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THEME 1
ABOUT MYSELF
Text 1.
ABOUT MYSELF
First of all let me introduce myself. My name is Taras. I’m seventeen years old. I’m at 11-th grade. There are two more kids in the family besides me – my elder brother Oleg and my younger sister Mariya. Oleg is twenty-one, he attends a University, he will be a dentist. Mariya is only twelve, she is a schoolgirl. I forgot to mention one more member of our family. It’s our favourite poodle Tim.
My parents are not old at all. My Mum is forty, she works for a newspaper. My Dad is forty-four; he is an engineer in computers. My parents love their jobs very much.
I’m doing quite well at school. My parents are proud of my marks. I go in for sports. I play basket-ball. I take part in different basket-ball competitions. In summer time I like yachting and windsurfing. In a year I shall finish my school and I have to decide what occupation to choose. I have been studying English for seven years. I want to be a military interpreter.
My grandparents are already retired. They like gardening and spend all their time growing tomatoes, potatoes, onions, strawberries, raspberries.
Vocabulary:
to introduce – представлять
let me introduce myself – разрешите представиться
residential – жилой
residential areas – жилые районы
grade – класс в школе
to attend a university – ходить в университет
kid – ребенок
favourite – любимец, любимый
poodle – пудель
to forget – забывать
job – работа
proud – гордый
to be proud of smth – гордиться чем-л.
to go in for sports – увлекаться спортом
occupation – занятие, род занятий, профессия
military – военный
interpreter – переводчик
to retire – быть на пенсии
Questions:
Put the words in the following sentences in order:
Give possible beginnings of the sentences:
Text 2.
MY FAMILY
My family is not very big, just a typical family: Dad, Mom, me, my brother and sister and our cat. My Mummy is forty-one, she is a teacher of Spanish at the University. She is a born a teacher. She has teaching abilities. My Dad is forty-two, he is professional painter, he works for a design company. My parents both like their work very much.
My elder sister Natasha is nineteen, she goes to the University, she wants to be a teacher of history. She is fond of reading books on history and fiction.
My younger brother Igor is only six years old, he goes to the kindergarten. He is very funny; I like to spend my free time teaching him something. Igor likes to play with our cat.
My grandparents are retired. They like gardening. They spend a lot of their time in the garden. They grow vegetables and fruits. We enjoy having fresh vegetables and greens on our dinner table.
I love my family very mush. We always help each other. Everyone in my family is my best friend.
Vocabulary:
typical – типичный
Spanish – испанский
ability – способность
painter – художник
fiction – художественная литература
funny – смешной
to spend – проводить
to grow – выращивать
to enjoy – наслаждаться
greens – зелень
to be fond of smth.- нравиться кому-либо
Questions:
Translate into English:
Complete the following sentences:
THEME 2
BOOKS
Text 1.
BOOKS IN OUR LIFE
Nowadays it’s almost impossible to imagine our life without books. Perhaps, there are more books on our planet than men alive. Long before the invention of printing people valued books as treasure troves of the human knowledge and experience. Hand – written manuscripts took months of writing and were collected by and kept in monasteries with utmost care. We can distinguish books between three classes of them. Firstly, books on different branches of knowledge, works by brilliant minds of mankind. Secondly, textbooks, reference books and numerous dictionaries. And at last, books of all kinds and genres to read at leisure.
Classics should be taken a little at a time. One’s understanding of books by Tolstoy and Dostoyevsky, Mopassan and Balzak depends on one’s age and experience. Serious books are to be read conscientiously and maybe more then once. To a thinking reader they will provide new food for thought every time he rereads it. Many people indulge in reading science fiction, fantasy or detective stories. Of course, there are some advantages and disadvantages of this kind of literature, often reffered to as «easy reading». As for me, good science fiction and fantasy develop imagination, logical thinking, broader one/s outlook. The same could be said in favour of detective stories. They reveal such minute details of everyday life in this or that particular country that are of greatest interest for a curious reader. The masterpieces of this genre by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle, Agatha Christie and others, show the depths of psychological analysis, the insight into the human nature.
As an old saying goes, man cannot live on bread alone. Books are the source of knowledge and the means of self – perfection. Sometimes it is difficult to solve some problems in life. I think that books can help us. Books must be our friends during all our life.
Vocabulary:
treasure trove – сокровищница
monastery – монастырь
conscientiously – сознательно
to indulge in – увлекаться
science fiction – научная фантастика
outlook – кругозор
Questions:
Translate into English:
Сегодня почти невозможно представить нашу жизнь без книг.
Классику необходимо читать всякий раз не спеша.
Многие люди увлекаются чтением фантастики, в том числе научной, или детективов.
На мой взгляд, хорошая фантастика развивает воображение, логическое мышление, расширяет кругозор.
Иногда очень трудно решить некоторые жизненные проблемы.
Fill the blanks with the proper words:
Nowadays it’s almost impossible ……our life without books.
We can … books between three classes of them.
… should be taken a little at a time.
Serious … are to be read conscientiously and maybe more then once.
Books must be our … during all our life.
Text 2.
AT THE LIBRARY
Libraries make an important part of the world culture. There is infinite number of books in the world. We can not buy all the books we like and would like to read. When we have to write a report on some subject or to learn in details about some phenomenon there is no other way out for us but to use a library.
There are a lot of reading-halls: special halls for scientific reference work, for current periodicals, for music and art, for foreign languages, and others I visited it several times but most often I take books from there.
To enter the library one should have a reading card.
A lot of people go to libraries on weekends.
I like reading. What books do I like?
I can not read one and the same sort of literature for a long time. I prefer to alternate short stories with the novels, love stories with books on history, poems with plays.
There is not a big library in my school. I must admit it is not bad at all. It is a big light room, very clean and cosy, on the ground floor. There are a lot of bookcases and bookshelves there. You can find there books of adventure stories, historical novels, collection of short stories. Two very nice librarians can help you to find the book you need.
Pupils go to the library to read and take books, to look through some new magazines and newspapers. Many teachers go to the school library too.
Vocabulary:
infinite – бесчисленный
huge – огромный
vast – обширный
enter – зайти
to alternate – чередовать
novel – роман
to admit – признавать
adventure – приключения
magazine – журнал
librarian – библиотекарь
foreign - иностранный
Questions:
Translate into English:
Библиотеки играют важную роль в мировой культуре.
Я посещала эти отделы несколько раз, но, в основном, я беру книги домой оттуда.
Многие люди посещают библиотеку по выходным.
В моей школе есть небольшая библиотека.
Многие учителя тоже посещают библиотеку.
Fill the blanks with the proper words:
There is infinite number of … in the world.
To enter the … one should have a reading card.
I … to alternate short stories with the novels, love stories with books on history, poems with plays.
Two very nice … can help you to find the book you need.
Pupils go to the library to read and take books, to look through some new … and newspapers.
THEME 3
FUTURE PROFESSION
Text 1.
MY HOBBY
Tastes differ. Different people like different things, different people have different hobbies.
I go in for sports, I like to play tennis. I go to play tennis every day.
Sport is very important part of our life. Many people go in for sports, they jogging, walking, swimming, skating, skiing, train themselves in clubs and different sections.
Physical training is an important subject at school. Pupils play volleyball, football, basketball.
I have been playing tennis for 5 years. Tennis became very popular now. I take part in different competitions.
To be in a good shape I’m jogging every morning and do my morning exercises.
Everyone should do all he can to stay healthy and choose the sport he is interested in. I do not understand people who say that they like sport, but they only watch sport on TV.
If one goes in for sports he feels much better looks much better, sleeps much better. Your physical appearance will more important you will not get sick often.
Why do I go in for sports? Because I think that it is very important for a man to be strong and well-built. Sport is not for weak, because, you have to learn how to lose, and it’s not easy.
My favorite proverb says: “A sound mind in sound body”.
Vocabulary:
to jog – бегать
to skating – кататься на коньках
to skiing – кататься на лыжах
competition – соревнование
shape – форма
health – здоровье
slim – стройный
trim – в хорошей форме
to lose - проигрывать
Questions:
|Find the following in the text:
Translate into Russian:
Text 2.
FUTURE PROFESSION
I am going to tell you about my future profession. Choosing a career and getting a job are two things, any person passes through in his life.
When millions of young people leave school, they begin an independent life. Some of them start working, go into business; some of them keep upgrading their schooling to receive higher education.
Young people can learn about professions in magazines and advertisements. Magazines for teenagers often questionnaires, quizzes to help people young to find out their interests and abilities more clearly and to make a decision concerning their future occupation.
While choosing a career one should take into consideration all maim possibilities that his future profession might provide: the profession must be interesting, one have to be sure of his future (that means that on will be able to find a job after his graduation from the university or institute), a profession must be well-paid, otherwise you won’t be able to support yourself and your future family.
During our school life, we begin to think about our future life, our job. There are many professions in the world, so it is quite difficult to choose and make a decision. Some follow their own choice; some follow parents’ advice, because they can help concerning future plans. I never had a question, what I was going to do, when I was finishing my school. I have known it since being a child that I want to be an interpreter. I have known it since being a child that I want to be an interpreter. I have chosen this profession, because the importance of foreign languages and foreign cultures is growing nowadays. Foreign languages are needed as the main and the most efficient means of information exchange between the people on our planet. Although there are 3000 languages on the Earth, English is the most universal and widely spread. It is the language of science and technology, trade and cultural relations and business. It is the universal language of international aviation, shipping, sports and medicine. English is the official language in nearly forty countries. It is spoken by more than 350 million people and also spoken as a second language in many parts of the World, Besides, millions of people study English as a foreign language. In our country English is very popular. It is studied at schools, colleges and universities.
It is important for me to learn English because I want to know what is going on in the world. With recent advances in technology, the world is changing rapidly in many fields, such as business, arts and medicine. These changes will affect people soon and it’s important for me to read and keep up with these changes. In fact, learning English is the answer to a lot of the questions that I have.
In conclusions, I would like to say it is a great advantage of choosing our future career being a school pupil. It gives us a goal and enables us to choose a right, suitable course of study. It gives us time to be prepared. Also, I’d like to mention that if we don’t think about our future, nobody will think, so we just can have one way. We must work hard to realize our wishes, because future is purchased by the present.
If you want something be done well, do it yourself, make a right decision.
Vocabulary:
to upgrade – улучшать, совершенствовать
advertisement – реклама
questionnaire – анкета
quiz – опрос
ability – способность
to make a decision – принимать решение
to take into consideration – принимать во внимание
otherwise – иначе, иным способом, иным образом, подругому
to support - поддерживать, содержать (материально), обеспечивать
choice – выбор
means – средство
recent – недавний
advance – достижение
in conclusion – в заключение
advantage – преимущество
goal – цель
suitable – подходящий
to mention – упоминать
future is purchased by the present – будущее делается в настоящем
Questions:
Put the words in the following sentences:
Give possible beginning of the sentences:
THEME 4
ENGLISH IS THE LANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION
Text 1.
ENGLISH IS THE LANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION
«Do you speak English?» - With this phrase begins the conversation between two people, that speak different languages and want to find a common language.
It’s very good when you hear: «Yes, I do», and start talking. People of different countries and nations have to get along well with the progress in world trade and technology as well as with each other.
So it is very useful to learn foreign languages. Knowledge of foreign languages helps us to develop friendship and understanding among people.
English is very popular now. It’s the language of computers, science, business, sport and politics. It’s spoken all over the world. It is the official language of the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States of America, Canada and Australia. There are more than 750 million speakers of English in the world.
Speaking a foreign language you can read papers, magazines and original books by great writers, watch satellite TV programs. If you like traveling you can go anywhere without being afraid that other people will not understand you. English is very important to find a good job.
Vocabulary:
conversation – разговор
common – общий
world trade – мировая торговля
to get along with – ладить, уживаться
foreign – иностранный
to develop - развивать(ся)
science – наука
satellite – спутник
to be afraid - бояться
Questions:
Translate into Russian:
Translate into English:
Text 2.
GREAT BRITAIN
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (or the UK) is made up of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK covers the British Isles which is the geographical name of all the islands situated off the northwest coast of the European Continent. They consist of Great Britain, Ireland and of about five thousand small islands. The North Sea, the Strait of Dover and the English Channel separate Great Britain from the continent. It is washed on the west coast by the Atlantic Ocean and by the Irish Sea.
The mountains in Great Britain are not very high, the highest mountains is Ben Nevis in Scotland. The main rivers in Britain are the Thames, the Mersey, the Severn and others, but none of them are very long.
The climate of Great Britain is mild. The Atlantic Ocean and the warm waters of the Gulf Stream influence the weather on the British Isles. The summers are cool and rainy; the winters are not very cold.
Great Britain is a highly developed industrial country. One of the leading industries in Great Britain is the textile industry. Coal, iron and steel as well as various machines are also produced there. Shipbuilding and motor industry are highly developed too.
There are many big industrial cities in Britain, such as Birmingham and Sheffield (with big iron and steel works), Manchester and Liverpool (the biggest centers of textile industry), Cardiff and others. London, the capital city of the UK, is one of the biggest commercial centers and ports of the world. It is also an important political, cultural and educational centre. Other educational centers in Great Britain are Oxford and Cambridge with the world famous oldest Universities, and also Edinburgh and Sheffield.
The total population of Great Britain today is about 59 million people. The official language of the country is English. There are many other languages spoken in Britain as it has become now a multinational state.
Vocabulary:
to be made up of (to consist of) – состоять из
to cover – охватывать
to be situated – быть расположенным
the Strait if Dover – Па-де-Кале
The English Channel – Ла-Манш
The Gulf Stream – Гольфстрим
to separate – отделять, разделять
to be washed – омываться
mild climate – мягкий климат
to influence smth. – влиять на что-л.
cool – прохладный
coal (iron, steel, shipbuilding, etc.) industry – угольная (металлургическая,
сталелитейная, кораблестроительная и т.д.)
industrial – промышленный
works – промышленные предприятия, заводы
commercial centre – торговый центр
the total population – общая численность населения
to differ from – отличаться от
multinational state – многонациональное государство
Questions:
Give possible beginnings of the sentences:
Translate into Russian:
Text 3.
THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
The United States is the fourth largest country in the world in size and population. It has an area of 9,371,781 square kilometers and its population is 249 million people. The US consists of 50 states. The largest state is Alaska. Hawaii is one of the smallest states; it is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, 2,397 miles from California. The other 48 states stretch across the North American continent for about 3,000 miles (4,800 km) from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Along the Atlantic Coast the land is flat, inland from the coast there are the Appalachian Mountains. In the middle of the continent there is the great Mississippi River, which flows to the Gulf of Mexico. The middle part of the country is generally flat, this area is called the Great Plains. In the west there are two main mountain systems: the Rocky Mountains and the Cascade Range.
The climate of the US is temperate, with four distinct seasons. The northern part of the country has snow in winter. The hottest places are Florida, Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona. Southern Florida and Hawaii are subtropical. The East is much wetter than the West.
The main rives are the Mississippi, the Missouri, the Colorado and the Ohio. The largest cities of the US are New York, Los Angeles, Chicago, Houston and Philadelphia. The capital of the US is Washington.
The US has many natural resources, such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas, rich soil for agriculture and forests. The economy of the US is based upon free enterprise. The US produces non-electric machinery, transportation equipment and cars, chemicals, food products, electronic equipment, metal products, paper and plastic products.
There are many ethnic groups in the United States. The largest group is Black Americans (about 12 % of the population). Spanish-speaking people are about 9%. The fastest growing ethnic groups are Chinese, Japanese and Indochinese (about 3%). Native Americans are about 1% of the population. The basic language spoken throughout the country is American English.
Vocabulary:
size – размер
population – население
area – площадь
square – квадратный
to consist of – состоять из
island – остров
the Pacific Ocean – Тихий океан
to stretch – простираться
flat – плоский
inland – внутрь континента
to flow – протекать
the Gulf of Mexico – Мексиканский залив
the Great Plains – Великие равнины
the Rocky Mountains – Скалистые горы
temperate – умеренный
distinct – отчетливый
wet – сырой
natural resources – природные ресурсы
coal – уголь
petroleum – нефть
soil – почва
agriculture – сельское хозяйство
forest – лес
free enterprise – свободное предпринимательство
to produce – производить
machinery – оборудование, станки
transportation equipment – оборудование для транспорта
chemicals – химические вещества
food – продовольствие
paper – бумага
ethnic – этнический
fast – быстрый
native Americans – коренные американцы
basic – основной
throughout the country – по всей стране
Questions:
Complete the following sentences:
Translate into Russian:
THEME 1
THE SEASONS
Text 1.
THE SEASONS IN RUSSIA
Winter, spring, summer and autumn are the seasons of the year.
December, January and February are winter months. The weather is cold. Usually it snows. The days are short and the nights are long. You can see snow everywhere. The rivers and lakes freeze and we can go skating and skiing.
March, April, May are spring months. It is a very nice season. The weather is fine and it is warm. There are many green trees in the streets, in the parks and in the yards. Sometimes it rains but as usual the sum shines brightly. The birds return from the hot countries and make their nests.
June, July and August are summer months. It is warm or hot. The days are long and the nights are short. There are many green trees and nice flowers in the parks and in the squares in summer. The pupils don’t go to school, they have their summer holidays.
June is the first month of summer. We have got the longest day and the shortest night if the year on the 21st – 22nd of June. You can see the strawberries in the forest and in the gardens in June.
July is the middle month of summer. It is hot and the sum shines brightly, the sky is blue and you can’t see any clouds in the sky.
August is the last summer month; it is the end of summer. Sometimes it is cool in August but there are many mushrooms, berries and fruits in August.
September, October, November are autumn months. It is cool. The weather is changeable. It often rains. The days become shorter and the nights become longer. The birds prepare to fly to the South. One can see yellow, red or brown leaves everywhere. It is time for gathering the harvest.
Vocabulary:
changeable – непостоянный, изменчивый
freeze – замерзать
make a nest – вить гнездо
gather – собирать
harvest – урожай
everywhere – везде
Questions:
Complete the following sentences:
Fill in the blanks with the proper words:
Text 2.
THE WEATHER IN ENGLAND
People talk about the weather every day. They like to talk about the weather in England. English people say they have no climate in England, only weather.
England is not a large country. There is no town in England which is very far from the sea. There are no high mountains in England, no long rivers and no large forests. There are many fields and meadows in England.
Spring is a very nice season. It is the first warm season. The trees and the grass are green. The sum is warm and the sky is blue.
Summer is the warmest season. There are some hot days in summer but cool winds often blow from the sea, so the English summer is not always hot. There are a lot of sunny days in summer. Spring and summer are nice seasons, because the sum often shines brightly.
Autumn is a nice season too. It is the season of the harvest and the season of apples. Autumn is cool. The sky is grey, the cold wind blows. In autumn the leaves on the trees change their colour from green to yellow, brown and red.
Winter is not very cold. There is little snow and a lot of rain in England. There are also many fine days in winter, when the sum shines.
Vocabulary:
meadow – луг
leaves – листья
harvest – урожай
Questions:
Complete the following sentences:
Fill in the blanks with the proper words:
THEME 2
MASS MEDIA
Text 1.
TV IN BRITAIN
The first television in Britain appeared more than 50 years ago and nowadays is very popular. Every family has at least one TV set, the number of colour sets in use is very large, though they are not cheap.
The BBC was the first to provide a public television service in 1936. During the Second World War the transmissions were stopped, but were resumed in 1946. In 1952, the ceremony of Elizabeth’s II coronation was transmitted all over the country.
The BBC provides two channels. Besides BBC-I and BBC-II there are two Independent Channels. The viewers now have four channels at their disposal, and are able to watch television for many hours a day. They can watch plays, live transmissions of important events, sports games and competitions, interviews with prominent people, musical performances and many other items. News is broadcast regularly by all the channels and watched by most people. Films are often televised, and many of them are made especially for television.
A lot of people prefer staying home and watching TV rather than going out to cinemas, and many cinemas have closed. Most of the programmers present serious and instructive matters, such as family and children problems, problems of social work and employment as well as religious programmes .
Part of the time on Independent television is devoted to advertising, but its amount is small and strictly limited by the special Act that allowed commercial television. One of the features of TV programmes is that they often show violence, murder, crimes and gunplay, which is frequently criticized by the viewers. On the whole television plays as important role in the life of the British people as newspapers.
Vocabulary:
BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) – Британская корпорация
радио- и телевещания
to appear – появляться
at least – по крайней мере
TV set – телевизор
in use – в пользовании
cheap – дешевый
to provide – обеспечивать
service – служба
transmission – передача
to transmit – передавать
to resume – возобновить
channel – канал
besides – кроме того
independent – независимый
viewers –телезрители
at their disposal – в их распоряжении
to watch TV – смотреть телепрограмму
play – пьеса
live transmission – прямая передача
important – важный
prominent – выдающийся
to broadcast - передавать (по радио, телевидению)
to prefer – предпочитать
to stay home – сидеть дома
rather than – а не, вместо
to present – представлять
matter – проблема, вопрос, тема
employment – занятость
as well as – а также
to devote – уделять внимание
to advertise – рекламировать
amount – объем
strictly – строго
commercial television – коммерческое телевидение
feature – черта
violence – насилие
murder – убийство
crime – преступление
event – событие
competition – соревнование
performance – представление
Questions:
Give possible beginnings of the sentences:
Put the words in the following sentences in order:
the was transmitted.
3. BBC-I and BBC-II two there are Independent Besides Channels.
4. watched by and most people regularly broadcast News is all the by channels.
5. especially for television televised, and are often many of them are Films made.
6. British people important as role television On the whole life of the as newspapers plays in
the.
Text 2.
TELEVISION
Television is one of the most important mass media. It plays a great role in our life today. We have 6 channels at our disposal. All the programs are now transmitted in colour, but of course they can be received in black and white. We can hardly imagine our life without television. First or all, it is a very convenient source of information. It informs us about current events and the latest developments in science and politics, both in our country and abroad. There are special educational programs which are very helpful and interesting for children and grown-up people. We can widen our knowledge of different subjects and learn a lot of interesting facts about the world around as.
Television today competes with cinemas and theatres. You can see different films and theatrical performances without leaving home. Many people consider it much cheaper. Not only that. In some faraway places and small towns people can see the Bolshoi ballet or the performances of the best theatres of the country only on TV.
Our television is linked with Europe and the world through the Eurovision and Intervision networks, and we can see programs transmitted from other countries.
TV is a convenient source of entertainment too. Everybody has his or her favourite entertainment program: drama, classical or pop music concert, contest, quiz, football or hockey match, etc. most popular today are the so-called “soap operas” which attract millions of TV viewers. Special children’s programs are very popular too.
Advertisements and commercials take a good amount of time on TV now, some people are not happy about it, but TV can’t do without them. A great variety of different programs on different channels makes some people think that television begins to dominate our lives, to attract as away from other things. Others complain of the poor quality of some of the programs. But most people find it useful and watch the programs to their liking.
Vocabulary:
important – важный
mass media – средства массовой информации
to play a role – играть роль
channel – канал
at our disposal – в нашем распоряжении
to transmit – передавать (по радио, телевидению)
to receive – принимать (программу)
hardly – вряд ли
to imagine – представить себе
convenient – удобный
source – источник
current events – текущие события
latest developments – последние события
both…and – как…так и
to widen – расширять
subject – прадмет
to compete – соперничать
performance – представление
to consider – считать
cheap – дешевый
the Bolsoi ballet – балет Большого театра
to link – связывать
network – сеть
entertainment – развлечение
quiz – викторина
soap – мыло
to attract – привлекать
to attract away – отвлекать
advertisements/ commercials – реклама
amount – количество
to do without – обойтись без
variety – разнообразие
to dominate – преобладать, завладеть
to complain – жаловаться
poor quality – плохое качество
to watch TV – смотреть телепередачи
Answer the questions:
Give possible beginnings of the sentences:
Translate into Russian:
Text 3.
THE BRITISH PRESS
The British are great newspaper readers. They look through newspapers at breakfast, read papers on their way to work, on the bus, on the train and when they come home in the evening.
The British press consists of several kinds of newspapers. There are national and local, morning and evening newspapers; there are daily, weekly and special Sunday papers. There are national papers that are sold all over the country with a large circulation. They give general news and are published in London. There are two main types of national papers – the “popular” papers and the “quality” papers. The popular papers are designed to catch the eye of the reader. They offer their readers different short stories, crime reports, cartoons and advertisements. They are easy to read and often contain little real informations. Examples of this type of papers are “The Daily Mail”, “The Sun” and “The Daily Mirror”.
“Quality” papers appeal to the more serious reader, who wants to read about politics and foreign affairs. These papers, such as “The Daily Telegraph”, “The Times” and “The Guardian” are bigger in size with longer articles and wider coverage of events. They have different pages for home news, foreign affairs, feature articles, fashion, business, sport and so on.
The Sunday papers have a higher circulation than the dailies; they are larger than the daily papers and usually contain more articles dealing with general information.
Regional or local papers are published in towns and areas outside London, and mostly cover the local news.
There is no censorship of the press in Britain, though all papers are responsible for what they publish.
Vocabulary:
to look through – просматривать
on the way – по дороге
to consist of – состоять из
several – несколько
kind – вид
to sell (sold) – продавать
circulation – тираж
to publish – публиковать, издавать
size – размер
quality papers – газеты высокого качества
headline – заголовок
to be designed – быть предназначенным для
to catch the eye – попасться на глаза, привлечь внимание
to offer – предлагать
crimt reports – статьи о преступлениях
cartoon – карикатура
advertisement - реклама
to contain – содержать
to appeal – обращаться к; нравиться
article – статья
coverage of events – охват событий
daily – ежедневный; ежедневная газета
to deal with – иметь отношение к
regional – районный
local – местный
area – место
outside – за пределами, вне
censorship – цензура
to be responsible – нести ответственность
Answer the questions:
Give possible beginnings of the sentences:
Complete the following sentences:
Text 4.
MY FAVOURITE NEWSPAPER
There are a lot of different newspapers, both daily and weekly, Russia today. Besides such well known old newspapers as the “Pravda”, the “Isvestiya”, the “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, the “Literaturnaya Gazeta” and others, there is a great variety of new papers that appeared recently. Among them are the “Economica I Zhizn”, the “Kommersant”, the “Delovoy Mir” and others.
My favourite newspaper is the “Argumenty I Fakty”, one of the most popular papers in Russia. It is a national weekly newspaper, its circulation is more than 3 million copies. The paper contains 16 pages and covers the most important national and international news. There are articles of political nature, economic and business news, interviews with prominent people, literary and artistic reviews, and of course sports news.
I like to read this newspaper because there are no long and boring articles. They are short, laconic, informative, some of them are entertaining and easy to read. I find it useful and convenient because the advertisements in this paper help me find out what’s on in the theatres and concert halls and where I can buy different things.
This newspaper has no editorial. The front page usually contains some pictures and articles that catch the reader’s eye. This paper appeals to readers of all age groups and interests.
Vocabulary:
both…and – как…так и
daily – ежедневный
weekly – еженедельный
besides – кроме
variety – разнообразие
to appear – появляться
favourite – любимый
circulation – тираж
copy – экземпляр
to contain – содержать
to cover – охватывать, освещать
international – международный
article – статья
nature – характер
prominent – выдающийся
of course – конечно
boring – скучный
entertaining – развлекательный
useful – полезный
convenient – удобный
advertisement – реклама
to find out – выяснить, обнаружить
to be on – идти (в театре, кино и т.д.)
concert hall – концертный зал
to buy – покупать
editorial – передовая статья
front page – первая страница
to catch the eye – попасть на глаза, привлекать
to appeal – нравиться
of all age groups – любого возраста
Answer the questions:
Fill in the blanks with the proper words:
Put the words in the following sentences in order:
Text 5.
THE FUTURE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS
I would like to tell you about telecommunications and their future.
We can not deny the role of telecommunications in our life. The Internet, phones, telegraph, cell phones, radio, television, satellite television, video cell phones are all the means of communication or telecommunication. Nowadays we live in information era, when information is the key and engine of progress. Our society needs to develop means of information exchange for its future developing and growth that is why all types of telecommunications are under the permanent developing.
Future is speed and power. New technologies in electronics continue to develop. Computers become more compact, faster and inexpensive. Technology exerts revolutionary influence on society only when it is universal. Real revolution in manufacture, accumulation, treatment of matter began when first universal machines appeared and telecommunication systems were created. In ancient machines energy source was combined with machine itself, but in process of development, division of manufacture, new means of transmission and consumption of energy took place.
Revolutionary modifications in use of energy connected with appearance of universal electric machines and power grids, social changes to informational society are observed in all the countries.
On base of analogy between matter, energy and information we can have ideas about future. Earlier, for example, number of manufactured metal played the strategic role and was the description of development. Now we save metal, energy and we think about energy saving technologies.
It is very difficult to predict many steps of telecommunication development. Telecommunications change world very much and probably will change the human being.
Vocabulary:
telecommunications – телекоммуникация, дальняя связь
to deny – отрицать, отказываться от
cell phone – мобильный телефон
exchange – обмен
to develop – развивать, совершенствовать
growth – прирост, рост
permanent – постоянный
compact – компактный
to exert – оказывать влияние
revolutionary – революционный
influence – воздействие, влияние
manufacture – производство
treatment – обработка
ancient – древний, старый
source – источник
to combine – комбинировать
transmission – передача
comsumption – потребление
modification – модификация, усовершенствование, изменение
power grids – энергетические системы
to observe – наблюдать
description – описание
to predict – предсказывать, предвидеть
Questions:
Translate into English:
Translate into Russian:
Text 6.
VIRTUAL REALITY
Not long ago computers were considered an amazing invention. Today they form part of our everyday life. The latest thing today is Virtual Reality. A Virtual Reality system can transport the user to exotic locations such as a beach in Hawaii or the inside of the human body. The Virtual Reality system is still in the early stages of its development. At the moment it is necessary to put a large helmet on your head to see the simulated world and you have to wear a special glove on your hand in order to manipulate the objects you see there. Lenses and two miniature display screens inside the helmet create the illusion that the screen surrounds you on every side. You can “look behind” computer – generated objects, pick them up and examine them, walk around and see things from a different angle.
Already today Virtual Reality is used in medicine. In hospitals, surgeons could plan operations by first “traveling” through the brain, heart or lungs without damaging the body. It is also used in police training schools. In schools pupils could explore the Great Pyramid or study molecules from the inside. Developers of Virtual Reality say its potential is powerful.
The word which comes closest to describing Virtual Reality is “simulator”. Virtual Reality technology resembles the flight simulators that are used to train pilots. But of course there are dangers as well as benefits. In the wrong hands Virtual Reality can be used for power fantasies and pornography.
Vocabulary:
virtual Reality – виртуальная реальность
invention – изобретение
helmet – шлем
lenses – линзы
illusion – иллюзия
surgeon – хирург
simulator – симулятор
Questions:
Translate into English:
Translate into Russian:
THEME 1
ENVIRONMENT
Text 1.
WE MUST PROTECT OUR ENVIRONMENT
Our country. Our environment. There are many big and small rivers, green forests, high mountains, lakes and seas in Russia.
Our Earth is our home. I think people must take care of our Motherland.
There are several laws and decisions on this important subject. We have state organizations which pay attention to this problem.
International conventions pay a lot of attention to controlling pollution too.
There are a lot of industrial enterprises in our country that’s why we can’t ignore the problem of the protection of our environment. Our main aim is protection. Our environment must be clean. What must we do? We have to control atmospheric and water pollution, to study man’s influence on the climate. The pollution of the environment influences the lives of animals, plants and humans. If we don’t use chemicals properly we’ll pollute our environment.
Our plants and factories put their waste materials into the water and atmosphere and pollute the environment.
There are many kinds of transport in our big cities, that is why we must pay attention to the protection of our nature and the health of people.
Radiation has become one of the main problems. It is not good for people’s health. Many people died from radiation some years ago in Chernobol. It was a tragedy. Another problem is earthquakes. We have had some terrible earthquakes in Armenia. Our scientists try to forecast earthquakes so that we can protect ourselves from them.
All over the world people do a lot to protect nature, to make their countries richer, to make their lives happier.
Vocabulary:
pollution – загрязнение
environment – окружающая среда
ignore – игнорировать
defence – оборона, защита
protect – охранять
atvospheric – атмосферный
influence – влияние
plant – растение
law – закон
decision – решение
earthquake – землетрясение
forecast – предсказывать, прогнозировать
waste – отбросы производства
enterprise – предприятие
aim - цель
Questions:
Give possible beginnings of the sentences:
Translate into Russian:
Text 2.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Our planet Earth is only a tiny part of the universe, but nowadays it’s the only place where we can live.
People always polluted their surroundings. People lived in rural areas and did not produce such amount of polluting agents that would cause a dangerous situation in global scale. With the development of overcrowded industrial highly developed cities, which put huge amounts of pollutants into surrounds, the problem has become more and more dangerous. Today our planet is in serious danger. Acid rains, global warming, air and water pollution, and overpopulation are the problems that threaten human lives on the Earth.
In order tj understand exactly what this pollution is. The pollutants that harm our respiratory system are known as particulates. Particulates are the small solid particles that you can see through rays of sunlight. They are products of incomplete combustion in engines, for example: internal-combustion engines, road dust and wood smoke. Billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels are burnt, they produce smoke and other by-products, which is emitted into the atmosphere. Although wind and rain occasionally wash away the smoke, given off by power plants and automobiles, but it is not enough. These chemical compounds undergo a series of chemical reactions in the presence of sunlight; as a result we have smog, mixture of fog and smoke. While such pollutants as particulates we can see, other harmful ones are not visible. Among the most dangerous to our health are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide and ozone or active oxygen. If you have ever been in an enclosed parking garage or a tunnel and felt dizzy or lightheaded, then you have felt the effect of carbon monoxide (CO). This odourless, colourless, but poisonous gas is produced by the incomplete burning of fossil fuels, like gasoline or diesel fuel.
Factories emit tons of harmful chemicals. These emissions have disastrous consequences for our planet. They are the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.
Our forests are disappearing because they are cut down or burnt. If this trend continues, one day we won’t have enough oxygen to breathe, we won’t see a beautiful green forest at all.
The seas are in danger. They are filled with poison: industrial and nuclear wastes, chemical fertilizers and pesticides. If nothing is done about it, one day nothing will be able to live in our seas.
Every ten minutes one kind of animal, plant or insect dies out forever. If nothing is done about it, one million species that are alive today soon become extinct.
And even greater threats are nuclear power stations. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are.
Fortunately, it’s not too late to solve these problems. We have the time, the money and even the technology to make our planet a better, cleaner and safer place. We can plant trees and create parks for endangered animals. We can recycle our wastes; persuade enterprises to stop polluting activities, because it is apparent that our careless use of fossil fuels and chemicals is destroying this planet. And it is now more than over apparent that at the same time we are destroying our bodies and our future.
Vocabulary:
tiny part – крошечная часть
to pollute – загрязнять
rural area – сельский район
polluting agents – загрязняющие компоненты
global scale – глобальный масштаб
acid rains – кислотные дожди
overpopulation – перенаселение
to threaten – угрожать
to affect – воздействовать
respiratory system – дыхательная система
particulates – микрочастицы
solid particles – твердые частицы
ray of sunlight – солнечный свет
combustion – сжигание, сгорание
internal-combustion engine – двигатель внутреннего сгорания
wood smoke – сгорание древесины
by-products – побочные продукты
power plants – силовые установки
chemical compounds – химические элементы
to undergo – подвергаться воздействию
smog – смог
fog – туман
carbon monoxide – угарный газ
nitrogen oxides – окислы азота
sulfur dioxide – сернистый газ
dizzy - головокружение
odourless – без запаха
fossil fuels – органическое топливо
gasoline – бензин
to emit – испускать, выбрасывать
disastrous consequences – гибельные последствия
greenhouse effect – парниковый эффект
to breathe – дышать, вдыхать
chemical fertilizers – удобрения
pesticide – пестицид
plant – растение
insect – насекомое
extinct – исчезнуть, вымирать
to persuade enterprises – убедить предпринимателей
wastes – отходы
Questions:
Complete the following sentences:
Translate into English:
Text 3.
ECOLOGICAL PROBLEMS
Since ancient times Nature has served Man, being the source of his life. For thousands of years people lived in harmony with environment and it seemed to them that natural riches were unlimited. But with the development of civilization man’s interference in nature began to increase.
Large cities with thousands of smoky industrial enterprises apper all over the world today. The by-products of their activity pollute the air we breathe, the water we drink, the land we grow grain and vegetables on.
Every year world industry pollutes the atmosphere with about 1000 million tons of dust and other harmful substances. Many cities suffer from smog. Vast forests are cut and burn in fire. Their disappearance upsets the oxygen balance. As a result some rare species of animals, birds, fish and plants disappear forever, a number of rivers and lakes dry up.
The pollution of air and the world’s ocean, destruction of the ozone layer is the result of man’s careless interaction with nature, a sign of the ecological crises.
The most horrible ecological disaster befell Ukraine and its people after the Chernobyl tragedy in April 1986. About 18 percent of the territory of Byelarus were also polluted with radioactive substances. A great damage has been done to the agriculture, forests and people’s health. The consequences of this explosion at the atomic power-station are tragic for the Ukrainian, Byelarussian and other nations.
Environmental protection is of a universal concern. That is why serious measures to create a system of ecological security should be taken.
Some progress has been already made in this direction. As many as 159 countries – members of the UNO – have set up environmental protection agencies. Numerous conferences have been held by these agencies to discuss problems facing ecologically poor regions including the Aral Sea, the South Urals, Kuzbass, Donbass, Semipalatinsk and Chernobyl. An international environmental research centre has been set up on Lace Baikal. The international organization Greenpeace is also doing much to preserve the environment.
But these are only the initial steps and they must be carried onward to protect nature, to save life on the planet not only for the sake of the present but also for the future generations.
Vocabulary:
ancient – древний
harmony – гармония
environment – окружающая среда
riches – богатства
unlimited – неограниченный
to interfere – вмешиваться
to increase – увеличиваться, возрастать
smoky – дымный
enterprises – предприятия
by-product – побочный продукт
activity – деятельность
to pollute – загрязнять
substances – вещества
oxygen – кислород
rare – редкий
destruction – разрушение
ozone – озон
layer – слой
interaction – взаимодействие
horrible – ужасный
disaster – катастрофа
to befall – пасть (на что-то)
Questions:
Put the words in the following sentences in order:
Find the following sentences:
THEME 3
COMPUTERS
Text 1.
WHAT IS A COMPUTER
The term computer is used to describe a device made up of a combination of electronic and electromechanical (part electronic and part mechanical) components. Computer has no intelligence by itself and is referred to as hardware. A computer system is a combination of five elements:
When one computer system is set up to communicate with another computer system, connectivity becomes the sixth system element. In other words, the manner in which the various individual systems are connected – for example, by phone lines, microwave transmission, or satellite – is an element of the total computer system.
Software is the term used to describe the instructions that tell the hardware how to perform a task. Without software instructions, the hardware doesn’t know what to do. People, however, are the most important component of the computer system: they create the computer software instructions and respond to the procedures that those instructions present.
The basic job of computer is processing information. Computers accept information in the form of instruction called a programme and characters called data to perform mathematical and logical operations, and then give the results. The data is raw material while information is organized, processed, refined and useful for decision making. Computer is used to convert data information.
Vocabulary:
intelligence – разум
manner – манера, способ
procedures – процедуры, операции
microwave - микроволновая
purpose – цель
to connect – соединять
raw – необработанный, сырой
decision making – принятие решений
to convert – превращать, преобразовывать
to refine – очищать
transmission – передача
Questions:
Which of the listed above statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.
Match the following:
Text 2.
HARDWARE
What is hardware? Webster’s dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware – the mechanical, magnetic, electronic, and electrical devices composing a computer system.
Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:
Input hardware
The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert it into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hard held device connected to the computer by small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the mouse pad, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to signal a menu selection or a command to the computer.
The light pen uses a light sensitive photoelectric cell to signal screen position to the computer. Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner that is used to input graphics as well as typeset characters. Microphone and digital camera can by also used to input data into the computer.
Processing hardware
The purpose of processing hardware is retrieve, interpret and direct the execution of software instructions provided to the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the Central Processing Unit and main memory.
The Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing activities that must take place. The design of the CPU affects the processing power and the speed of the computer, as well as the amount of main memory it can use effectively. With a well designed CPU in your computer, you can perform highly sophisticated tasks in a very short time.
Memory is the system of component of the computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.
RAM (random access memory) is the volatile computer memory, used for creating loading, and running programs and for manipulating and temporarily storing data;
ROM (read only memory) is nonvolatile, nonmodifiable computer memory, used to hold programmed instructions to the system.
The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform that is the faster it works.
Storage hardware
The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data in a form that is relatively permanent and. Storage hardware serves the same basic functions as do office filing systems except that it stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk (HDD), floppy disk and CD-ROM.
Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data.
Floppy disk (diskette) – thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25” and 3.5”. 5.25” is not used in modern computer systems because of it relatively large size, flexibility and small capacity. 3.5” disks are formatted 1.44 megabytes and are widely used.
CD-ROM (compact disk read only memory) is a compact disk on which a large amount of digitized read-only data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays.
Output hardware
The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is output in either hardcopy or softcopy from. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor.
Monitor is a component with a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc.
Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics.
Modem is an example of communication hardware – an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.
Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what the computer system is designed to do. Hardware can fill several floors of a large office building or can fit on your lap.
Vocabulary:
amount – количество
capacity – вместительность
circuitry – эл. Цепи
CPU, microprocessor – микропроцессор
hard disk – жесткий диск «винчестер»
input hardware – устройства ввода данных
keyboard – клавиатура
lap – колени
3.5” – три с половиной дюйма
RAM – ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее
устройство)
ROM – ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее
устройство)
CD-ROM – накопитель на компакт-дисках
scanner – сканер
sensitive – чувствительный
sophisticated – сложный
storage hardware – устройство хранения
данных
temporarily – временно
mouse – устройство для перемещения объектов на экране, «мышь»
cursor – курсор, стрелка, указатель
output hardware – выходные устройства отображения информации
via – через
processing hardware – устройства обработки данных
temporary – временный
the purpose – цель
tier – ярус
to affect – влиять
to convert – преобразовывать
to direct – управлять
to execute – выполнять
to interpret – переводить
to provide – обеспечивать
to reach – достигать
to roll – катать, перекатывать
volatile – нестойкий, временный
Questions:
Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.
Give definitions to the following:
Text 3.
SOFTWARE
A computer to complete a job requires more than just the actual equipment or hardware we see and touch. It requires Software – programs for directing the operation of a computer or electronic data.
Software is the final computer system component. These computer programs instruct the hardware how to conduct processing. The computer is merely a general purpose machine which requires specific software to perform a given task. Computers can input, calculate, compare, and output data as information. Software determines the order in which these operations are performed.
Programs usually fall in one of two categories: system software and applications software.
System software controls standard internal computer activities. An operating system, for example, is a collection of system programs that aid in the operation of a computer regardless of the application software being used. When a computer is first turned on, one of the system programmes is booted or loaded into the computers memory. This software contains information about memory capacity, the model of the processor, the disk drives to be used, and more. Once the system software is loaded, the applications software can be brought in.
System programmes ere designed for the specific pieces of hardware. These programmes are called drivers and coordinate peripheral hardware and computer activities. User needs to install a specific driver ob order to activate a peripheral device. For example, if you intend to buy a printer or a scanner you need to worry in advance about the driver programme which, though, commonly goes along with your device. By installing the driver you “teach” your mainboard to “understand” the newly attached part. However, in modern computer systems the drivers are usually installed in the operating system.
Applications software satisfies your specific need. The developers of application software rely mostly on marketing research strategies trying to do their best to attract more users (buyers) to their software. As the productivity of the hardware has increased greatly in recent years, the programmers nowadays tend to include as much as possible in one programme to make software interface look more attractive to the user. These class of programmes is the most numerous and perspective from the marketing point of view.
Data communication within and between computers systems is handled by system software. Communications software transfers data from one computer system to another. These programmes usually provide users with data security and error checking along with physically transferring data between the two computer’s memories. During the past five years the developing electronic network communication has stimulated more and more companies to produce various communication software, such as Web-Browsers for Internet.
Vocabulary:
to attach – присоединять
control – управление
developer – разработчик
general-purpose – общего назначения
internal – внутренний
mainboard – материнская плата
memory capacity – вместимость памяти
peripheral – периферийный
regard – отношение
regardless – несмотря на, безотносительно
security - безопасность
specific – конкретный, определенный
to boot – загружать
to check – проверять
to direct – управлять, руководить
to handle – управлять, обращаться с
to provide with – обеспечивать чем-либо
to require – требовать
to secure – обеспечивать безопасность
to transfer – переводить, переносить
Web-browser – «браузер» (программа, позволяющая пользователю искать и считывать
информацию с глобальной электронной сети Internet)
Questions:
Which of the listed below statements are true/false. Specify your answer using the text.
Find English equivalents in the text:
.
.
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