Rnging Some simply provide summries of the stte of Indigenous rights in given country which is beneficil for lerning bout specific Indigenous groups or regions while others dopt more criticl view
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Literature Review on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in the Arctic
by Don Couturier
Scholarly work on the rights of Indigenous peoples is extensive. A number of international treaties articulate the level of recognition these rights receive from state governments. The foremost document is the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Some scholars, such as Tully and Alfred, choose to focus on the political theory of Aboriginal rights. Conversely, other academic work focuses on specific arctic regions, analyzing how the various laws, agreements, and domestic policies of individual states influence Aboriginal peoples living in those regions. Much work can be found on arctic North America, Greenland, Scandinavia, and Russia – regions of interest to the Youth Arctic Coalition.
The viewpoints expressed in this body of scholarship are wide-ranging. Some simply provide summaries of the state of Indigenous rights in a given country, which is beneficial for learning about specific Indigenous groups or regions, while others adopt a more critical view of the ways in which Indigenous rights have been ignored, undermined, or remain in jeopardy. Critical perspectives are important to consider so that one can move beyond a cursory overview of the status quo, and become familiar with the arguments highlighting areas where problems persist and where Indigenous peoples themselves feel more work is needed. Furthermore, one ought to give full consideration to the Indigenous scholars contributing to this conversation, who are of course the best situated to comment and advise on these issues.
A few observations on themes found in the literature: Indigenous groups throughout the circumpolar world share a number of similarities in their struggles to assert their rights. Most groups are subject to the laws and policies of a majority society, and are working to create space for themselves within this framework, despite existing prior to the constitution of that state. All indigenous groups in the arctic are being affected, in some capacity, by climate change and development of natural resources. The rights of these groups are fundamentally tied to the environment, and so the places where they intersect are often at the forefront of the issue. Where the experience of each group differs is how their rights have been either respected or ignored by the state in which their traditional territory now lies, and the exact nature of their rights based on their specific culture. Therefore, when reading through the literature it is important keep in mind some of these common themes, while also taking note of how the rights of Indigenous peoples are in different states throughout arctic regions. While the increased assertion and recognition of Indigenous rights is always the goal, some groups have achieved greater success than others, due to geographic location or the domestic policies of states.
Please refer to the bibliography for a detailed listing of scholars writing on these subjects.
References
Alden Smith, Eric., McCarter, Joan. Contested Arctic: Indigenous Peoples, Industrial
States, and the Circumpolar Environment. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).
Alfred, Taiaiake. Wasase: Indigenous Pathways of Action and Freedom. (Toronto:
University of Toronto Press, 2005).
Anaya, James S. International Human Rights and Indigenous Peoples. (New York:
Aspen Publishers, 2009).
Bankes, Nigel. “Land Claim Agreements in Arctic Canada in light of International
Human Rights Norms.” Yearbook of Polar Law: (2009).
Beach, Hugo. “Negotiating Nature in Swedish Lapland: Ecology and Economics of
Saami Reindeer Management.” In Contested Arctic: Indigenous Peoples, Industrial States, and the Circumpolar Environment. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).
Borrows, John. Canada’s Indigenous Constitution. (Toronto: University of Toronto
Press, 2010).
Crump, John. “Many Strong Voices: Climate Change and Equity in the Arctic.”
Indigenous Affairs 1-2: (2008).
Dahl, Jens. “The Greenlandic Version of Self-Government.” In Indigenous Parliament?
Realities and Perspectives in Russia and the Circumpolar North. Edited by
Katherine Wessendorf. (Copenhagen, Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, 2005).
Fae, Korsmo. “Swedish Policy and Saami Rights”. The Northern Review, no. 11: (1993).
Fenge, Terry., Funston, Bernard. Arctic Governance: Traditional Knowledge of Arctic
Indigenous Peoples from an International Policy Perspective. (Published Paper, 2009).
Fondahl, Gail., Sarina, Anna. “Oil Pipeline Development and Indigenous Rights in
Eastern Siberia”. Indigenous Affairs, 2-3: (2006).
Graham, Lorie M. “Reconciling Collective and Individual Rights: Indigenous Educations
and International Human Rights Law.” UCLA Journal of International Law & Foreign Affairs, 83: (2010).
Henriksen, John. “Implementation of the Right of Self-Determination of Indigenous
Peoples”. Indigenous Affairs, 3(6): (2010).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
Johnson, Charles. “The Role of Indigenous Peoples in Forming Arctic Policies.” In
Contested Arctic: Indigenous Peoples, Industrial States, and the Circumpolar Environment. (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1997).
Joona, Tania. “Finland and the Process of Ratifying ILO Convention No. 169.”
Indigenous Affairs 5: (2003).
Josefsen, Eva. “Norwegian Legislation and Administration: Saami Rights.” Galdu Cala-
Journal of Indigenous Peoples’ Rights, no. 1: (2007).
Josefsen, Eva. “The Experience of Sapmi.” In Indigenous Parliament? Realities and
Perspectives in Russia and the Circumpolar North. Edited by Katherine Wessendorf. (Copenhagen, Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, 2005).
Lennard, Sillanpaa. “A Comparative Analysis of Indigenous Rights: Fennoscandia.”
Scandinavian Political Studies, 20(3): (1997).
Kryazhkov, Vladimir A. “Participation in the Political Process: Russian Reality and
Foreign Experience.” In Indigenous Parliament? Realities and Perspectives in Russia and the Circumpolar North. Edited by Katherine Wessendorf. (Copenhagen, Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, 2005).
Murashko, Ola O. “Protecting Indigenous Peoples’ Rights to their Natural Resources –
The Case of Russia.” Indigenous Affairs, 3-4: (2008).
Nordic Sami Convention.
Nunavut Land Claims Agreement.
Nuttall, Mark. “Towards the World’s First Independent Inuit State?” Indigenous Affairs,
2-4: (2008).
Pavlov, Pavel N. “International Law and Reform of Russian Federation Legislation.” In
Indigenous Parliament? Realities and Perspectives in Russia and the Circumpolar North. Edited by Katherine Wessendorf. (Copenhagen, Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, 2005).
Pullar, Gordon L. “Indigenous Self-Government and Political Institutions in Alaska.” In
In Indigenous Parliament? Realities and Perspectives in Russia and the Circumpolar North. Edited by Katherine Wessendorf. (Copenhagen, Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, 2005).
Sleptsov, Anatoly N. “RAIPON as Authorized Agency Representing the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.” In Indigenous Parliament? Realities and Perspectives in Russia and the Circumpolar North. Edited by Katherine Wessendorf. (Copenhagen, Eks-
Skolens Trykkeri, 2005).
Stavenhagen, Rodolfo. Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights
and fundamental freedoms of indigenous people. Submitted pursuant to Commission Resolution 2001/57’, 4 February 2002 (13-14).
Todyshev, Mikhail A. “Indigenous Peoples and the Electoral System of the Russian
Federation.” In Indigenous Parliament? Realities and Perspectives in Russia and the Circumpolar North. Edited by Katherine Wessendorf. (Copenhagen, Eks- Skolens Trykkeri, 2005).
Tully, James. “The Struggles of Indigenous Peoples for and of Freedom.” In Political Theory and the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Edited by Duncan Ivison, Paul Patton and Will Sanders. (Canberra, University of Sydney Press, 2000).
United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples.
White, Graham. “Strengthening Indigenous Peoples’ Influence: ‘Claims Boards’ in Northern Canada.” Indigenous Affairs, 4: (2004).
Wessendorf, Kathrin. An Indigenous Parliament? Realities and Perspectives in Russia and the Circumpolar North. (Copenhagen, Eks-Skolens Trykkeri, 2005).
Youngblood Henderson, James. Indigenous Diplomacy and rights of peoples: Achieving UN Recognition. (Saskatoon, Purich Publishing, 2008).
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