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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
МОСКОВСКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ПИЩЕВЫХ ПРОИЗВОДСТВ
ИОАНИДИ М.С., ПУШНОВА П.М.
по развитию навыков и умений чтения и устной речи
на английском языке для студентов
для студентов 1 курса (часть 2А)
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Утверждено научно-методической комиссией Департамента гуманитарной подготовки 18 ноября 2002 года |
Рецензенты:
Стороженко В.А., к. пед. н., профессор, зав. кафедрой «Иностранные языки» МГУПП
Монахова И.В., доцент кафедры «Иностранные языки» МГУПП
ПРЕДИСЛОВИЕ
Методические указания предназначены для студентов 1-го курса всех институтов и состоят из 2 – частей: 2 А и 2 Б.
Целью данной работы является формирование и развитие умений и навыков чтения на базе учебного материала по общепищевой тематике. Вместе с тем предусматривается развитие навыков и умений других видов речевой деятельности.
Работа содержит различного рода упражнения, основанные на лексическом и грамматическом материале, содержащемся в "Meтодических указаниях по обучению чтению на 1-м курсе "Пушновой П.М. и Иоаниди М.С. (часть 1). Предтекстовые упражнения позволяют снять лексико-грамматические трудности текстов, формируя потенциальный словарь. Послетекстовые упражнения предусматривают закрепление лексики и грамматики. Имеются также задания для ведения беседы по тематике текстов /в диалогической и монологической форме речи/.
Данные методические указания являются 1 – ой частью пособия (часть 2 А).
Текст№ 1 "What is Food?"
Грамматика "Причастие и его функции" стр. 5 - 13
Текст № 2 "Carbohydrates"
Грамматика "Герундий и его функции" стр. 14 - 20
Текст № 3 "Fats"
Грамматика " – ING forms" стр. 20 - 27
Текст № 4 "Proteins"
Грамматика "Инфинитив и его функции" стр. 27 - 35
“Многофункциональность “it, one, that”
TEXT N 1 "WHAT IS FOOD?"
PRE-TEXT EXERCISES
1. Переведите на русский язык данные словосочетания.
to stop the growth;to lose the capacity to work; to supply the body with food; to consume nutritive food; to define complex substances;
to regulate body processes; to meet body’s needs for energy; to depend upon the ability of the body; to classify food constituents into se veral groups; to make up/to constitute the largest quantity of food constituents; to list chief constituents; to eat/to take in various foods; to supplement the list of food constituents, to accept bread, milk, meat, eggs and vegetables as staple foods, to build and repair tissues; to regard as a particular function; to refer to substances.
2. Укажите номера русских эквивалентов.
1. if 2 .often 3 .as 4. Both ... and 5. primarily 6. though 7. through
I. главным образом 2. как ... так и З. хотя 4. часто 5. в качестве 6. если 7. посредством / через
3.Прочитайте и переведите текст.
ASSIGNMENTS
1. а) Назовите глаголы, соответствующие данным существительным.
constituent, utilization, consumption, loss, contribution, reference, repairing, classification, regulation, dependence
б) Переведите на английский язык.
потреблять питательную и разнообразную пищу; способствовать жизнедеятельности организма; ссылаться на вещества как основу диеты человека; зависеть от ежедневного питания; классифицировать составляющие пищи на группы; восстанавливать ткани; составлять наибольшее количество; терять способность работать; использовать питательную ценность продуктов; регулировать жизненные процессы организма
2. Найдите в тексте синонимы выделенных слов.
food is necessary to the nutrition of any human being; if the quantity or type of food is not sufficient; foods which we take in are often complicated substances; the benefit that food makes to the body; the main constituents of foods are divided into six groups; the capability of the body to use food constituents; the body’s requirement for energy is satisfied through carbohydrates, proteins and fats; the regulation of body processes is usually considered as a special function of water and other chief food constituents; water, proteins and carbohydrates constitute the largest amount of food constituents
3. Укажите номера антонимичных пар.
1. complex 2. adequate 3. loss 4. essential 5. ability 6. common
l. find 2.disability 5. particular 4. insufficient 5. simple 6. unnecessary
4. Укажите номера пропущенных сказуемых.
I.The chief constituents of food ... into six groups. 2.The body processes ... by means of the chief constituents of food. 3. When the amount of food is inadequate the capacity to work ... 4.The regulation of body processes ... as the function of water, organic acids, minerals, cellulose and vitamins. 5. Foods…to as substances which supply energy, build and repair tissues, and regulate body processes.6. The body’s need for energy ... through carbohydrates, proteins and fats. 7. Food … of various constituents such as fats, proteins and carbohydrates. 8.The substances forming a part of our usual diet ... as food. 9. The need for building and repairing tissues is primarily met by proteins and minerals, though these ... by other constituents. 10. Food constituents and their contribution to the body ... at the next lecture.
1. is made up 2. is met 3. are referred 4. are classified 5. will be discussed 6. are regulated 7. are supplemented 8. is regarded 9. is lost 10. are defined
5. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя причастие и причастные обороты.
1. Пища cчитается питательной, когда она содержит углеводы, белки, жиры, витамины, минеральные вещества, органические кислоты и воду – вещества, называемые главными составляющими пищи. 2. Потребность организма в энергии удовлетворяется посредством главных составляющих пищи, потребляемой организмом. З. На нормальное развитие организма значительно влияет съедаемая им пища. 4. Организм может нормально функционировать, потребляя питательную и разнообразную пищу. 5. Используя термин "пища", ученые подразумевают вещества, составляющие часть обычного питания. 6. Вклад, вносимый пищевыми продуктами, зависит от их составляющих. 7. Нам дали задание, включавшее анализ состава нового молочного продукта. 8. Когда составляющие пищи были изучены, их классифицировали на группы. 9. Когда пища потребляется организмом, она претерпевает огромные изменения. 10. Если организм не обеспечивается энергией, он прекращает свой рост и развитие.
ГРАММАТИЧЕСКАЯ ТЕМА "НЕЛИЧНЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА:
1. Выражают действие без указания лица, числа и наклонения.
2. Не могут выступать в предложении в роли сказуемого (а только его части); выполняют другие функции.
3. Формы времени имеют относительное значение, а не абсолютное, т.е. конкретное время совершения действия определяется сказуемым предложения.
PARTICIPLE
|
формы |
ACTIVE |
PASSIVE |
соотнесение с действием сказуемого |
|
PI |
opening speaking |
being opened being spoken |
одновременность будущее |
|
PII |
_____________ |
opened spoken |
|
|
Perfect Participle |
having opened having spoken |
having been opened having been spoken |
предшествование |
GERUND
|
формы |
ACTIVE |
PASSIVE |
соотнесение с действием сказуемого |
|
Gerund Indefinite |
opening speaking |
being opened being spoken |
одновременность будущее |
|
Gerund Perfect |
having opened having spoken |
having been opened having been spoken |
предшествование |
INFINITIVE
|
формы |
ACTIVE |
PASSIVE |
соотнесение с действием сказуемого |
|
Infinitive Indefinite |
to open to speak |
to be opened to be spoken |
одновременность будущее |
|
Infinitive Continuous |
to be opening to be speaking |
______________ |
|
PerfectInfinitive |
to have opened to have spoken |
to have been opened to have been spoken |
предшествование |
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ПО ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕМЕ
«ПРИЧАСТИЕ И ЕГО ФУНКЦИИ».
(см. таблицу стр. 8)
1. Определение /правое и левое/
Употребляется Р I и P II; перевод – причастием
Переведите на русский язык:
A. a growing body, an increasing supply, a working organism, a controlling device ;
foods containing proteins, food providing energy, enterprises producing foods, substances regulating body processes, foods supplying building material, constituents composing food, chemists defining food;
B. the analysed substance, a commonly used term, the supplied energy, a defined
constituent, the estimated contribution of foods; food constituents classified into different groups, substances regarded as food, energy consumed by a body, the contribution made by a food, foodstuffs manufactured at our enterprises, the capacity to work lost because of the lack of food, the body’s need for energy met through carbohydrates, proteins and fats
С. Назовите соответствующую форму причастия; переведите на русский язык.
foods (to produce) at this factory; food (to supply) a body with energy; food constituents (to classify) into six groups; sub stances (to regulate) body processes; a man (to lose) the capacity to work; people (to eat) fatty food; a food (to make contribution to the body; food constituents (to list) in this text; food composition (to study) by chemists; experiments (to carry out) in their laboratory
2. Часть сказуемого.
Употребляется Р I и P II; перевод - личной формой глагола
Переведите на русский язык:
1. Foods are regarded as substances capable of meeting one or more body needs. 2. The nutritive value of these substances was much spoken about. 3. Much attention will be paid to the production of baby foods. 4. The health of a human being is greatly affected by the quality and variety of food. 5. The study of the constituents of the new food product was followed by the analysis of its nutritive value. 6. Many experiments with non-fat dry milk were followed by its commercial manufacturing. 7. We were asked to define the main characteristics of proteins. 8. People have used milk, butter and cheese since ancient times. 9. The role of many vitamins has not been determined yet. 10. At the beginning of the year our plant will produce this kind of bread. 11. Many years had passed before industrial production of butter began. 12. When the experiment had been completed its results were discussed with the head of the laboratory. 13. They were examining the composition of the substance at that moment. 14. We are examinihg the nutritive value of a new kind of butter. 15. The role of newly discovered vitamins is being studied by scientists of different countries.
3. Обстоятельство
Употребляется P I, P II, Perf. P; перевод – а/ деепричастием / если в A.V/
б/ личной ф.гл. / если в Р.V/
Переведите на русский язык:
А. 1. Introducing computers people can automate different operations in food processing. 2. Storing foods for a long time one should remember about temperature conditions. 3. Analyzing the new product they subjected it to chemical treatment. 4. Speaking about of baby food nutritionists recommend various milk products. 5. When using the word "energy" nutritionists mean the capacity to do work. 6. Even accepting the fact that life without fats is impossible human diet should not contain any large amount of fat. 7. Consuming food the body cannot digest it without its chemical changes. 8. Defining food scientists regard it as substances supplying a body with certain nutrients. 9. While studying the food composition chemists found a great variety of its constituents. 10. When classifying food constituents scientists determined their functions.
B. 1. Having elaborated new technologies manufacturers greatly contributed to the development of the food industry. 2. Having introduced computers people began to automate many processes of food manufacturing. 3. Having built a number of large modern sugar-producing plants all over the country we could considerably increase sugar production. 4. Having studied the chief food constituents scientists classified them into several groups. 5. Having analysed the new bread product the technologist gave his recommendations. 6. Having discovered the nutritive value of cereals people included them into their diet. 7. Having obtained the first starch from wheat ancient people used it not only as food but also for making papyrus. 8. Having tested a great variety of foods chemists defined the role of organic acids in nutrition. 9. Having investigated certain foods rich in carbohydrates scientists found that their sweet taste depended upon sugar present in them. 10. Having experimented with this wheat variety the selectionists made it more stable to cold winter.
С. Дайте английские эквиваленты следующих глагольных форм:
классифицируя, предполагая, перечислив, дополнив, регулируя, сославшись, потеряв, снабжая, удовлетворив, изучая, исследуя, съев, составив, потребляя, содействуя, образуя, нуждаясь, рассматривая, определив
D. Назовите соответствующие формы причастия; переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. (to solve) food problems nutritionists must overcome many difficulties. 2. (to study) the high nutritive value of vitamins scientists recognized their great role in human diet. 3. (to complete)the research of the new method of quality control of grain the investigator wrote an interesting article on his results. 4. (to store) meat under improper conditions they suffered great losses. 5. (to define) the role of any product in nutrition it is essential to know its composition and characteristics. 6. (to analyse) the characteristics of wheat scientists classified it into varieties. 7. (to study) the role of organic acids contained in food scientists found their ability to meet the body’s need for energy.
Е. Ознакомьтесь с моделью перевода причастного оборота с причастием в пассивной форме.
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When translated the article will be published in this magazine. - Когда статья будет переведена, она будет напечатана в этом журнале. |
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If translated the article can be used in your work. - Если статью переведут, она может быть использована в вашей работе. Having been translated by a good specialist the article had no mistakes. - Так как статья переведена хорошим специалистом, она не содержала ошибок. Having been translated the article was published in this magazine. - Когда статья была переведена, она была опубликована в этом журнале. |
1. Укажите номера словосочетаний (причастных оборотов), которые следует перевести на русский язык придаточным предложением времени, причины или условия.
1. Having used 2. When heated 3. Having been regulated 4. Being supplemented 5. While studying 6. When eaten 7. Having been accepted 8. If supplied 9. When consuming 10. Having classified 11. Being utilized 12. While analysing 13. Having built 14. Having been repaired
2. Переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
1. When subjected to heat treatment fruit and vegetables considerably lose their vitamin content. 2. When taken into a body food undergoes great chemical changes. 3. When studied the substance will be included into a certain group of minerals. 4. If frozen water turns into ice. 5. If eaten fresh, fruit contribute to body’s activity much greater. 6. Being greatly affected by nutrition the body must be supplied with adequate food. 7. If tested for the nutritive value with positive results a new food can be produced on the industrial scale. 8.Having been analysed the compounds were called carbohydrates because of their constituents-carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 9. Having been carefully studied food constituents were classified into definite groups.
PRE-TEXT EXERCISES
I. Укажите номера русских эквивалентов.
l. like 2 .by means of 3. whether 4. mostly 5. although 6. the same 7. comparatively 8. frequently 9. a number of 10. as
1. сравнительно 2. в то время как 3. множество 4. часто 5. ли 6. тот же самый 7. главным образом 8. подобно 9. посредством 10. хотя
2. Пользуясь моделью, переведите следующие предложения.
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Перевод придаточных предложений (дополнительного, подлежащего и сказуемого), вводимых союзом «whether» / «if «-ли»: СКАЗУЕМОЕ +"ли" + ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕЕ …Whether these products will be subjected to special treatment depends upon the period of their storage. - Будут ли эти продукты подвергнуты специальной обработке, зависит от периода их хранения. |
1. Whether this substance contains carbohydrates will be shown by chemical analysis. 2. If our laboratory will take part in this re search has not been discussed yet. 3. Chemists of the past did not know for sure whether foods were composed of organic substances. 4. For a long time scientists tried to find out if enzymes were living organisms or not.
3. Выделите префиксы в данных прилагательных и укажите их значение.
inorganic, insufficient, ineffective, insoluble, inactive; impure, improper ,impossible; irregular, irrational, irrelative;illogical, il literate, illegal; unnatural, uncommon, unusual
4.Прочитайте и переведите текст
ASSIGNMENTS
I. Укажите номера пропущенных предлогов; переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. Food is considered high or low ... carbohydrates according ... their amount to its total weight. 2. To meet the requirements of the body ... energy food must be high ... carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins and minerals. 3. ... means of these experiments we shall define the amount … starch in this substance. 4. Starch is a carbohydrate more complex ... nature than any of sugars. 5. A number ... food constituents have a part ... stimulating and regulating body processes. 6. The utilization of organic acids in the body for energy is similar ... that of starches and sugars. 7. Any kind of sugar is responsible ... a sweet taste of certain foods.
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l. by 2. for 3. in 4. to 5. of |
2.Переведите на русский язык данные словосочетания, учитывая много значность слов «part» и «mean».
1. parts of a body, the part of grain, parts of the plant;
2. to take part in research, to have a part in producing sugar;
3. to play a significant part in the food industry; they took an active part in the investigation.
means средство/а, способ
meaning "in yeast";
by means of synthesis; by means of heating; by no means; by all means.
3. Укажите номера синонимичных пар.
1. complex 2. production 3. step 4. ability 5. surplus 6. to meet requirements 7. like 8. bulk 9. commonly 10. to be high in 11. to be low in 12. sufficient
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1. excess 2. to be deficient in 3. to satisfy needs 4. usually 5. adequate 6. stage 7. to be rich in 8. complicated 9. mass 10. manufacture 11. similar 12. capability |
4. Укажите номера антонимичных пар.
1. simple 2.ability 3.like 4.to be high in 5.total
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1.to be low in 2.unlike 3.partial 4. complex 5.disability |
5. Переведите на английский язык данные предложения, используя герундий.
1. Углеводы, как одна из важных составляющих пищи являются предметом изучения многих ученых. 2. Ученые начали изучать углеводы с проблемы образования сахара и крахмала в растении. 3. Крахмал образуется сочетанием углерода, кислорода и водорода. 4. Способность растений про изводить крахмал и сахар была известна давно. 5. Ученые интересова лись синтезированием природных химических составляющих углеводов. 6. Ученые доказали, что промежуточным этапом производства крахмала растением является образование сахара. 7. Получая углерод и кислород из воздуха посредством своего хлорофилла, растение соединяет их с водой и образует сахар. 8. Не потребляя сахар, растение не может развиваться. 9. Место хранения избытка сахара зависит от растения. 10. К углеводам также относится клетчатка, способная обеспечивать материал для регулирования процессов организма.
«ГЕРУНДИИ И ЕГО ФУНКЦИИ»
(см. таблицу стр. 8)
I. Назовите формы герундия, выражающие: а/ одновременность действия, б/ предшествование.
1. having been stored 2. containing 3. having dissolved 4. being utilized 5. having provided 6. finding 7. having been manufactured 8. being supplied 9. having been built 10. being brought 11. having depended 12. producing 13. being carried 14. bringing 15. being stimulated
2. Функции герундия в предложении.
А. Подлежащее перевод: 1/ существительным
2/ неопредел. ф. глагола.
1. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. Consuming foods rich in carbohydrates is essential for any human being. 2. Understanding the composition of foods had to wait for several discoveries in chemistry. 3. Supplying a body with food is essential for its activity. 4. Heating and freezing foods help to store them for a long time. 5. Translating such articles is quite necessary for you. 6. Baking is the most important process in breadmaking. 7. Cleaning grain involves the removal of dirt and foreign materials (impurities).
2. Сравните данные пары предложений:
1. Manufacturing sugar and starch by a plant is a complex process in nature. Manufacturing sugar the plant takes carbon and oxygen from the air and combines these with water from the soil. 2. Estimating the food value of cereals is mainly based on the physical and chemical characteristics of the grain. Estimating the value of cereals scientists determine the physical and chemical characteristics of the grain. 3. Pasteurizing foods was introduced in the 19th century. Pasteurizing foods we protect them from spoilage.
3. Укажите номера словосочетаний, содержащих герундий.
1. Making such experiments we should remember ... 2. Heating will accelerate ... 3. Solving such problems helps to improve ... 4. Finishing the experiment he tried to … 5. Combining oxygen, hydrogen and water the plant produces ... 6. Improving the quality of foods is one of the tasks ... 7. Studying the composition of food has resulted in ...
Б. Часть сказуемого перевод: 1/ неопред. ф. глагола
2/ существительным
1. Переведите на русский язык.
1. 0ur plan is manufacturing baby foods rich in carbohydrates. 2. People began studying the food constituents long ago. 3. Scientists still continue investigating the functions of food constituents. 4. Their task was developing a more efficient method of raw sugar processing. 5. 0ne of the main processes in bread production is baking.
2. Сравните данные пары предложений:
1. He was studying the properties of vitamins at that period of time. His task was studying the properties of vitamins at that period of time. 2. The main function of food is supplying a living organism with energy. This plant is still supplying our laboratory with instruments and tools. 3. They were testing a new method of quality control then I came to their laboratory. The problem was testing a new method of quality control developed by our laboratory.
В. Дополнение перевод: 1/существительным
2/неопр. ф. глагола.
1. Chemists were interested in studying the chemical changes of the food consumed by the body. 2. Their research has resulted in classifying food constituents into several groups. 3. Foods are prevented from deteriorating by different methods. 4. Like sugar, starch is built in the plant as a result of combining carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. 5. Foods are complex substances capable of meeting more than one of the body’s needs.
Г. Определение /только правое и всегда с предлогом "of"/"for"/
перевод: 1/ существительным
2/ неопр. ф. глагола
I. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. At the previous lecture students were told about the methods of preserving food. 2. Nutritionists were given the task of dettermining the amount of carbohydrates, proteins and fats in a baby diet. 3. There are three different methods for measuring enzyme activity. 4. The difficulties of studying the composition of food in the past can be explained by the lack of knowledge in chemistry. 5. The apparatus for processing cane or beet juice is called a vacuum evaporator.
2. Сравните данные пары словосочетаний:
I. the way of combining substances; the compound combining oxygen and hydrogen; 2. the process of oxidizing compounds; air oxidizing metals 3. the conditions for storing grain; elevators storing grain 4. the means of controlling temperature; the device controlling temperature 5. the method of producing starch; the factory producing starch
Д. Обстоятельство /всегда с предлогом/
перевод: 1/ деепричастием
2/ существительным с предлогом
1. Переведите данные словосочетания, обращая внимание на предлоги.
by analysing; without analysing; by being developed; without being de veloped; by regulating; without being regulated; after having been repaired; after being built; before introducing; before being digested; on coming there; on having obtained results; in finding the way; in having been heated; with experimenting
2.Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. Some vitamins are destroyed by heating. 2. Vitamin С is readily oxidized by heating. 3. Without being analysed by food technologists a new food product is not allowed for commercial manufacturing. 4. Some foods cannot be stored for a long time without being properly treated. 5. The body’s need for energy can be met by consuming food rich in carbohydrates, proteins and fats. 6. After having finished the experiment on the stability of vitamin A to heat he discussed the results obtained with the head of the laboratory. 7. Before storing grain people should clean and dry.
TEXT N 3 "FATS"
PRE-TEXT EXERCISES
1.Укажите номера русских эквивалентов.
l. yet 2. apparently 3. due to 4. however 5. for 6. moreоver 7. hence 8. so
I. так как 2. благодаря / из-за 3. более того 4. до сих пор / еще 5. очевидно 6. однако 7. поэтому 8. следовательно
2. Пользуясь моделью, переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
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water-soluble vitamins; water-soluble compound; acid-soluble material; alcohol-soluble substance; fat-soluble vitamin
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semi-automatic - полуавтоматический |
semi-stable; semi-solid; semi-dry; semi-lequid; semi-official; semi-frozen; semi-finishd goods; semi-synthetics; semi-starvation
3. Следуя модели, переведите следующие предложения на русский язык.
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One may say... можно сказать… One must know… нужно знать… One can see ... можно видеть… One might/could suppouse… можно было бы предположить... One should remember… следует (следовало бы) помнить… |
1. 0ne can see that the results of this experiment are of great importance. 2. One might argue about the significance of their research. 3. 0ne must admit that fats play a great part in the human diet. 4. One may say that life without food is impossible. 5. One should know that all fats are divided into two kinds – those of plant and animal origin.
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It is necessary.. Необходимо... It was impossible... Было невозможно... It should be noted... Следует отметить… |
1. It is necessary to know that foods rich in carbohydrates, proteins and fats are essential to the nutrition of any living organism. 2. It was impossible for chemists of the past to understand chemical reactions in food taken in by a body. 3. It should be known that the excess of sugars and starches is stored as fat.
4. Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
to take in sugars and starches; to be a characteristic of most living matter; when armed with equipment and knowledge; to be much better laboratories; to form a protective layer; apparently to protect the nerves from shocks; to be due to the depletion of fat around the nerves; in the form of their derived compounds; to play an important part in brain and nervous system; to meet the fat-manufacturing situation; to call on other animals to store the excess of fat
5. Прочитайте и переведите текст
Notes:
fat – жир
oil – масло/растительное или минеральное/
phospholipids [¸f sf li'pidz] – фосфолипиды
sterol [ste'r ] – стерин
linseed ['linsi:d] - льняное семя
linoleic/linolenic acid [lin 'leik]/[ln 'li:k æsid] - линолевая/леноленовая кислота
ASSIGNMENTS
1. Переведите на русский язык словосочетания, выделив префиксы прилагательных.
unanswerable argument; insoluble sub stance; inessential change; unimportant part; illegal act; uncommon work; inadequate nutrition; insufficient amount;unreal situation; irregular shape; improper conditions; unnecessary means
2. Заполните пропуски и переведите предложения на русский язык.
a/ depletion, b/ depleted, c/ depleting
1. Inadequate diet may result in ... fat around the nerves. 2. The fat ... around the nerves cannot protect them from shocks. 3. The ... of fat in a body is extremely dangerous.
a/ performed, b/ perform, c/ performance
1. Fats ... different functions in the body. 2. The ... of the protective function by fats is very significant. 3. One of the function … by fats is the protectione of the nerves from shocks.
a/derivatives, b/derivation, c/derived
I. The word "vitamin" is ... from Latin. 2. It was necessary to study the ... of some compounds from fats. 3. They were given the task of finding some ... of fats.
3. Найдите в тексте синонимы выделенных слов.
both animals and human beings consume sugars and starches and keep the surplus as fat; the capacity to make fats from carbohydrates is a property of most living matter; fatty acids carry out some very important function in our animal life; as an argument this is indisputable but as a notice of facts it is a hundred per cent incorrect; fats in the form of compounds obtained from them perform a significant role in our brain and entire nervous system; we are forced to appeal to other animals; we could not get an adequate quantity of fat-soluble vitamins; there are two fatty acids which the body cannot produce itself;several fats and fatty acids are necessary for the human body
4. Укажите номера пропущенных слов.
1. Animals and human beings ... sugars and starch and store the excess as fats. 2. A characteristic of most living matter is the ... to make fats from carbohydrates. 3. Sugar is very important for the nutrition of our … system. 4. Carbohydrates and fats are ... for the living organism. 5. The sterols ... from the fats are also essential for the living organism. 6. Without fats in the diet we could not get a ... amount of fat-soluble vitamins. 7. … foods perform some very important functions in animal life. 8. Our body ... to manufacture some necessary fats. 9. Fats form a ... layer around the nerves. 10. We need to call on animals as a human body cannot ... some essential fats and fatty acids.
1. sufficient, 2. derived, 3. refuses, 4. take in, 5. brain, 6. protective, 7. manufacture, 8. fatty, 9. ability, 10. essential
5. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения.
1. Можно сказать, что пища, богатая жирами, выполняет некоторые важные функции. 2. Жиры образуют защитный слой вокруг нервов, предохраняющий их от ударов. 3. Известно, что пища человека должна содержать жиры, необходимые для нервной системы. 4. Наш организм не может создавать некоторые виды жиров и жирных кислот. 5. Не потребляя жи ров, организм не мог бы получать достаточное количество некоторых жирорастворимых витаминов. 6. Нужно сказать, что организм человека производит часть жиров из потребляемых углеводов. 7. Человек никогда не мог производить некоторые жиры в лаборатории, т.е. искусственно. 8. Стерин – это соединение, получаемое из жиров; оно играет большую роль в жизненных процессах. 9. Все жиры можно разделить на два основных вида – животного и растительного происхождения. 10. Растительные жиры встречаются в семенах, корнях, стеблях и листьях растений.
I. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык, определив функции герундия и причастия.
1. One of the problems of storing foods is preventing (protecting) them from spoilage. 2. One of the oldest methods of protecting food is drying. 3. After having removed some water from the analysed mixture they found chemical changes in it. 4. Many scientists were interested in making fats in the laboratory but they were not able to perform this task. 5. Organic acids have a part in stimulating and regulating body processes. 6. Long ago people began salting meat and fish for keeping their quality. 7. Methods of baking bread greatly depend on the flour properties. 8. Food engineers have constructed and are constructing various machinery for food processing, manufacturing and storing. 9. Producing fats from carbohydrates is a characteristic of most living matter including plants. 10. Repeating the test twice prevented them from mistakes. 11. Investigating vegetable fats scien tists found them mainly in seeds and fruits of plants. 12. Without including any fats in the diet people cannot get a sufficient amount of fat-soluble vitamins A, D and E. 13. The scientists studying the nature of food constituents have greatly contributed to the development of food science. 14. The fruits were to be stored for some time before being eaten as they were unripe. 15. Without knowing the mechanism of converting carbohydrate and protein into fat it is impossible to understand clearly fat manufacturing in the animal body. 16. Having been derived from fats the sterols became the object of a thorough study. 17. It is known that on ripening seeds have an in creasing amount of fat. 18. The mechanism of changing carbohydrates into fats was studied by many scientists. 19. Being stored for different periods of time these two products varied in taste very much. 20. The students were given the task of making some experiments with linseed oil.
2. Назовите английские эквиваленты предлагаемых словосочетаний, используя герундий с предлогом.
после обработки, до внедрения, не определив, благодаря изменению, без изучения, очищая, включив, не нагрев, не защищая, после отказа, благодаря использованию, продолжать регулирование/регулировать, начать произво-дить/производство, заканчивать исследование/исследовать
3. Укажите причастные обороты в функции обстоятельства, которые следует переводить на русский язык придаточными предложениями.
while stimulating; having been heated; when being protected; having changed; if being stored; if removing; having depleted; being derived; when manufacturing; when having been included
4. Переведите словосочетания на русский язык, указав, чем выражено определение.
l. an instrument for measuring temperature;an instrument measuring temperature 2. the method of controlling the quality; the method controlling the quality 3. the way of supplying a body with energy; the food supplying a body with energy 4. the method of producing fats; plants making fats from carbohydrates 5. the function of protecting the nerves from shocks; a fatty layer protecting the nerves from shocks
5. Переведите на английский язык следующие словосочетания.
А. необходимость включения в рацион продуктов, богатых белками и углеводами; пути решения проблем питания; важность исследования нового метода анализа; трудности сохранения пищевых продуктов; цель обсуждения нашего эксперимента;
Б. ученые, разрабатывающие новые методы хранения пищи; предприятия, производящие молочные продукты; условия, препятствующие порче пищи; изобретатель, сконструировавший эту машину; организм, синтезирующий химические вещества
В. продукты, стерилизуемые на предприятиях; мясо, замороженное при низ кой температуре; фрукты, высушенные на солнце; температура, регу лируемая автоматически; овощи, засоленные летом
6. Контрольный перевод.
a) I. Manufacturing high quality foods is one of the most important problems. 2. A plant is constantly manufacturing fats from carbohydrates. 3. By manufacturing new foodstuffs we make our diet varied. 4. Our aim is manufacturing high quality products. 5. Without manufacturing food products of high nutritive value it is impossible to make the human diet adequate. 6. Manufacturing foods we should think about their quality as well as quantity.
b) 1.Our task was applying these methods in our research. 2. Without applying these methods they will be unable to prevent food from spoilage. 3. Applying these methods is the subject of their research. 4. Applying this very method she has got interesting results. 5. They were applying this very method at that time. 6. By applying these methods we prevent bread from staling.
с) 1. Increasing temperature we can change the activity of microorganisms. 2. Increasing temperature means great changes of the activity of microorganisms. 3. Without increasing temperature we maintain the activity of microorganisms low. 4. The requirement of the experiment was increasing the temperature of the substance. 5. He is just increasing the temperature of the liquid solution. 6. By increasing temperature we change the activity of microorganisms in foods.
d) 1.Supplying the body with energy is one of the main functions of food. 2. Sugars are supplying a plant with food during its growth. 3. By supplying the body with energy food constituents make it able to develop. 4. The main function of food is supplying the body with energy. 5. Without supplying the body with energy foods cannot contribute to its activity. 6. Supplying the body with energy foods maintain its activity.
TEXT N 4 "PROTEINS"
PRE-TEXT EXERCISES
I. Укажите номера русских эквивалентов.
1. as well as, 2. besides, 3. also. 4. in most cases, 5. commonly, 6. the only, 7. a number of, 8. although, 9. both ... and, 10. neither … nor
I. хотя 2. и. ... и/как ... так и 3. ни ... ни 4. множество 5. единственный 6. кроме 7. в большинстве случаев 8. так же как 9. обычно 10. также
2. Переведите на русский язык данные словосочетания.
to differ in the elements present in sugar; to contain also nitrogen and in most cases sulphur; the nitrogen content commonly varies from 10 to 18 per cent; foods of both animal and plant origin; foods high in protein; to contain the proteins, lactalbumin and casein, as well as others of lesser importance; to be complex in nature; to be composed of a number of amino acids; to vary in the kind and number of amino acids; variation in the quality of proteins; to result in the classification; a complete protein is one that …; an incomplete protein neither supports normal growth nor maintains life, even if it is the only protein in the diet
3. Прочитайте и переведите текст.
Notes
complete / partially complete / incomplete protein - полноценный / частично полноценный/неполноценный белок
nitrogen ['naitr dzin] – азот
sulphur ['s f ] – сера
phosphorus ['f sf r s] – фосфор
iron ['ai n] - железо
essential amino acids - незаменимые аминокислоты
casein ['keizin] - казеин
lactalbumin['læk'tælbjumin] - лактальбумин/молочный белок
ASSIGNMENTS
1. Составьте словосочетания, используя слова из левой колонки в роли определения.
1. complex, 2. adequate, 3. natural, 4. complete, 5. normal, 6. nitrogenous, 7. partial, 8. essential, 9. various, 10. valuable
1. growth, 2. ability, 3. composition, 4. classification, 5. source, 6. content, 7. protein, 8. foods, 9. nature, 10. amino acids
2. Найдите в тексте синонимы выделенных слов.
the significance of nitrogen is indicated by the fact; the nitrogen content usually ranges from 10 to 18 per cent; meat, milk ... are rich in proteins; proteins are complicated in character;they are made up of very many amino acids tied together; variation in the quality of proteins has ended in their grouping; if it is a single protein in the nutrition; a complete protein is one that is sufficient to maintain life; rich sources of proteins are cereals, fish, meat ...
3. Укажите номера пропущенных слов.
1. Cereals rich in protein are essential for the ... of a human being. 2. It is necessary to include into the human diet foods that ... proteins. 3. There are three kinds of proteins that are ... for a body. 4. One of the best ... of vitamins are fruit and vegetables. 5. It is essential for people to consume various foods of great ... . 6. This substance is more ... in nature than that one. 7. 0ne must remember that proteins are of both plant and animal ... . 8. The classification of proteins is based upon their ability ... normal growth and to ... life. 9. It is possible to say that the importance of food ... in proteins for the human diet cannot be overestimated. 10. Proteins ... in the kind and number of amino acids present.
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1. complex, 2. nutritive value, 3. vary, 4. origin, 5. high, 6. nutrition, 7. to support, maintain 8. contain, 9. essential, 10. sources |
4. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык, выделив подлежащее.
1. It is known that proteins contain different chemical elements. 2. It is evident that proteins are complex in nature. 3. It is said that cereals and cereal products are valuable sources of proteins. 4. 0ne should know that proteins classification is based on their variation in quality. 5. One can find protein in many different foods. 6. Maintaining life partially complete proteins do not support normal growth. 7. Maintaining life is the most significant function of proteins. 8. To include a new product into the baby diet one should be aware of its high food value. 9. To include a new product into the baby diet requires the awareness of its high nutritive value. 10. That proteins are complex in nature is proved by their composition. 11. That he has carried out very interesting research in the field of baby nutrition is known to us. 12. That the human diet should be diverse and nutritive is shown by life itself.
5. Переведите на английский язык, используя инфинитив, где возможно.
1. Необходимо включать в рацион человека пищу, богатую белками. 2. Для того, чтобы узнать характеристики белков, ученые изучали долгое время их функции. 3. Классификация белков зависит от их способности содействовать нормальному росту организма. 4. Поддержка нормального роста организма и сохранение жизни зависят, главным образом, от полноценных белков. 5. Известно,что частично полноценный белок способен поддерживать жизнь организма, но не содействовать его нормаль ному росту. 6. Следует знать, что белки растительного происхождения в основном являются неполноценными белками. 7. Важно,чтобы человек потреблял пищу, богатую различными белками. 8. То, что на здоровье человека во многом влияет пища, богатая белками, нельзя забывать.
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ПО ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕМЕ
"ИНФИНИТИВ И ЕГО ФУНКЦИИ"
(см. таблицу стр. 9)
а/ одновременность действия,
б/ предшествование,
в/ пассив.
l. to supply 2. to be maintained 3. to have utilized 4. to be changing 5. to have been classified 6. to vary 7. to be dissolved 8. to be growing 9. to have been supplemented 10. to be protected 11. to have stored 12. to be developing 13. to have been depleted 14. to have derived
2. Переведите предложения на русский язык, выделяя инфинитив.
ФУНКЦИИ:
А. Подлежащее: перевод: 1) неопределенной формой глагола
2) существительным
I. To live without food is impossible for any living organism. 2. To maintain the balance of minerals in the body requires the consumption of such foods as cereals, meat, milk, eggs, fruits and vegetables. 3. To include cereals into the human diet is essential due to their high nutritive value. 4. To protect nerves from shocks is one of the functions of fats. 5. To estimate the contribution made by foods was always the most important problem for nutritionists. 6. To supply the body with energy is necessary for its growth and development. 7. To keep products fresh is possible by proper conditions of their storage.
Б. Обстоятельство перевод: 1) неопределенной формой глагола
2) существительным
В функции обстоятельства цели возможно использование словосочетания
"in order to..."; место в предложении: а/ на нулевом месте, б/ после сказуемого.
1. In order to live the body needs a variety of foods. 2. In order to be digested foodstuffs must undergo enormous changes in the human body. 3. In order to maintain normal growth of the body its food should contain proteins. 4. To produce sugar for its food a plant combines carbon and oxygen with water.5. Fats form a protective layer around the nerves in order to prevent them from shocks. 6. In everyday life the word "food" is used to designate anything edible. 7. Calcium and phosphorus must be present in our body to make bones and teeth as well as to perform some other functions. 8. To determine the value of new food products nutritionists carry out a thorough investigation of their chemical and physical properties.
2. Сравните данные пары предложений:
1. To analyse the composition of derived compounds is not an easy task. To analyse the derived compound they have decomposed it in to its constituents.
2. To complete the investigation of this fatty acid was extremely important. To complete the investigation successfully they have made a great deal of preparatory work.
3. To mix these substances you should know their properties. To mix these substances thoroughly is very important for our experiment.
4. To keep bread fresh requires its storage under proper condi tions. To keep bread fresh it must be stored in special contain ers or wrapped in cellophane.
5.To stop the spoilage caused by microorganisms it is necessary to lower the temperature. To stop the spoilage caused by microorga nisms means first of all the creation of unfavorable conditions for their activity.
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1. |
а) To meet the body’s need for energy the human diet ... b) To meet the body’s need for energy … |
should include foods rich in carbohydrates, proteins and fats. |
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2. |
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is the function of such food constituents as proteins and minerals. |
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3. |
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must undergo great changes in the human body. |
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4. |
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is the concern of both doctors and nutritionists. |
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5. |
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is regarded as a particular function of water. |
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6. |
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was a very complicated process. |
УПРАЖНЕНИЯ ПО ГРАММАТИЧЕСКОЙ ТЕМЕ
" МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНОСТЬ "IT, ONE, THAT "
I. Переведите на русский язык данные предложения ,определив подчерк нутые слова.
2. указательное местоимение "это"
3. безличное местоимние в роли формального подлежащего
4. элемент усилительной конструкции"It is...that/who"
1. The more vitamins food contains the more nutritive it is. 2. It was found that
the baby diet should include milk. 3. Milk is essential for nutrition as it is of great nutritive value. 4. It is necessary to examine the influence of heat on vitamins. 5. It is vitamins that play an important part in nutrition. 6. Vitamin С is the least stable of all the vitamins and it readily oxidizes. 7. It will be quite possible to analyse the constituents of the new product by this method. 8. It is a water that helps the body to digest food. 9. A human body needs much protein and it is supplied with it through various foods. 10. It is significant to determine the role of carbohydrates in nutrition.
B. ONE 1. количественное числительное "один"
2. неопределенно-личное местоимение – формальное подлежащее
3. заменитель существительного (во избежании повторения)
1. One should include various foods into the diet. 2. One food may supply energy, another may regulate body processes. 3. This substance has higher protein content than that one. 4. Many kinds of food contain more than one protein. 5. A complete protein is one that is essential to support normal growth of the living organism. 6. Unlike most of vitamins this one is stable to heat. 7. Water is one of the commonest substances in nature. 8. One may regard food as the main source of life. 9. One of the most valuable sources of carbohydrates is hony. 10. One must know that salt is the symbol of lasting food quality.
C. THAT I. указательное местоимение "тот" /those "-те"/
2. заменитель существитeльного/во избежании повторения/
3. часть усилительной конструкции"it is...that"
4. союз придаточного предложения:
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а) дополнительного - "что", чтобы" б) сказуемого -"что" |
в) определительного -"который" г) подлежащего - "то, что" |
I. The utilization of salt for food preservation is similar to that of sugar. 2. Ascorbic acid belongs to those commonly found in citrus fruit. 3. Proteins that we generally recognize as complete and those that are partially complete and incomplete must be carefully studied. 4. That salt makes food tasty was known to people long ago. 5. Food that provides the body with vitamins and minerals are fruit and vegetables. 6. That vitamin was prepared synthetically. 7. That sugar serves as a source of energy for the growth of a plant was discovered in the 18th century. 8. The problem is that human diet should be not only well-balanced but also varied. 9. The food value of this substance is much lower than that of its derivatives. 10. It is the variation in the quality of proteins that has resulted in their classification.
2. Укажите номера пропущенных слов.
1. … must use different foods in the diet. 2. Most of the plants substances … are of grate importans for life. 3. This kind of fruit is higher in vitamins than those … . 4. … this experiment will give interesting results is evident. 5. … may consider a food high or low in carbohydrates only due to the proportion of their amounts to its total weight. 6. An incomplete protein is … that will by itself neither support normal growth nor maintain life. 7. The composition of this material differs from … of calcium. 8. … is interesting to know the origin of this plant. 9. It is the variety of foods ... is essential for our diet. 10. … carbohydrates are essential for the body is a well known fact. 11. Any living organism greatly depends on the kind of its nutrition because … cannot develop without adequate food. 12. The problem is … only a few foods consist of pure carbohydrates.
Маргарита Ставровна Иоаниди
Павла Михайловна Пушнова
Кафедра «Иностранные языки»
Правка и редакция авторские