chattering, and of course there was no doubt in my mind that they were all always talking about me. As I moved into the third stage of culture shock, I began to reject everything that China and the Chinese had to offer.
Depending upon whom you ask, the third stage of culture shock is either known as the rejection/regression stage or the acceptance stage. This sounds like a contradiction, but really it isn't. Perhaps a better name for this stage would be the turning point stage, as this is the place where you either stay angry and continue to reject your host country and its culture and people altogether and turn tail and run home, or you begin to accept all those quirky little cultural anomalies and decide to stay, live, learn, work, and play, in their country, on their terms. You realize that it is not their job to speak your language, but your job to speak theirs, and you've even managed to pick up a few phrases of the local lingo. As you become more comfortable with your new surroundings and more familiar with your new country and its culture, you're not afraid to venture out anymore. You don't feel so much like a fish out of water.
The fourth stage of culture shock - the integration/assimilation stage - is, in many ways, a lot like that old honeymoon stage, without all those silly old honeymoon delusions. You've arrived, and you've finally decided to go out & enjoy it.
You are no longer a prisoner of your own design. You have learned to adjust, adapt, accept, communicate and enjoy your new life in your new country. You are truly grateful for the opportunity to live and work in a foreign land and experience another culture first hand. You've accepted the food (well, okay, maybe not the really spicy Sichuan food), the drinks (except for bai jiu, that awful-smelling, awful-tasting white rice wine), the habits (except for the spitting and the staring) and the customs (with the exception of the squatty potty) of your host country, and may even find some things preferable to the way things are back home (traditional Chinese massage comes immediately to mind). And when you think about going back home, you think about all the things you are going to miss about your host country, and you know in your heart that you are making memories you will cherish forever.
For most expats, the various stages of culture shock will run their course over a six to nine month period, although not necessarily in order. Some people bounce back and forth between the different stages, and others might skip a stage altogether, perhaps reverting back to it later. Not everybody is affected by culture shock in the same way, but just about anybody who spends any time at all outside their own country will experience some symptoms of culture shock. My own experience with culture shock felt like a roller coaster ride through the Twilight Zone, and I often found myself thinking that if somebody had just told me about this or if I had just known about that, my adapting to life in China would not have been so, well, (mal)adapted.
However, there are several things you can do to ease the pangs of culture shock, and being realistically prepared is key. It was always the littlest things that caused me the biggest problems, and if I had been better prepared I would not have been so culturally challenged when I discovered that I couldn't buy a dozen eggs in a carton (I would have brought my own along) or whenever a 40 watt light bulb (which was all I could find) blew out and exploded over the top of my head (I would have ducked every time I flipped a switch). If I had known that most restaurants didn't have forks (okay, duh, this was China, after all, but like I said, I can be really naive sometimes), I would have arrived with a fork in my purse or, better yet, learned to use chopsticks before I ever left the States. I don't know that anyone can ever truly be prepared for the sight of their first squatty potty, but perhaps if I had been warned I wouldn't have been so horrified at the sight of my first one, or so flabbergasted when I discovered that they didn't come stocked with toilet paper. What kind of place doesn't stock their public toilets with toilet paper? I wondered. This was all much too primitive for me.
(Go ahead, laugh. And call me an ugly American if you will. But squatty potties are an abomination, and even the Chinese have now actually begun to do something about them. For instance, Beijing, eager to put its best face forward for the 2008 Summer Olympics, has begun installing high-tech self-cleaning toilets near many of its more popular tourist sites, like the Forbidden City and the Summer Palace, and promises to keep them stocked with toilet paper. And dial-a-loo, a phone line people can call to find the location of the nearest public privy, was recently introduced at the first-ever World Toilet Expo hosted in Shanghai this past May.)
Another great way to minimize the symptoms of culture shock is to make lists, and then have them translated.
I'm a big fan of bilingual lists (your language for you, their language for them), and in China I made lists for everything. (If your host country's language is character-based, like Chinese, remember to include the romanized translation as well, (i.e., pinyin), which will help you learn to speak the language, too). I made food lists, every day household goods lists, phone number lists and address lists. With my grocery lists, I could go shopping without a Chinese babysitter. With my phone number lists, I could call the bank, the phone company, or a taxi (I couldn't communicate with any of them, but at least I could call them if I wanted to!). With my address lists, I could run all over the city and never get lost and if I did, so what? All I had to do was show the nearest taxi driver my address - written in his language and not mine, of course - and go home. Freedom, baby. These lists were freedom and, like my fork and my toilet paper, I learned to never leave home without them.
The fifth and final stage of culture shock is the reentry, or reverse, stage. Just about the time you become accustomed to living overseas and being called a seasoned expat, it's time to go home. And once you get back home, you are going to discover, much to your surprise (and sometimes, dismay), that you, and just about everything and everybody around you, have changed. Your favorite corner market is now a parking lot.
There is a strip mall where there used to be a cornfield. You've been off on a great overseas adventure, but nobody really cares. Life went on without you, and nobody wants to hear your stories or look at your pictures. I taught English in China for six years, and my students all treated me like a queen. When we moved back to the States, I was just another American again, just like everybody else. I wasn't important anymore, and I didn't feel special anymore. It was hard, not being queen anymore
So, once you get back home, whenever you find yourself struggling with reentry shock, remind yourself that you've been there, done that. You've gone through all the stages of culture shock before, and it all turned out okay. You know what to do, and you know how to get through it. You've got some great memories, and you've no doubt made some great new friends.
And if that doesn't work, just click your heels three times and try to remember that there's truly no place like home.
Wherever that may be.
http://www.expatexchange.com/lib_rd.cfm?articleid=2080&networkid=31
TRASLATION PRACTICE 2
C помощью такой игры можно совершить виртуальное путешествие в паб или посмотреть на достопримечательности. Игра получила название «C-Shock» и была разработана Нипаном Маниаром (Nipan Maniar), который на собственном опыте испытал «культурный шок», когда приехал учиться в Великобританию из Индии пять лет назад.
Вы переехали в Австрию и пребываете в растерянности и недоумении. Все раздражает, или наоборот, восхищает, порождая небывалую эйфорию. Возникает масса вопросов: что делать с мусором и как разобраться с этими бесконечными мусорными контейнерами? Как платить за проезд в общественном транспорте? Почему магазины работают так коротко, а по воскресеньям и вовсе закрыты и где отовариться после работы? Почему австрийцы не спешат с вами сблизиться?
Формулировку 'культурный шок' социологи и психологи ввели в обиход во второй половине ХХ века, когда начались массовые процессы миграции, как результат обвала экономических систем стран третьего мира, региональных войн и этнических конфликтов. Смена места жительства неизбежно ставит перед человеком сложный вопрос вынужденного приспособления.
Культурный шок - это реакция индивида, оказавшегося в чужом обществе, - объясняет практикующий психолог Сигизмунд Эльдер. - Ведь культура в самом широком смысле слова - это то, из-за чего ты становишься чужаком, когда покидаешь свой дом. Культура включает в себя все убеждения и ожидания, которые высказывают и демонстрируют люди...
Лучше других иностранных языков жители стран-членов Евросоюза владеют английским. Согласно данным опроса, на английском языке могут общаться 38% жителей ЕС.
Временно пребывающий иностранный гражданин или лицо без гражданства — лицо, прибывшее в страну на основании визы или в порядке, не требующем получения визы, и не имеющее разрешения на временное проживание или разрешения на постоянное проживание (вида на жительство).
Социальная дезориентация возникает отнюдь не у всех детей, чьи условия жизни резко изменились. Она появляется в тех случаях, когда понижена чувствительность ребенка к социальным нормам.
Консультанты иностранных студентов работают не только с разнообразной группой людей, подпадающих под определение "иностранные студенты", но и с американскими студентами, преподавателями, местным населением, сотрудниками американских и иностранных государственных учреждений и с различными агентствами, которые спонсируют пребывание иностранных студентов и ученых в США.
Темп дня ускорился благодаря возможности мгновенного общения, но ритм жизни стал дробным, прерывистым: радио, телефон, газеты шумно требуют внимания, и среди великого множества активных раздражителей человеку все труднее ориентироваться, осмыслить хотя бы часть окружающего мира, не говоря уже о том, чтобы чувствовать себя в нем по-хозяйски.
Учебная деятельность - ведущая деятельность в школьном возрасте. Под ведущей деятельностью понимается такая деятельность, в процессе которой происходит формирование основных психических процессов и свойств личности, появляются новообразования, соответствующие возрасту (произвольность, рефлексия, самоконтроль, внутренний план действий). Новая философия Sector воплощает стиль жизни героя, который каждый день стремится к достижению новых целей, принимает вызов и ищет элитные часы, специально созданные для сильных личностей.
Иногда, мотив и содержание учебной деятельности не соответствуют друг другу, поэтому мотив постепенно начинает терять свою силу.
И в Америке, зарабатывая себе имидж человека, уверенного в своих силах, и показывая лучшую академическую успеваемость он был награжден полной стипендией.
Присущие большинству государственных служащих высокие моральные принципы и качества, безусловное соблюдение ими моральных норм, чувство причастности к управлению и возможность через это влиять на состояние дел в обществе способствует выработке таких специфических профессиональных качеств, как повышенная социальная ответственность, перспективное мышление, способность анализировать и учитывать последствия принимаемых решений.
Говорят, люди искусства живут в своем мире. Как найти туда дорожку, чтоб посмотреть, как им живется?
Тем, кто предпочитает жить за пределами кампуса, необходимая информация будет предоставлена Студенческой гильдией, а те учащиеся, которые захотят жить в английской семье, смогут получить соответствующие рекомендации у Консультанта по делам иностранных студентов.
Мягкий человек делает то, что просят. Черствый человек не делает то, что просят. Глупый человек делает то, что не просят. Умный человек не делает то, что не просят. И лишь Мудрый человек делает то, что нужно.
Несколько людей напряженно спорят о чем-то, и вдруг случайное замечание вызывает безудержный смех. Обстановка разряжается, и становится ясно, как найти решение, приемлемое для всех.
К каждому студенту приставляется куратор иностранных студентов по административным вопросам, который информирует студента о правилах посещаемости, дисциплинарных требованиях к студентам; консультирует по различным проблемам, связанным с учебной деятельностью.
Культурный шок — эмоциональный или физический дискомфорт, дезориентация индивида, вызванная попаданием в иную культурную среду, столкновением с другой культурой, незнакомым местом. Привыкание к новому окружению может быть волнующим, стрессовым, может обмануть ожидания, быть забавным или просто сбить с толку.
Люди по-разному переживают культурный шок, неодинаково осознают остроту его воздействия, зависит от их индивидуальных особенностей, степени сходства или несходства культур. К этому можно отнести целый ряд факторов, включая климат, одежду, еду, язык, религию, уровень образования, материальное благосостояние, структура семьи, обычаи и т. д.
После нескольких дней, недель или месяцев, человек привыкает к новой для него среде. На этой стадии человек больше не реагирует отрицательно или положительно, потому что адаптируется к новой культуре. Он вновь ведёт повседневную жизнь, как и ранее на своей родине.
«Человек, находящийся в состоянии культурного шока, испытывает следующие симптомы: отчуждение, гнев, нерешительность, расстройство, чувство мучительного беспокойства, одиночество, тоска по дому или болезнь».
С нигилистической точки зрения, первоисточником моральных ценностей является индивид, а не культура или другое иное рациональное или объективное...
Межкультурная адаптация понимается как сложный процесс, благодаря которому молодой человек достигает соответствия («совместимости») с новой культурной средой.
Поэтому успехи таких людей в преодолении стресса не могут служить основой для всеобщего кодекса поведения. Иногда, монотонность и скука труда на конвейере являются причиной отчуждения.
Он лежал в глубокой прострации, устремив ничего не видящие глаза в потолок и добросовестно старался успокоить свои нервы.
В результате благоприятного завершения адаптации и вхождения человека в иную культуру в сфере профессиональной деятельности наблюдается процесс профессиональной идентичности.
Чувствую, что начинаю вливаться в «жизнь в быстром темпе».
Но всё равно... Он перед отправкой что-то чувствовал, нервничал, суетился, заглядывал нам в глаза. Что ж, будем скучать по нему, будем каждый день звонить (знакомым у которых его оставили, разумеется), будем волноваться.
Через боль, трудности, столкновения с проблемами и их решение мы учимся. Умный человек приучает себя не только не пугаться проблем, но, наоборот, приветствовать их, приветствовать сопровождающую их боль.
Проблема в том, что любой человек на пути к Цели время от времени сталкивается с таким неприятным препятствием, как лень.
Если ты чего-то чертовски сильно хочешь добиться, то отступление даже не рассматривается как вариант развития событий. Ты в любом случае найдешь способ достичь цели, и заплатишь ту цену, которая будет необходима.
Консультанты иностранных студентов работают со студентами и учеными всего мира. Они предоставляют информацию, программы и услуги, призванные сделать пребывание студентов и ученых в Америке по возможности более продуктивным. Консультанты служат связующим звеном между студентами и учеными, с одной стороны, и всеми, с кем они сталкиваются, с другой, представляя интересы первых и консультируя их соответствующим образом.
Ее мимолетное замечание по поводу его внешности задело этого, казалось бы, уверенного в себе человека.
Любу отчислили из университета за подкуп экзаменатора.
Она так хорошо владеет английским языком потому, что занимается каждый день и прилагает много усилий для достижения своей цели.
Илья сначала казался молчаливым и погруженным в себя, но со временем его застенчивость прошла, и через полчаса он уже был душой компании.
Мой брат живет в бешеном темпе и, все равно, не успевает сделать все, что запланировал.
Я жадно смотрела на шоколадный торт, но не позволила себе съесть ни кусочка, потому что сидела на диете.
Ты зря считаешь, что преподавателя удовлетворит такой ответ.
В связи с сложившимися обстоятельствами, мой муж попросил отпуск.
Я была озадачена этим внезапным приступом откровенности.
Несмотря на ее отвратительные выходки, ее достижения в учебе были поистине выдающимися.
Японцы – мастера релаксации. Они знают, как распределять своё время и всегда посвящают хотя бы четверть дня на восстановление своих сил.
Чем дальше расстояние между континентами, тем сложнее людям приспособиться к жизни в другой стране.
Самоуверенные люди всегда достигают большего, чем те, которые робки и всё время волнуются, боясь оказаться непризнанными обществом.
Она всегда старалась жить в быстром темпе и не отставать от остальных.
Казалось, что он замыкается в себе, хотя на самом деле это был всего лишь страх показаться в своём поведении чересчур дерзким.
Их знакомая не любила готовить для себя лишь потому, что она не переносила мыть горы жирной посуды.
Для него свободная одежда была его собственным стилем, а для неё - лишь способом скрыть то, что она снова похудела.
Смелые люди не боятся пробовать что-нибудь новое, их жизнь всегда насыщена запоминающимися событиями и отчаянными поступками.
Здоровые продукты питания, как правило, безвкусны, так как они содержат небольшое количество сахара и соли.
Самостоятельный человек - самодостаточный человек, который способен мыслить и действовать независимо, а также самостоятельно решать свои проблемы.
Он всегда был черствым и эгоистичным человеком, такие чувства как любовь, сочувствие и сострадание были чужды ему.
Врачи давно утверждают, что жирная пища вредна, но, несмотря на это жирные продукты являются источником энергии.
Хотя бы раз в жизни человек должен попробовать самую экзотическую пищу, даже если она невероятно острая и сильно отличается от той, к которой привык.
Вольное поведение неприемлемо на рабочем месте!
Многие подростки, являясь ещё недостаточно зрелыми психологически, считают себя экспертами в любовных отношениях, хотя через несколько лет признают свою неправоту и жалеют о содеянных поступках.
Многие люди пытаются заглушить приступы ярости, занимаясь йогой, а другие предпочитают не держать всё в себе и обрушиваются на первых встречных.
Во всех школах мира существует такое понятие как «сегрегация», ученики и ученицы разделяют себя на группы по принадлежности к различным социальным классам.
Популярные шоу на телевидении заставляют задуматься о степени образованности населения.
Когда пёс Клавдии съел последнее что было на столе, он с тоской смотрел на холодильник, представляя, сколько ещё вкусного там есть.
Уборщик в клинике, где работает Дориан, всегда смотрит на него со злостью, после того как Дориан застукал его разговаривающим с самим с собой в стетоскоп в пустой палате.
Он был человек высоким моральных ценностей, всегда полагался только на самого себя, поэтому он никогда не ощущал себя изгоем в чужой стране, и никто его не считал неудачником
Она преодолела много трудностей, в том числе языковой барьер, чтобы больше не чувствовать себя одиноким изгоем.
Не смотря на то, что она была смелой и самоуверенной у себя дома, ей пришлось обратиться к куратору по делам иностранных студентов, т. к приехав во Францию, она замкнулась в себе, переживая серьезное эмоциональное и физическое расстройство.
Чтобы успевать за ритмом жизни в Англии, нужно хорошо владеть английским языком и быть психологически созревшей личностью.
Традиции и обычаи в Нидерландах удивили его, и он не знал, как себя вести, ему казалось, что все смотрели на него искоса.
Она очень хотела избавиться от чувства одиночества, нахлынувшего на нее во втором месяце пребывания за границей.
Он всегда был черствым, наглым и самоуверенным человеком, всегда достигающим своих целей.
Для нее слово «командировка» было страшным, потому что в чужом городе или стране она замыкалась в себе и выглядела глупо.
Только бесчувственный человек может пройти мимо сидящего под дождем котенка.
Его вопросы постоянно ставят меня в тупик.
Мои родители занимают высокую должность, они постоянно в командировках.
Давай не пойдем больше в этот ресторан, еда там слишком жирная.
Мой брат не боится трудностей, он ко всему относится с оптимизмом.
В современном мире почти все люди подвержены эмоциональным и физическим недомоганиям.
Он всегда преодолевал все трудности, поэтому он достиг своей цели и стал работать куратором по делам иностранных студентов.
Его многие считали неудачником из-за низкой академической успеваемости.
Он всегда смотрел с оптимизмом на вызовы судьбы и, был сильным духом человеком.
У него было твердое убеждение не слушать советы других людей.
После расставания с мужем, на нее постоянно накатывали приступы одиночества, от которых она так и не могла избавиться.
Среди хаотично наклеенных объявлений я увидела одно о предстоящей конференции, на которой мне необходимо было выступить с докладом.
В Берлине он потерял свой командировочный лист, который являлся необходимым документом для отчета.
Он всегда не мог терпеть недалеких американцев, поэтому вместо США он поехал отдыхать в Японию.
Мэрилин Монро во все времена была объектом восхищения и идеалом красоты. Ей тяжело было найти необходимые документы в ворохе разбросанных по столу бумаг.
Никто не хотел бы выглядеть примитивным в глазах других.
Самые разные жизненные ситуации приводят людей в тупик, и они вынуждены искать выход.
Мои подруги часто говорят и сплетничают о чудачестве одного нашего знакомого.
VOCABULARY LIST
alienation
appealing to
superficial
to master (the language)
cope with
adjust
adjustment
culture shock
to assimilate
superior academic achievement
be awarded a full scholarship
to accomplish one’s goal
a strong sense of moral values
to welcome challenges
in terms of
academic work
once in awhile
be caught up in one’s own world
casual comment
the foreign student adviser
to withdraw from school
to consider smb a failure
unsympathetic
bold
bland
self-reliant
greasy
loose
emotional and physical distress
to disappear with time
highly motivated
psychologically ma ture
have a good command of English
the language barrier
pace of life
live at a fast pace
to keep up with
lack
set a definite date
self-absorbed
flexible
to acquire
grow accustomed to
anxiety
disorientation
irritability
resentment
sense of helplessness
to pass through
see in a romantic light
the pace of life
negotiation
minor differences
annoying
react positively or negatively
to relieve the stress.
be\become aware of
sojourner
familiarize oneself with
open-minded
self-efficiency
anticipate
encounter difficulties
uncertainty
confusion
assertive
reinforce
uneasiness
overcome
contrary
familiar
be engaged in
See also Glossary on Culture Studies at http://www2.pacific.edu/sis/culture/
REFERENCES
Учебное издание
Е.С. Надточева
МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО КУЛЬТУРЕ РЕЧЕВОГО ОБЩЕНИЯ ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТОВ
обучающихся по специальности «031202 – Перевод и Переводоведение»
(1 ИЯ, АНГЛИЙСКИЙ)
Оригинал – макет Е.С. Надточевой
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