Если у вас возникли сложности с курсовой, контрольной, дипломной, рефератом, отчетом по практике, научно-исследовательской и любой другой работой - мы готовы помочь.
Предоплата всего
Подписываем
CONTEMPORARY PSYCHOLOGY
Contemporary psychology must be viewed in the light of the phe nomenal growth of the field. In 1930 there were about 1,100 psycholo gists in the American Psychological Association, and by 1976 there were 42,000. In 1992 there were well over 500,000 psychologists in the world, with about half working in the United States. The number of scholarly articles and books in the field has increased correspondingly. In 1927, when the Psychological Abstracts (a journal that gives resumes of all psy chological publications) was founded, 2,700 articles were summarized; by 1960 the number was 8,500; and by 1975, more than 32,000.
These data reflect both the unprecedented growth of basic and applied topics that concern present-day psychologists and the accelerated rate of investigation. Research findings not only add to knowledge, they also raise new problems requiring further research. Another major impetus to re search is the challenge of pressing social problems, since many psycholo gists want to contribute to the solution of practical social problems, such as conflicts between groups and the education of the children of the poor.
Naturally, as the number and complexity of problems and issues in vestigated by psychologists has multiplied, there has been a marked trend toward specialization. The research and applied interests of most con temporary psychologists are rather narrowly focused on areas such as verbal learning, visual perception, attitude changes, psychotherapy, in-group conflict, personnel selection, and cognitive development. Since new research topics are always emerging, further specialization is to be expected.
At the same time the nature of psychological theory has changed sub stantially. Some of the older schools of psychology attempted to explain all aspects, or very large segments, of behavior. For example, Watson's conceptual system tried to account for most phenomena of learning, thinking, emotion, and social development. In contemporary psycholo gy, there are a number of restricted theories, each pertaining only to a single area or subfield or to a small segment of behavior, such as memo ry, auditory perception, interpersonal attraction, or autistic behavior.
The investigation of new topics frequently requires the invention of new methods or the modification of older ones. For example, biofeed back research resulted in the development of electronic equipment that enables people to "see" or "hear" their internal responses (biofeedback) such as brain waves. The individuals can then learn to control these re sponses, which traditionally had been considered involuntary. Field stud ies in which people are observed under natural conditions, a technique adapted from ethnology, are currently used in studies of mother-infant interactions. Multidisciplinary research approaches have also increased as psychologists sought to deepen their understanding of behavior. Thus, neuro-anatomists, neuro-chemists, and physiologists collaborate with psy chologists in research on how memories are formed, stored, and retrieved. The comparison of cross-cultural data tests the generality of conclusions from studies conducted in only one culture and contributes valuable in formation on the effects of social experiences on perception, personali ty, and social behavior. Psychology is a growing science, a science that is continually changing in structure, content, theory, and method.
1. Answer the following questions:
2. Выполните следующие тесты. Подберите пары антонимов в тесте А и синонимов в тесте В:
А
1. voluntary 8. treat 15. involuntary
2. multiplication 9. increase 16. unlimited
3. marked 10. restricted 17. forgetting
4. retrieval 11. vitality 18. division
5. mortality 12. neglect 19. self-acceptance
6. self-rejection 13. ignore 20. vague
7. esteem 14. decrease
B
1. esteem 8. vitality 15. respect
2. seek 9. retrieval 16. energy
3. pertain 10. mortality 17. realize
4. retrieve 11. look (for) 18. recall
5. fulfill 12. accordingly 19. refer
6. correspondingly 13. death rate 20. remember
7. being 14. creature
3. Fill the correct word from those in the box.
substantially, existential, deterministic, unprecedented,
marked, unique, impetus, establish, challenge, generality
1. the__________ growth
2. to __________ one’s own system of values
3. the __________ of pressing problems
4. a __________ trend toward specialization
5. man is a __________ being
6. the theory has changed __________
7. the __________ of conclusions
8. __________ loneliness
9. the __________ orientation of psychoanalysis
10. a major __________ to research