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Mass Media
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[1] Санкт-Петербургский государственный университет [2] Пособие по английскому языку [3] для студентов 2 курса [4] ( 4 семестр) [4.1] (Уровень: Advanced, Upper-Intermediate, Intermediate) [5] Санкт – Петербург [6] 2009
[7]
[8] [9] VOCABULARY LIST 5. [9.1] 5.1.NEWSPAPERS IN THE UK
[9.2] [9.3] 5.1.1. Dowdy German Media Aunt Gets a New Suit [9.3.1] Exercises [9.3.2] 1. Give equivalents of the following: [9.3.3] 2. Find as many synonyms as you can: [9.3.4] 3. Translate into English: [9.3.5] 4.Translate the underlined passages into Russian. [9.4] Text Translation 5.1. [10] Британские газеты
[10.1] [10.2] Listening 5.2. Russia's new TV channel labelled propaganda. [10.3] 5.2.1. TV reporters stand their ground with Katrina coverage [10.3.1] Exercises [10.3.2] 1. Give equivalents of the following: [10.3.3] 2. Find as many synonyms as you can: [10.3.4] 3. Translate into English: [10.3.5] 4. Translate the underlined passages into Russian. [10.4] Text Translation 5.2. [10.5] 5.3. CENSORSHIP
[10.6] [10.7] 5.3.1. Whose life is it anyway? [10.7.1] Exercises [10.7.2] 1. Give equivalents of the following: [10.7.3] 2. Find as many synonyms as you can: [10.7.4] 3. Translate into English: [10.7.5] 4. Translate the underlined passage into Russian. [10.8] Listening 5.3.1. Kidman tells court of paparazzi fears [10.9] Text Translation 5.3. [10.9.1] Последний островок свободной прессы |
1.Printed Media
2. Broadcasting Corporations: Radio and TV
3. Privacy, Freedom of Speech and Censorship
Before you read think
- Do all newspapers provide reliable information? Why?
- What British newspapers do you know? What kind of informatiom do they provide?
All newspapers in Britain, daily or Sunday ones, can broadly be divided into the quality press and the popular press.
The quality newspapers are also known as “heavies” and they usually deal with home and overseas news, with detailed and extensive coverage of sports and cultural events. Besides they also carry financial reports, travel news and book and film reviews.
The popular press or the “populars” are also known as tabloids as they are smaller in size being halfsheet in format. Some people also call them the “gutter press” offering news for the people less interested in daily detailed news reports.
They are characterised by large headlines, carry a lot of big photographs, concentrate on the personal aspects of news, with reports of the recent sensational and juicy bits of events, not excluding the Royal family. The language of a tabloid is much more colloquial, if not specific, than that of quality newspapers.
Here is a possibly witty though true classification of English newspapers:
“The Times” is read by the people who run the country;
“The Mirror” is read by the people who think they run the country;
“The Guardian” is read by the people who think about running the country;
“The Mail” is read by wives of the people who run the country;
“The Daily Telegraph” is read by the people who think the country ought to be run as it used to be;
“The Express” is read by the people who think it is still run as it used to be;
“The Sun” is read by the people who don’t care who runs the country as long as the naked girl at page three is attractive.
In Britain today there are four nationwide quality papers: “The Times”, “The Daily Telegraph”, “The Guardian” and “The Independent”. “The Daily Mail”, “The Daily Mirror”, “The Sun”, “The Daily Express” and “The Daily Star” are usually considered to be “populars”.
In general, however, English people themselves, though slightly sniffy and condescending about their “populars”, underline that the quality of newspapers in Great Britain of late is much better than 20 years ago. They argue that it is much lower if they take the example of “The Times” newspaper, which was taken over by Rupert Murdoch in the early eighties. He is the owner of News International and is among the people who have control over the press. Rupert Murdoch also owns “The Sun”, which is, as it has already been stressed, a very low quality newspaper. To increase readership into “The Times” he gradually increases a lot of techniques in it similar to those he introduced in “The Sun” paper.
Most people in Great Britain perceive the British press as objective, since they claim that there is no overt censorship, no overt bias in reporting the news, and that there is a wide choice of newspapers apart from the national dailies.
There are a lot of different regional daily papers in Britain as well. One can mention the following “The Scotsman” and “The Yorkshire Post”. There are also local weekly papers and many London and local papers delivered or distributed free and paid for entirely from advertising. Thus in Britain one can find newspapers of every political colour, from the far left to the far right. There are several socialist newspapers on sale each week, for example, “Socialist Worker”, and many others. Most people are satisfied that there is a free and objective press. They say that the British press is also investigative, uncovers scandals in the governments, and if they are not satisfied with what they read in “The Times” and think it is not true, they have the opportunity to go and pick up another newspaper and compare reportings.
Listen to the tape and say whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE. Substantiate your opinion.
Before you read. Think over the following questions:
- Why do people read newspapers?
- What should an editor’s policy be to keep his newspaper or magazine up-to-date and popular?
Die Zeit's editor aims to regain the paper's status as a forum for lively intellectual debate
Like so many German institutions, Die Zeit, the esteemed liberal weekly newspaper, has become somewhat flabby and complacent. The "old aunt" is certainly still accorded the begrudging respect typically reserved for an ageing relative. But it is also a touch dowdy, too long-winded and not listened to as much as in the past. According to Roger de Weck, the paper's newish, youngish editor, this is about to change. "The old aunt is getting new clothes," says Mr de Weck, who was drafted in by Die Zeit's owners, the publicity-shy Hoitzbrinck group.
His task is to oversee the rejuvenation of a paper which is older than the Federal Republic and which in its 1960s and '70s heyday had a profound impact on political debate in the former West Germany.
Mirroring shifts in German society at large, Die Zeit was caught by surprise by the great changes which accompanied the fall of the Berlin Wall, and never quite regained its sense of purpose. The biggest shock for it has been the way Germany's intellectuals have become increasingly marginalised in public debate.
The paper's new clothes went on display last week. A redesign by the American newspaper designer Mario Garcia has given Die Zeit a lighter look, which means an increase in the type size and a lot more white space between the lines.
A table of contents has been added - a welcome addition to a paper renowned for its bulk and its expanses of text. Splashes of red here and there add a flirtatious touch. And the word "knowledge" has replaced "trade" in the paper's sub-title.
This last change might appear rather slight. But it gives an indication of the Swiss-born, 44-year-old Mr. de Weck's more important plans for Die Zeit: the transformation of the paper's editorial content and tone.
Articles will be shortened and the prose made more terse. But at a time when there is more information available than ever before Mr. de Weck reckons marketing expertise and competence is the best way of earning money and getting more readers.
The 450,000 people who currently buy the paper every Thursday come from Germany's highly-educated classes.
On the commercial side, the paper is the leading carrier of academic recruitment advertisements.
Such company may certainly be civilised. But in recent years the paper has become, as many of Die Zeit's younger journalists admit, and even boring. Mr. de Weck acknowledges this, but says he has started to implement changes to make it a forum for intellectual debate and ideas to reform Germany's ossified institutions.
He has set up a "reform workshop" of journalists drawn from the political, business and "knowledge" departments. Elsewhere, younger journalists have been promoted, with older ones encouraged to try their hands at more regular reporting again. The aim, Mr. de Weck says, is to play a more active role in the parts of society agitating for change in Germany.
On the commercial side, the goal is to boost the circulation of Die Zeit to 470,000 by the end of the year. Currently, it has a turnover of DM 150m (£50m) and makes a small (undisclosed) profit.
While the political, business and social establishment is still inert, Mr. de Weck senses that particularly among the young there is hunger for reform and change.
"There is actually a lot happening on the ground, but it is being held up by ageing institutions. We want to put ourselves at the forefront of reform."
Die Zeit is a good testing ground for Mr. de Weсk's thesis. In the German newspaper world Die Zeit is known as the place where journalists only ever leave feet first. Many of the staff who helped establish Die Zeit's reputation when both the paper and the country at large faced material hardship unimaginable in affluent Germany today are still on board.
But such age also brings with it experience and respect. One of the journalists most identified with the paper for the last 40 years is Countess Marion Donhoff. The octogenarian scion of an east Prussian aristocratic family, she is one of Germany's best known thinker-scribes and a familiar face on the international policy wonk circuit. Her colleague on the editorial board, Helmut Schmidt, the former chancellor, brings the clout of statesmanship.
The challenge facing Mr de Weck over the next few months is to retain such gravity while ushering in a much needed breath of fresh air. Like the society it claims to mirror, Die Zeit will need to show it has embraced change and embarked on a new and exciting course, and persuade readers that the changes unveiled this week are not a case of too little too late.
Редакционная коллегия; приносить незначительную прибыль; тираж; еженедельная газета; редактор; маркетинговая экспертиза; оглавление; канцлер; оборот; содержание; объявление о вакансии; уважаемое издание; создать репутацию; попробовать себя в чем-то; отражать события; вносить изменения; быть готовым к чему-либо; расцвет; подзаголовок; оказывать влияние на; быть в первых рядах; журналисты; обновление газеты; жажда реформ; чувство собственного предназначения; статья; форум для дискуссий; претендовать; поле для испытаний; увеличить тираж; размер шрифта
to boost circulation; to mirror; an esteemed newspaper; hunger for reform; to be about to do smth.; to implement changes; to establish reputation; a scribe; rejuvenation of a newspaper; to be at the forefront of reforms; to have impact on; profound impact; to embark on
1. Первая же статья этого молодого журналиста произвела огромное впечатление на редактора. 2. Этот журнал, кажется, претендует на отражение определенных социальных явлений? А по-моему, в нем нет ничего кроме сплетен. 3. Расцвет этого издания пришелся на середину 90х; тогда его читали чуть ли не в каждой семье. 4. Не думаю, что вам удастся купить это пособие, его тираж слишком мал и его практически невозможно найти. 5. Редактор заявил, что для повышения популярности журнала среди молодежи необходимо внести ряд существенных изменений как в дизайн, так и в содержание. 6. Не могу я читать этот учебник, уже из оглавления понятно, что он смертельно скучный. 7. Одно то, что Вы не знаете, кого выбрали новым канцлером, а об этом сообщалось во всех СМИ, достаточно для того, чтобы поставить Вам двойку. 8. Сегодня телевидение и электронные СМИ имеют больше влияния на общественное мнение, нежели радиовещание и печатные издания. 9. Считается, что стремление к новым реформам более свойственно молодым политикам. 10. Я знаю, что это серьезная и уважаемая газета, но вот читать ее совсем неинтересно. 11. Политика нашей редакционной коллегии состоит в том, чтобы наша газета стала форумом для обмена мнениями и идеями по самому широкому кругу вопросов. 12. Этот раздел уже устарел, ему необходимо существенное обновление. 13. После понижения по службе, ему пришлось опять заняться подготовкой обычных репортажей. 14. Шрифт такой мелкий, что я едва разобрал, что написано в статье. 15. Выпуск журнала пришлось прекратить, так как он приносил слишком низкую прибыль. 16. Никто не верит, что я нашел эту работу по рекламному объявлению в газете. 17. Испортить репутацию гораздо проще и быстрее, чем создать.
The Times
Большую часть своей истории The Times была самой влиятельной ежедневной газетой Британии. Газета была неотъемлемым чтивом для руководящего класса страны. Газета была основана в 1785 году Джоном Уолтером. Первое название газеты The Daily Universal Register было изменено на The Times в 1788 году. К середине 19-го века газета получила среди своих читателей название The Thunderer за свои устрашающие передовые статьи. Газета была известна обзором мировых событий (это была первая газета, которая включала в себя международную корреспонденцию). После периода своего упадка, газета выжила под руководством главного редактора Уильяма Хэйли в 1960-70-х гг. Этот период был ознаменован для газеты известным и противоречивым слоганом: Top People Read The Times . The Times как и ее сестрой The Sunday Times владеет международный магнат прессы Руперт Мердок. Газета печатается в Лондоне и выходит с тиражом около 400 000 – 450 000 копий.
The Observer (Обозреватель)
The Observer – это самая старая британская воскресная газета, основанная в 1791 году. После 1814 года она была первой газетой в мире, которая использовала иллюстрации. Газета разделена на три части ( The Observer, Observer Business и Observer review), плюс цветной журнал, который прилагается к газете. У газеты сложилась репутация серьезной газеты с ответственными репортерами, дельными комментариями и обзором литературы, а основными ее читателями являются представители образованного среднего класса. Газета издается в Лондоне, тиражом около 550 000 копий.
The Guardian
Британская ежедневная газета была основана в Манчестере в 1821 году, и первым ее названием было The Manchester Guardian. В 1959 году газета была переименована в The Guardian, а с 1961 году стала издаваться в Лондоне, также как и в Манчестере. Эта качественная газета является собственностью целого траста, а не отдельного собственника, и поэтому имеет репутацию независимой газеты. The Guardian отличается своими отличными политическими комментариями, обзорами, а также женской страничкой. Газета ориентирована на “левых” в политических взглядах и читается преимущественно представителями либерально настроенного среднего класса. Тираж этой газеты- более 400 000 копий.
The Daily Telegraph
Британская газета The Daily Telegraph была основана в 1855 году. Став первой в Британии дешевой газетой, она была изначально чересчур радикальной (и в то же время безумно популярной). Сегодня читателями газеты являются преимущественно представители средних и высших классов с консервативными взглядами ( и, вероятно, приверженцами консервативной политики). The Daily Telegraph имеет хорошую репутацию за свои интересные статьи на различные темы и считается в Британии качественной газетой (как The Times, The Guardian, The Financial Times и The Independent). Газета публикуется в Лондоне и выпускается тиражом в 1 000 000 копий.
The Financial Times
The Financial Times – это Британская ежедневная газета, основанная в 1888 году. Газета предоставляет полный обзор событий на Британских и мировых биржах и рынках. В газету также включены статьи об основных событиях в мире бизнеса. The Financial Times также уважают за обзор и анализ мировых событий, а также статьи о литературе и искусстве. Газета стоит дороже, чем какая- либо другая британская газета. Она также печатается на характерной бумаге розового цвета. The Financial Times издается в Лондоне, а международное издание публикуется во Франкфурте, Нью-Йорк, и в Париже. Тираж газеты – около 290 000 копий.
Before you rea think over the following questions
BBC
BBC World is the BBC's commercially funded international 24-hour news and information channel broadcasting around the world from its base at BBC Television Centre in London. BBC World is an integral part of the BBC's commitment to global broadcasting. Viewers who wish to keep ahead of global news events, but not just the headlines - turn to BBC World for the story behind the headlines - the why's and how's of the event as well. BBC World keeps its viewers not just informed, but well informed, with in-depth analysis and cutting edge interviews.
BBC World provides news, business and sport and explains not only what is happening but why. The channels hourly news programmes offer unmatched, impartial, in-depth analysis of breaking news and events of global importance.
Through World Business Report and Middle East Business Report, BBC World covers the most important financial, economic and company stories, while Sport Today rounds up the results and news from a wide variety of different sports.
In addition to its news bulletins, BBC World also broadcasts the best of the BBCs lifestyle and factual programming, including the weekly documentary strand The World Uncovered; Top Gear, for motoring fans; Talking Movies, the channels flagship guide to cinema; and the Imagination series on culture and the arts.
The daily interview programme HARDtalk grills leading newsmakers from politics, religion, sport and entertainment; and the award-winning weekly interactive discussion show Talking Point offers viewers the chance to submit questions to opinion formers.
The channel’s dedicated 24-hour fully digital newsroom and studio is located at BBC Television Centre in London. It forms part of the worlds largest and most trusted newsgathering organisation and draws on the resources of more than 250 BBC News correspondents and 58 international BBC News bureaux across the globe.
BBC World brings impartial and objective journalism of the highest standard.
CNN
Cable News Network, almost always referred to by its first letters CNN, is a major U.S. cable news network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner. Upon its launch, CNN was the first station to provide 24-hour television news coverage, and the first all-news television network in the United States. While the news network has numerous affiliates, CNN primarily broadcasts from its headquarters at the CNN Centers in Atlanta, New York City, Washington, D.C. and Los Angeles.
After its introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the first newscast. Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television networks, several web sites, specialized closed-circuit networks (such as CNN Airport Network), and a radio network.
The network has 36 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world. The network's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for the Time Warner conglomerate's eventual acquisition of Turner Broadcasting.
A companion network, Headline News (originally called CNN2) was launched on January 1, 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. Headline News broke from its original format in 2005 with the addition of Headline Prime. The added Headline Prime programs featured confrontational personalities like radio talk-show host Glenn Beck and former Fulton County, Georgia prosecutor Nancy Grace.
CNN is sometimes referred to as CNN/U.S. to distinguish the North American channel from its international counterpart, CNN International. Its news gathering resources are second only to Britain's BBC News in the number of employed news journalists and worldwide news bureaus.
As of June 2008, CNN is available in over 93 million U.S. households. Broadcast coverage extends to over 890,000 American hotel rooms, and the U.S broadcast is also shown in Canada. Globally, CNN programming airs through CNN International, which can be seen by viewers in over 212 countries and territories.
The first CNN broadcast went live on June 1, 1980. By providing around-the-clock news reports and updates, the network became an alternative to the traditional morning and evening news cycle that had dominated television news since its inception. CNN gained further prominence with its exclusive live coverage of the Gulf War in 1991, which brought global attention to the network. A sister channel, Headline News (originally called CNN2), launched in 1982, and CNN International debuted in 1985. Since CNN's debut, more than 70 television networks have launched with 24-hour news coverage.
CNN's main slogan is "The Most Trusted Name in News.", which explicitly implies that they position themselves as the most reliable sourse of information.
(Adapted from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CNN by MK)
Listen to the tape and say whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE. Prove your viewpoint.
Before you read. Think over the following questions.
-When covering dramatic events what should reporters focus on: the factual account or in-depth analysis of causes and consequences?
-Do you think reporters’ scrutiny of government’s policy could influence decision-making process?
For first time since Sept. 11, cable and network news actively challenge administration
Aggressive reporting of the woefully slow government response to Hurricane Katrina has prompted some experts to believe TV news is finally waking up from a post-September 11, 2001, slumber.
Questioning the administration's response to the terrorist attacks and the subsequent invasion of Iraq was deemed unpatriotic in some circles, and that was reflected in the sometimes timid broadcast news coverage.
So when even Fox News, the cable network widely seen as a conservative alternative to the so-called liberal media, asked tough questions after Katrina and characterized the emergency response as inept, we knew change was in the air.
"There was a disconnect between what they (the government) were saying and what we were seeing on the ground," said Jerry Burke, executive producer at Fox News. "We had seen some of that kind of disconnect in Iraq but not as much as with Katrina. They even used some of the same terminology, saying, 'You're looking at it through a straw,' meaning we were just seeing a small part of the whole picture. But we had enough reporters on the ground to see otherwise."
Fox's Shepard Smith, who has been widely praised for tough reporting during Katrina, zinged the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the White House when he pointed out that survivors trying to flee New Orleans were being stopped and turned back at a bridge checkpoint. "Over there, there's hope," Smith said, his voice rising. "Over there, there is food and water. But you cannot go from here to there. The government will not allow you to do it. That's a fact."
And there was the famous exchange between ABC's Ted Koppel and former FEMA director Michael Brown in which Brown insisted, several days into the crisis, that he had no idea that life inside the New Orleans Superdome had become violent and squalid. Koppel's disbelief turned to palpable outrage when he bellowed, "How could you not know that? It's been reported for days now."
Last week, after FEMA told news organizations they would not be allowed to show dead bodies during recovery missions, CNN sued for permission and won. The initial ban was similar to the Pentagon's policy of restricting photos of soldiers' flag-draped coffins as they returned from Iraq.
But death is a reality of war and natural disasters and thus an integral part of any coverage. Nobody expects TV to show graphic images of the dead, but early on there were scenes of bodies floating face-down in the floods and slumped beside buildings.
So, has Katrina spawned a genuine mood shift in TV news?
"I don't think Katrina is the turning point so much as 2005 is the turning point," said Matthew Felling, media director of the Center for Media and Public Affairs, a nonprofit research group that studies the media. "It's an accumulation of things. In Iraq, it's the reality versus the perception and the whole debate of whether we're in the last throes of the insurgency or in for a dozen more years. The momentum has been building toward the media regaining its sea legs." Occasionally aggressive reporting has morphed into advocacy, but Felling draws a careful distinction between the two. "Advocacy is calling for action," Felling said. "Aggressive reporting is calling for answers."
Though reporters were helping arrange Katrina reunions in front of the cameras on an almost hourly basis, Fox's Burke insists his reporters were busy "seeing and reporting. They weren't there to hand out blankets and water. They're witnesses." Burke must not have seen Geraldo Rivera helping rescuers load children onto a helicopter.
The broadcast networks have all but ceded breaking news coverage to cable news. NBC, ABC and CBS devoted newscasts and prime-time specials to the hurricane, but constant coverage has been nonexistent. Considering the boost in ratings for all news outlets during the past couple of weeks, the broadcast networks might wish they had done more. NBC News has been the clear winner, increasing its evening news lead over ABC by nearly 10 percent. And last week's "Dateline NBC" was the No. 1 program, with more than 20 million people watching.
On the cable side, second-place CNN has gained the most in the past two weeks, about 70 percent more in total viewers. Fox, which is still the No. 1 cable news network, doubled its ratings with about 4 million viewers a day compared with CNN's 3 million.
The big news story of New Orleans is winding down. It will be replaced in the weeks and months to come by occasional updates of human interest, blame, scandal and political fallout. Whether the new assertiveness of reporters will diminish remains to be seen.
"What I hope is the legacy of the Katrina coverage is better coverage of policy decisions," Felling said. "The press corps covers policy makers in D.C. and gets lulled by talking points. But those policy decisions have real-world impact, which we saw in full force on the Gulf Coast. If we can connect the dots a little more between policy and effect, then we've earned our stripes as journalists."
Отражать (события); освещение (событий); зрители; находиться перед объективами; рейтинг; увеличить разрыв между; пропаганда; поворотный момент; неотъемлемая часть; выпуск новостей; журналисты (собират.); прайм-тайм; экстренный выпуск; вдвое повысить рейтинг; репортаж с места событий; подвергать резкой критике; ограничение на демонстрацию чего-либо; подавать в суд на; сообщать о новостях; кабельная сеть; исполнительный продюсер; репортер; смена настроений; реакция на; ставить под сомнение; резкий рост рейтинга; диалог; СМИ
To zing; coverage; to break news; boost in ratings; to cover; advocacy; to restrict; to increase one’s lead over smb; integral part; on the ground; to sue for; tough reporting; turning point; news story; exchange
1. Во время войны в Ираке перед объективами беспристрастных журналистов происходили и печальные, и радостные события, например, гибель американских солдат в перестрелке или приезд Президента в часть на день Благодарения. 2. К сожалению, в последнее время репортажи с мест взрывов и терактов стали неотъемлемой частью почти каждого выпуска новостей. 3. Формально СМИ у нас независимы, однако, журналистам не рекомендуется ставить под сомнение политику правительства. 4. Во время освещения этих событий репортажи часто превращались в открытую пропаганду взглядов НАТО на данный вопрос. 5. В связи с развитием регионального вещания национальных телеканалов все больше местных кабельных сетей открывают их представительства в регионах. 6. Когда происходит некое событие, важное с политической или экономической точки зрения, журналисты буквально дерутся за то, кто первым сообщит эту новость в выпуске новостей, так как от этого напрямую зависят рейтинги телекомпаний. 7. Скандал с Моникой Левински явился поворотным моментом в карьере президента Клинтона, так как он изменил отношение общественности к президенту, а также привел к смене настроений в СМИ. 8. Эксклюзивная информация с места событий, и, в особенности, эксклюзивные кадры, всегда резко повышают рейтинги новостийных программ. 9. Майкл Джонсон, который всегда был классным репортером, репортажи которого с места событий неизменно приводили к резкому росту рейтинга канала, получил повышение и стал ведущим программы новостей, однако, в этом амплуа он не добился сколько-нибудь значительных успехов. 10. Хотя официально журналистам разрешено сообщать обо всех событиях и показывать все, что угодно, существует негласное ограничение на демонстрацию на экране тел людей, погибших в результате стихийных бедствий и террористических актов. 11. Ток-шоу этого известного ведущего отличается тем, что оно адекватно отражает происходящие в стране политические процессы. 12. Прайм тайм – это самое дорогое эфирное время; обычно, в это время каналы показывают высокорейтинговые передачи или фильмы, однако, если происходят какие-то яркие и значительные события, передачи прерывают экстренные выпуски новостей. 13. Сенатор, чьи высказывания комментатор канала подверг резкой критике в прямом эфире, подал на телекомпанию в суд. 14. Благодаря тому, что его репортеры этого канала первыми оказались на месте теракта, разрыв между его рейтингом и рейтингами других каналов увеличился чуть ли не вдвое . 15. К сожалению, качество программы новостей держится не только на таланте журналистов, операторов и телеведущих; очень многое зависит также от программного директора и исполнительного продюсера. 16. Этот ведущий явно не образец беспристрастности. Его комментарии часто больше похожи на агитацию в поддержку одного из участников. 17. Опытный журналист всегда вовремя понимает, когда основная тема выпуска новостей перестает быть актуальной и привлекать внимание зрителей.
Телевидение и радиовещание Великобритании
1.В Великобритании существуют давние традиции общественного теле- и радиовещания, которое завоевало авторитет во всем мире благодаря творческому подходу к созданию программ.
Корпорация Би-би-си начала вести ежедневное радиовещание еще в 1922 году и вскоре играла ключевую роль в жизни страны. Би-би-си финансируется за счет лицензионного сбора, который должна платить каждая семья, имеющая телевизор.
2.Коммерческое телевидение пришло в 1955 г с открытием канала ITV. В 70-е годы появилось и коммерческое радио. Впрочем, еще на 60-е пришелся расцвет пиратских радиостанций, вещавших с судов в нейтральных водах до их запрещения. В настоящее время конкурентами Би-би-си в борьбе за аудиторию являются сотни частных радиостанций и телевизионных каналов.
3.Самыми популярными программами уже долгое время остаются местные сериалы. Британские телезрители с живым интересом следят за перипетиями судеб обитателей как Альберт-сквер в восточной части Лондона, где происходит действие сериала Би-би-си Eastenders, так и Коронейшн-стрит в сериале ITV о жизни рабочего класса на севере Англии. Сейчас на пике популярности находятся программы, в которых на всеобщее обозрение выставляются самые обычные люди - этот жанр получил название "телевидение реальности".
5. В быстроменяющемся цифровом мире британские медийные провайдеры ищут новые пути предоставления услуг через компьютеры и личные многомедийные устройства.
Основным телевизионным сетям Великобритании, которые традиционно преобладали на рынке вещания, серьезную конкуренцию теперь составляют спутниковое и кабельное телевидение, которые предлагают зрителям сотни каналов. Есть и наземное цифровое телевещание, состоящее из ограниченного числа преимущественно бесплатных каналов. К 2006 году 70 процентов домов в Великобритании имели доступ к многоканальному телевидению. Цифровое радиовещание развивается медленно, однако и у Би-би-си, и у ряда коммерческих станций появились программы, которые можно послушать только в цифровом варианте
Before you read think over the following questions.
- How has the censorship affected different cultures around the world and your country?
- Does the censorship have a positive or a negative influence on modern society?
Views about censorship are of two main kinds.Proponents of censorship take the view that the loss of freedom that censorship involves is a necessary evil because without censorship there is likely to be a far greater loss of freedom than with it. Opponents of censorship argue that censorship itself is a far greater threat to freedom, than any dangers it supposedly guards against.
Those who favour censorship base their arguments on the view that, if left to their own devices, human beings do not always act in the best interests of their fellow men and women. They need to be protected from themselves by governments in much the same way that parents need to protect their children from the consequences of some of their natural instincts. To believe otherwise is seen as at best naïve, at worst plain foolish.
Thus, without censorship, supporters of this view argue, it would be impossible for governments to prevent military secrets from reaching country’s enemies. Likewise, unless the government has same control over the media, irresponsible journalists or broadcasters would be free to create unrest by spreading false information. By the same token, it is argued that it is necessary to have laws against matters such as pornography in order to protect the rights of vulnerable groups within society, such as women.
Supporters of this general view believe that the threat to human rights would be much greater without the protection of censorship. The means are seen as justifying the end: it is better to sacrifice small amount of freedom. According to their views, there is really no such thing as freedom in the interests of ultimately creating much greater overall freedom, but there are only merely uncontrolled opportunities for the more powerful and unscrupulous to exploit the weaker and law-abiding.
Opponents of censorship accept that human beings do not always act in the best interests of their fellow citizens. They differ from from supporters of censorship, however, in terms of what they see as the remedy. According to their view, the best guarantee of human rights is a society with as few restrictions as possible, much as the role of parents can be seen as not just to control their children but to help them to grow up to be responsible adults. Thus the responsibility for regulating society is seen to belong primarily to the ordinary citizen rather than the government. This view acknowledges human weaknesses, but also recognizes the potential of humanity for self-regulation.
Thus, from this point of view, it is up to the individual citizen to take whatever action the law permits regarding matters such as unfair or inaccurate newspaper, television or media reporting, pornography, and so on. As a first line of defence, citizens have the choice of denying the offending material an audience, simply by switching off or refusing to buy. Beyond this, the argument runs, citizens can use the existing laws of the land against obscenity, libel, slander and so on, without the need for an extra level of censorship-based legislation. It is also argued by supporters of this view that a responsible citizenry is the best defence against irresponsible behaviour by those set on attempting to exploit their fellow citizens.
Thus, while allowing that there may be times of national emergency, such as war, when censorship is justified, opponents of censorship would argue that it is in general unnecessary, and takes away from ordinary citizens a role that is rightfully theirs, and gives to government one that is inappropriate. Opponents of censorship also point out that its supporters are naïve in their assumption that governments are always more benign than the forces they oppose. It is only too easy for the censorship to be exploited as a weapon of oppresion by a ruthless government.
In conclusion, censorship can perhaps best be regarded as a mixed blessing. It has the potential to protect society from harmful influences, but, equally, it may act as a harmful influence itself. It may be impossible to say whether censorship is ever totally beneficial or not. Much will depend on the circumstances in which it operates. In a society, which is relatively immature and insecure, it may provide much-needed stability and protection. In other societies, however, it may act as a brake on liberties, or worst of all, be used as an instrument of repression and terror.
Listen to the tape and say whether these statements are TRUE or FALSE. Prove your viewpoint.
1. Clinton has called on Chinese authorities to carry out a thorough investigation into the cyber attack. ___________________
2. This alleged cyber attack prompted Google to think of leaving China’s market. __________________
3. China's diplomatic relationship with the United States may deteriorate through Clinton’s reference to “politically motivated censorship.”______
4. Hillary Clinton believes that countries that restrict free access to information violate the basic human rights. _______________
6. China's Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Ma Zhaoxu says that Internet is not censored in China and is managed according to the law._______
8. A Chinese blogger says the Internet should be managed according to Chinese laws as it is the issue of "domestic politics". __________________
9. The United States is supporting the development of new technologies which will help citizens circumvent Internet censorship in China. ________
Before you read think over the following questions.
- How does the intervention of paparazzi into privacy influence their victims’ life and career?
- Are there any legal ways to fight against this intervention?
Britain's Courts are, in effect, legislating to protect privacy and restrain the tabloids. It sounds good, but it's dangerous.
«I'm with you on a free press, it's the newspapers I can't stand,» says a character in Tom Stoppard's play, Night and Day. Britain's Judges appear to agree: it seems they tend to curb the freedom of the press to protect individuals' privacy.
For a nation of secretive people, Britain is curiously casual about privacy. Its newspapers intrude on the lives of their subjects, celebrated or obscure, more than those in any other country. That is partly because the newspaper business, with ten national daily papers fighting for a shrinking market, is viciously competitive. But it is also because governments have been unwilling to take on the press and legislate, in the way that most other rich countries have, to protect the privacy of individuals.
In Britain, the press is left to regulate itself through the Press Complaints Commission. The PCC’s reputation is currently at a low ebb. It recently lost its chairman, Lord Wakeham, who stepped down because he is a director of Enron. Lord Wakeham is regarded as an excellent fixer whose skill at managing his relationship with powerful people is not matched by a determination to protect the targets of the tabloids. Charles Moore, editor of the Daily Telegraph, says he dislikes, "the cosy relationship between the PCC's chairman, its director and the tabloids."
Two recent decisions have been widely criticised. The PCC upheld a complaint from Tony Blair about a diary item in the Daily Telegraph which revealed that his 17-year-old son Euan had been interviewed for a place at Trinity College, Oxford. As the university's admissions policy had recently been attacked by the chancellor for being "an old boy network" and the head of the college, Lord Beloff, was a close friend of the Blairs, the paper understandably defended the piece on public-interest grounds. The PCC disagreed, saying the article was an unnecessary intrusion.
The PCC took a different line when the Sunday People published a set of nude pictures of Sara Cox, a radio presenter, and her husband on their honeymoon. The paper's editor, Nell Wallis, a member of the PCC’s code committee, apologised. That was sufficient for the commission but not for Ms Cox. She is now suing for damages which are likely to be sizeable. The Daily Star, which published snatched seminude pictures of Amanda Holden, an actress, paid Ј40,000 damages and Ј75,000 in costs in an out-of-court settlement last year.
A decade ago, intrusion into the lives of minor celebrities was not something that courts felt they could remedy. In 1987, Gordon Kaye, an actor, was photographed lying in hospital with serious head injuries. His claim against the Sunday Sport was dismissed in 1990. The court ruled that "there is no right to privacy."
But now the Judges are brandishing the Human Rights Act, which incorporates the European Convention on Human Rights, and guarantees a right to privacy. Six years ago, Lord Bingham, then Lord Chief Justice, warned that if the government failed to legislate on privacy, "the courts will not be found wanting." During the passage of the HRA , the Lord Chancellor, Lord Irvine, said that the judges were "pen-poised" to develop a privacy law.
A series of cases before the courts shows that the Judges were serious. Catherine Zeta-Jones and Michael Douglas, for instance, have brought a case against Hello!. They had granted its rival, OK!, exclusive rights to the photographs of their wedding. That did not stop Hello! from getting its own pictures and publishing them. In a preliminary ruling, the Court of Appeal declined to grant an injunction but said that there was an arguable right to privacy even though the actors had approved use of the wedding photographs elsewhere.
Another case still before the courts was brought by Naomi Campbell, a model, against the Mirror, which published a photograph of her leaving a meeting of Narcotics Anonymous. Judgment on the action, brought on grounds of privacy and breach of confidence, has been reserved; but informed sources predict that Ms Campbell is likely to win.
Lord Justice Sedley, one of the three judges in the Douglas and Zeta-Jones case, went so far as to say: "The law recognises and will appropriately protect a right of personal privacy." If celebrity claimants are to have commercial agreements protected by a right to privacy, then there will be a flood of speculative litigation.
The main consequence of judicial activism will be to threaten the livelihoods of tabloid newspapers and the paparazzi who feed them. Nobody is likely to cry about that since the tabloids are generally despised even by those who read them. But there is something more serious at stake. Law put together piecemeal by the courts will be messy, and it risks protecting secrecy that should be exposed as well as privacy that shouldn't.
Не выносить; истец; вмешиваться в частную жизнь; ежедневные газеты; папарацци; не желать, избегать; редактор; предъявлять иск к кому-либо; обнаруживать, раскрывать, обнародовать; давать интервью; вторжение, вмешательство; знаменитость; взяться за прессу, заняться прессой; публиковать; подавать в суд с целью взыскать компенсацию за ущерб; претензия, иск против кого-то; постановить (о суде); гарантировать право на частную жизнь; дело, рассматриваемое судом; предоставлять эксклюзивные права; центральные газеты; предварительное постановление; судебный запрет; ущемлять свободу нарушение конфиденциальности; информированные источники; желтая газета; тяжба, судебное разбирательство; улаживание конфликта без обращения в суд.
To agree; private life; violation of secrecy; to sue; to loathe; court proceedings; to interfere into; to begin dealing with; yellow paper; to publicise; intervention; to appeal to the court; amicable agreement; famous people; suit; to make a decision (about court); to restrain; restraining order; plaintiff; to be reluctant.
1. Вчера все центральные ежедневные газеты обнародовали причины катастрофы. 2. Журналисты в поисках славы и денег часто вторгаются в частную жизнь знаменитостей. 3. Редактор согласился с точкой зрения автора передовицы. 4. Президент выразил нежелание поддержать министра печати в данном вопросе. 5. Западные аналитики считают, что недавно принятый закон о прессе нацелен на ограничение ее свободы. 6. Известно, что многие знаменитости терпеть не могут журналистов и папарацци.7. Недавние события заставляют задуматься о необходимости заняться проблемой вмешательства СМИ в частную жизнь. 8. Желтые газеты часто искажают информацию, предоставленную людьми, у которых берут интервью. 9. Только одна ежедневная газета решилась опубликовать эту сенсационную информацию. 10. После известного инцидента во время пресс-конференции, одна из журналисток подала в суд на Филиппа Киркорова и потребовала возмещения морального ущерба. 11. В конце концов редактору удалось добиться мирного соглашения без привлечения суда, заплатив актрисе 20 тысяч фунтов за опубликование компрометирующих ее фотографий.12. Судья отклонил иск этого певца против газеты «The Sun». 13. Первый канал получил эксклюзивные права на освещение визита Монсеррат Кабалье в Москву. 14. Европейская конвенция о правах человека гарантирует право индивидуума на сохранение в тайне его частной жизни. 15. Суд наложил запрет на использование данных материалов в прессе. 16. В своей статье, посвященной причинам гибели подводной лодки «Курск», автор ссылался на хорошо информированные источники. 17. После опубликования этой статьи давшего интервью сотрудника Администрации Президента обвинили в нарушении конфиденциальности и разглашении секретных сведений.18. Судебные разбирательства по поводу вторжения в частную жизнь стали привычным делом для большинства голливудских актеров.
Think what can be disputed in a defamation case. Who usually participates in such cases? Listen and discuss the situation.
1.
В стране, где государство до сих пор считает СМИ придатком исполнительной власти, ежедневная газета может исчезнуть почти бесследно. 31 марта вышел последний номер молодой газеты "Курьер" с тиражом 35 тыс. экземпляров, известной своими ярыми нападками на администрацию. Газета прекратила свое существование, вызвав недоумение многих наблюдателей.
Представитель Фонда защиты гласности сказал: "В один прекрасный день прибыл генеральный директор и заявил, что газета закрывается. Никто не предупредил ни журналистов, ни читателей".
2.Однако, бывший редактор газеты и глава Национального союза журналистов, сказал, что причина была вовсе не загадочной. "Она была чисто коммерческой. Убытки были больше прибылей". По его словам, он предупредил журналистов за несколько месяцев, но не мог предупредить читателей, пока окончательное решение не было принято. Закрытие газеты, которая в течение некоторого времени была одним из самых непримиримых критиков правящей партии, произошло почти без шума в стране, где большинство СМИ работают на государство. Но исчезновение "Курьера" было первым среди либеральных печатных изданий, создающих угрозу того, что настанет такой момент, когда смолкнет последний голос, критикующий правительство в центре политической жизни.
3. С тех пор как администрация взялась за дело, ряд крупных изданий с тиражом около 1,5 млн отклоняются от политической линии, приемлемой для правительства. Когда на правительства нападают более серьезные издания, последствия могут оказаться тяжелыми.
Несмотря на эти проблемы, небольшое количество печатных СМИ, называющих себя "либеральной прессой", до недавнего времени выходило беспрепятственно. Их тираж слишком мал для того, чтобы их материалы могли вызвать недовольство в правящих кругах. Но, к сожалению, их финансовая зависимость от представителей бизнеса отражается на объективности освещения событий.
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