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Lesson 10.
ASBESTOS
Vocabulary
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упоминание (появление) быть записанным восхищать бросать быть соткан открытый огонь существующие волокна обращение получать природные источники добываться быть спряден пряжа, нить прясть чтобы связать определять фальшивые рукава отделка лентой поверхности бетонного дорожного покрытия промышленная упаковка электрические обмотки |
Text
Asbestos
Asbestos has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times. The first written evidence of asbestos was recorded by Pliny in the first century A. D.
It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by throwing a tablecloth made of asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged from the flame. A few centuries later Marco Polo told his friends in Italy about a substance he observed in Siberia. He told that it could be woven into attractive textiles, which did not burn even in direct flame.
Asbestos is one of the strangest of all the naturally occurring fibers. It is a rock, which has been subjected to unusual treatment during its formation. Asbestos is the only mineral substance used as a textile fiber in the form it is obtained from natural sources. There are many varieties of asbestos rocks but only chrysolite is widely used for textile products. Chrysolite is mined in many countries of the world. The soft, long, white fibers of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual processes. Pure asbestos being very difficult to spin, a proportion of cotton fiber is usually added to help to bind the asbestos fibers together. The strangest characteristic of asbestos fibers is their resistance to heat and burning. This property determines the ways in which they are used.
Early uses for asbestos included such articles as handkerchiefs and table coverings. The Chinese used asbestos to make false sleeves, which could be cleaned by putting them in the fire. All the dirt was burned off, leaving the asbestos clean. We know commercial development of the fiber to have started in the 19th century. Asbestos was used in flameproof clothing of many kinds, for laboratory, industrial and military purposes.
Fabrics made of asbestos have good strength. Today the main applications are those in which non-inflammability is essential such as conveyor belting for hot materials, industrial packings, fireproof clothing, etc. Asbestos is sometimes used with glass fiber in making decorative fabrics for curtains used in hospitals, theatres and other buildings where the public assembles. Some grades of asbestos are used for electrical windings and insulation.
Ex.1. Find the following words and word combination in text.
Ex.2. Match the verbs in column A with those in column B.
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A |
B |
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1.to use 2. to weave 3. to burn 4. to occur 5. to mine 6. to spin 7. to start 8. to add 9. to include |
происходить добывать прясть использовать гореть прясть начинать добавлять включать |
Ex.3. Complete the sentences.
1. Fabrics made of asbestos have ... .
2. The Chinese used asbestos to make … , which could … putting them in the fire.
3. Early uses for asbestos included such articles ... .
4. It is a rock, which … to unusual treatment during its formation.
5. ...fibers of this mineral can be spun into yarn by the usual processes.
6. … has been known and used as a textile since the earliest times.
7. The first written evidence of asbestos … Pliny in the first century A. D.
8. All the dirt was burned off, leaving ... .
9. The strangest characteristic of asbestos fibers is their resistance … .
10. One of the Emperors of Rome ... .
11. Asbestos was used in … of many kinds, for laboratory, industrial and military purposes.
12. Some grades of asbestos are used for … and … .
Ex.4. Ask questions so that the sentences below could be answers.
1. Marco Polo told his friends about the substance that could be woven into attractive textiles.
2. Asbestos was used in flameproof clothing of many kinds for different purposes.
3. The strangest characteristic of asbestos fibres is their resistance to heat and barning.
4. It is told that one of the Emperors of Rome delighted guests by throwing a tablecloth made of asbestos into fire and then removing it unchanged from the flame.
Grammar:
Ex.5. Analyze the following sentences with the ATTRIBUTIVE CLAUSES and translate them into Russian
1. Decorative asbestos fabrics are used in the houses where the public assembles.
2. The building materials, which are produced at this factory, are widely used on the city construction sites.
3. One of the most important requirements when we use timber is to see that it is properly dried.
4. This property determines the ways in which they are used.
5. Respect the people who answer to you.
6. What do you do to cut the labour expenses that are connected with the erecting of a house at the construction site?
7. The building of the university where we study is a pre-revolutionary one.
8. In a space heated by radiators, where there is no fan, the air, which comes into contact with the radiators, is heated and made lighter.
9. Many people have some experience that can easily be turned into a business.
10. I clearly remember the day when we met with you first.
11. The fact that the lime can be slaked was discovered by the Romans.
12. Fabrics that are made of asbestos have good strength.
13. Egyptian pyramids are huge structures that are almost 4,600 years old.
14. The more people who manufacture and trade, the greater the competition.
15. They wish that some of the rules they must follow were not necessary.
16. The "pseudo concrete" was not the concrete people use today.
17. The fact that cement is used widely as a binding material is quite reasonable.
18. Nowadays plastics, which are artificial materials, can be applied to almost every branch of building.
Ex.6. Translate the sentences with double clauses
1. Sand is the only material, which is sufficiently cheap, and which will fulfill these requirements.
2. All aggregates, which have sufficient strength and resistance to weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete.
3. Joiner is a man who makes joinery and works mainly at the bench on wood, which has been cut and shaped by the machinists.
4. The word "sand" is applied to any finely divided material, which will not affect the cement or lime and which is not subject to disintegration or decay.
5. Aggregates are defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which form the rock, which is denoted by the general term concrete.
Ex.7. Make up sentences according to the model.
Model A: This is the device which our engineer has constructed.
This is the device our engineer has constructed.
1. The technology that the company used in building is up-todate.
2. I remember the day when you first came in our company.
3. The reason why the roof leaks is quite plain.
4. The specialist that you wanted to hire is in our office.
5. The oldest book that we have sets the principles of building.
6. The subject that they have chosen for the discussion was connected with modern management practices in the construction industry.
Model B: This is the house in which I used to live
This is the house I used to live in.
1. There is an optimum condition of temperature and humidity at which the processing of different materials may be carried out.
2. This is a concept on which our company was built.
3. Kiln is a kind of furnace in which limestone is heated.
4. Foundation is a part of construction on which all the building based.
5. These is a mixture of cement and sound from which we get concrete.
6. He was offered to work with the architect of whom he had heard much before.
Ex.8. Read the text
Buying a House: Daydream or Nightmare
I recently heard from my old friend Norman. He called to tell me that he has decided to buy a house. That's very interesting because I'm thinking about buying a house too. Sometimes I sit alone at my desk before work and draw houses. I think I'll call a real estate agent next week, so I can begin to look for a house. Or maybe I'll wait. I'm just not sure.
Norman is a dentist. He wants to have his office in his house. So the house has to be large with two separate entrances. Norman told me that he hasn't been himself lately. He thinks about houses morning, noon and night. He looks at houses with his fiancee in different towns every week. He looks at the prime lending rate every week.
Sometimes he heard about houses he liked a lot. He went back to see it a week later. The owner had already sold it. Another time he saw a beautiful house. It was perfect—the right size, close to the city, near public transportation. It had a huge yard, and it even had a swimming pool. It looked like the house where he was born. His fiancee loved too, and the price was right. He made an offer the next morning so he would not lose the house. But then he had a house inspected.
Poor Norman! The house had termites, asbestos in the basement, leaking water pipes, and a broken hot water heater. He was very dissapointed. His hope wanted to give up. Norman wanted to try again. He's been looking for a year.
I wish him good luck.
Ex.9. Answer the question:
1. What kind of a house would you like to have? 2. What are your dreams?
Ex.10. Rewrite the dialogue in indirect speech:
Construction Manager: Hello! Could I speak to Mr. William Jefferson, please? That's the supervisor of the builders' team. I would like to discuss some details about the construction of your house in Abby Moth.
Mr. Jefferson, customer: Hello, what's up?
CM.: Hallo, Mr. Jefferson. I just wanted to talk over some possible changes in the project of the foundation
С.: What are those?
CM: You have ordered to make a concrete foundation. But those concrete beams are too heavy.
С.: So?
CM.: I suggest that we make it ferro-concrete. It will be better.
C: Fine. And could we possibly discuss some details concerning the woodwork?
СМ.: But we haven't started the earthworks yet, Mr. Jefferson...
С.: You know, I'm leaving for USA for a long time, so I won't be able to order some changes later.
CM.: Ok, I can come to you with the project plans tomorrow.
С.: Thank you. So I'm waiting for you tomorrow at 10 a.m.
CM.: See you tomorrow.
C.: Good-bye then.