Английский язык Учебное пособие для студентов
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КОРОЛЕВСКИЙ ИНСТИТУТ УПРАВЛЕНИЯ, ЭКОНОМИКИ И СОЦИОЛОГИИ
КАФЕДРА ИНОСТРАННЫХ ЯЗЫКОВ
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК
Учебное пособие
для студентов первого курса
Королев 2010
Чередниченко М.А., Арутюнян Д.Д., Красикова Т.И., Пустовойт О.Е. Английский язык: Учебное пособие для студентов первого курса. – Королев МО: КИУЭС, 2010. – 191 с.
Учебное пособие предназначено для студентов первого курса неязыковых вузов.
Данное пособие содержит страноведческий материал, знакомит читателей с социокультурной средой страны изучаемого языка. Работа с пособием поможет читателю сформировать навыки поиска и осмысления иноязычной информации, совершенствовать свои коммуникативные умения, а также развить письменную речь.
Одобрено и рекомендовано к изданию в качестве учебного пособия учебно-методическим советом КИУЭС.
Рецензенты: зав. кафедрой перевода МГУЛ, профессор, кандидат филологических наук Жаворонкова Р.Н.
Профессор кафедры иностранных языков, кандидат педагогических наук РГУТС Авакумова Т.А.
Кафедра иностранных языков
Авторы: к.э.н., доцент Чередниченко Мария Александровна,
к.п.н., доцент Арутюнян Диана Давидовна,
к.ф.н., профессор Красикова Тамара Ивановна,
старший преподаватель Пустовойт Ольга Евгеньевна
Под общей редакцией зав.кафедрой иностранных языков проф. Красиковой Т.И.
© Королевский институт управления экономики и социологии, 2010
© Чередниченко М.А., Арутюнян Д.Д., Красикова Т.И., Пустовойт О.Е. 2010
Предисловие
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов первого курса, продолжающих изучение английского языка на базе знаний, приобретённых в средней школе, колледже или лицее. Цель пособия состоит в сформированности межкультурной коммуникативной компетенции по английскому языку и включает следующие виды речевой деятельности: чтение, говорение, аудирование и письмо.
Пособие способствует обогащению словарного запаса студентов, приобщению студентов к самостоятельной учебно-исследовательской работе над языком и развивает у них аналитический подход к изучаемым языковым явлениям путём сопоставления их с соответствующими явлениями родного языка.
Пособие состоит из восьми блоков (units) со следующей тематикой: английский язык как мировой, образование, обычаи и традиции, английская кухня, семья, английский дом, некоторые факты о Великобритании, выдающиеся люди Англии. Тексты служат цели отработки учебно-познавательной темы соответствующих действий и являются источником страноведческих и литературоведческих знаний. Тексты представляют собой образцы английского литературного языка в его устной и письменной разновидностях.
Пособие исходит из принципов поаспектного обучения языку и предназначено служить основой для занятий по практике устной и письменной речи, что определило его структуру и содержание отдельных разделов.
Каждый блок содержит три раздела. В первом разделе даны упражнения на определённое грамматическое явление, словообразование и основной текст с последующими лексическими упражнениями.
Во втором разделе содержится текст для извлечения указанной информации с последующими заданиями, в том числе и письменными. В третьем разделе даётся текст для самостоятельной работы и письменного перевода. Завершается каждый блок ролевой игрой и аудированием. Тексты первого и второго разделов снабжены словарём.
В конце пособия даётся англо-русский словарь объёмом 500 слов, в котором отражены основные лексические единицы, использованные в учебных текстах.
Авторами блоков являются: Чередниченко М.а. ( Блок 1, 2, 3, 8), Красикова Т.И. (Блок 4), Арутюнян Д.Д. (Блок 5), Пустовойт (Блок 6, 7).
Издание второе, исправленное и дополненное. Авторы благодарят коллег по кафедре иностранных языков и рецензента кафедры перевода МГУЛ профессора, кандидата филологических наук, зав. кафедрой Жаворонкову Р.Н за ценные замечания, которые были учтены в ходе переработки данного пособия.
БЛОК 1
Грамматика: спряжение глагола to be
Видо-временные формы глагола в группе Indefinite и Continuous
Cловообразование
Текст English As A World Language
Раздел 1.1.
Прочитайте предложения с глаголом to be в видо-временной форме Present Indefinite, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
She is his good friend. |
We are ready to start. 2. You are good at maths. 3. He is very intelligent. 4. She is angry with me. 5. They are in Europe now. 6. We are hungry. 7. She is very tired. 8. He is very busy now. 9. They are thirsty after a long walk. 10. He is always polite.
Прочитайте предложения c глаголом to be в видо-временной форме Past Indefinite, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
She was his good friend. |
I was at work yesterday. 2. He was in France last spring. 3. She was in the office an hour ago. 4. We were late for the performance yesterday. 5. Granny was in the country last summer. 6. They were at home last Sunday. 7. Dad was angry with me yesterday. 8. He was very polite with me last time. 9. He was busy half an hour ago. 10. It was very windy the day before yesterday.
1.1.3. Прочитайте предложения c глаголом to be в видо-временной форме Future Indefinite, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
She will be his friend. |
She will be ready in five minutes. 2. They will be at home in half an hour. 3. We will be late for the next lesson. 4. You will be an accountant in a year. 5. They will be tired after a long walk. 6. I will be back soon. 7. It will be warm tomorrow. 8. The weather will be nice next week. 9. She will be our new teacher next term. 10. We will be out of town tomorrow.
1.1.4. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Present Indefinite, Задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
She likes ice cream. |
He usually comes in time. 2. You always work hard. 3. Don seldom gets up early. 4. I often go to the university by car. 5. He always comes to the office in time. 6. She usually feels well. 7. They know a lot about art. 8. You always work hard. 9. He speaks English well. 10. He does with people well.
Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Past Indefinite, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
They traveled much last year. |
1. They went to London by plane yesterday 2. My friend traveled a lot last year. 3. He worked hard yesterday. 4. They bought a new car last week. 5. The train arrived an hour ago. 6. We changed trains in Berlin yesterday evening. 7. His family sold the house a year ago. 8. She felt well yesterday. 9. Dan arrived late for the class last Monday. 10. She saw this film on TV a week ago.
1.1.6. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Future Indefinite, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
You will ski tomorrow. |
1. I will phone you tomorrow. 2. He will meet us at the station next Friday. 3. She will learn a great deal next term. 4. We will pass the exam soon. 5. I will come back in two days. 6. She will get married next month. 7. My friends will leave for Italy in a week. 8. My brother will help me with this work next Tuesday. 9. He will pay the bill tomorrow. 10. We will sign the contract next week.
1.1.7. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык.
1. Он обычно встречает её после работы. 2. Мы обычно приходим на занятия вовремя. 3. Она вчера приготовила вкусный салат. 4. Они встретят нас на станции через час. 5. Она уедет в Италию через неделю. 6. Они обычно платят наличными. 7. Он принял душ утром. 8. Они подписали контракт на прошлой неделе. 9. Они оплатили счета вчера. 10. Почему он ушёл с вечеринки так рано вчера?
1.1.8. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Present Continious, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
You are watching TV now. |
1. He is working in the lab now. 2. She is listening to you with interest at the moment. 3. It is raining in the South now. 4. We are working at this problem right now. 5. They are doing shopping at the moment. 6. The children are playing computer games at present. 7. Ann is cooking dinner in the kitchen now. 8. Don is having a shower just now. 9. They are going to Spain tomorrow. 10. He is meeting them next Friday.
1.1.9. .Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Past Continious, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
He was watching TV at this time yesterday. |
He was watching TV at 7 o’clock yesterday. 2. She was reading for the exam from 3 to 10 p.m. yesterday. 3. It was raining all evening yesterday. 4. We were waiting at the station at that moment yesterday. 5. You were studying all night before your last exam. 6. They were traveling in Europe at this time last year. 7. I was reading from 5 till 7 o’clock yesterday evening. 8. My friends were waiting for me at the metro station when I saw them. 9. Father was reading a paper when I came. 10. She was cooking when her husband came.
1.1.10. .Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Future Continious, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
They will be watching TV at 7 o’clock tomorrow. |
At 3 o’clock tomorrow I will be going to Berlin. 2. At 7 o’clock this evening he will be having party. 3. At 10 o’clock tomorrow morning she will be working in her office. 4. We will be enjoying ourselves at this time tomorrow. 5. You will be swimming in the sea at this time next week. 6. They will be studying all day tomorrow. 7. Ann will be reading for the exam all night tomorrow. 8. His parents will be flying to Spain at that time next Sunday. 9. He will be resting all through the weekend. 10. Her friends will be dancing all evening tomorrow.
1.1.11. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык.
1. Не беспокой меня! Я сейчас работаю. 2. Они стояли около метро, когда я их увидел. 3. Я буду готовиться к экзамену весь день завтра. 4. Они обедали, когда я пришла. 5. Она делала покупки, когда я её встретила. 6. Он принимает душ сейчас. 7. Она будет обедать в это время. 8. Он сейчас разговаривает по телефону. 9. Мы работали в лаборатории с 3 до 6 вчера. 10. Я буду отдыхать все выходные.
1.1.12. Вставьте недостающие части речи.
|
Существительное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
Наречие |
|
note |
note |
notable |
notably |
|
use |
|||
|
peace |
xxx |
||
|
weak |
|||
|
success |
Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
|
importance n native a native speaker |
значение, важность, значительность |
Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
In the course of, secondary importance, native speakers, in a number of speakers, nowadays, politics, science, trade, cultural relations, the official language, numerous countries, even more widely, a foreign language, in this respect, to acquire, an international status, listening to broadcasts, commerce, scientific literature, technological and economic development, international aid, automation, considerable degree, diplomacy, frequently, outside, mother tongue, exporting, above all, to assist, present standing.
Прочитайте текст и назовите, в каких странах английский язык является: а) единственным официальным языком, б) одним из официальных языков; в) в чем причина, по мнению автора статьи, становления английского в качестве мирового языка.
ENGLISH AS A WORLD LANGUAGE
It is only in the course of the last few years that English has become a world language. In Shakespeare’s time it was a “provincial” language of secondary importance with only six million native speakers. Nowadays English has become the world’s most important language in politics, science, trade and cultural relations. In a number of speakers (400 million) it is second only to Chinese. It is the official language of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, of the United States of America, of Australia and New Zealand. English is used as one of the official languages in Canada, the Republic of South Africa and the Irish Republic. It is also spoken as a second language by many people in India, Pakistan, numerous countries in Africa.
Even more widely English is studied and used as a foreign language. In this respect it acquired an international status. It is used for communication, listening to broadcasts, reading books and newspapers, in commerce and travel. Half of the world’s scientific literature is in English. English is associated with technological and economic development and it is the principal language of international aid. It is the language of automation and computer technology. It is not only the universal language of international aviation, shipping and sport, it is to a considerable degree the universal language of literacy and public communication. It is the major language of diplomacy, and is the most frequently used language both in the debates in the United Nations and in the general conduct of the UN business.
English has become a world language because of its establishment as a mother tongue outside England. This exporting of English began in the seventeenth century with the first settlements in North America. Above all it is the greatest growth of population in the United States assisted by massive immigration in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries that has given the English language its present standing in the world.
Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста, подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста:
1. English has become the world’s language in the course of the last decade.
2. Five million people spoke English as native language in Shakespeare’s time.
3. In a number of speakers it is the first language in the world.
It is one of the official languages in Canada.
English has got an international status because it is widely used as a foreign language.
Many people in different countries of Africa speak English as a second language.
One third of the world’s scientific literature is in English.
English is the major language of international aid.
French is the principal language for the debates in the United Nations.
English has become a world language only because it is widely studied as a foreign language.
It is used only as a foreign language outside Great Britain.
The exporting of English began in the sixteenth century.
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
When did English become a world language?
How many native speakers of English were there in Shakespeare’s time?
In what spheres is it the world’s most important language?
How many native speakers of English are there in the world now?
Where is it the only one official language?
Where is it used as one of the official languages?
Where is it spoken as a second language?
In what way is it used more widely?
What status did English acquire?
Where is it used nowadays?
How often is it used in scientific literature?
What is it associated with?
What is it the universal language of?
What is it the major language of?
How is it used in the United Nations?
Why has it become a world language?
When did the exporting of English begin?
What else has given English its present standing in the world?
Прочитайте текст. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
Компьютерные технологии, иностраннй язык, культурные связи, экономическое развитие, официальный (государственный) язык, приобретать, торговля, второстепенная значимость, в этом отношении, многочисленные страны, связь, международный статус, современное положение, научная литература, наука, международная помощь, слушать радиопередачи, даже более широко, помогать, значительная степень, кроме всего прочего, автоматизация, экспорт, часто, авиация, родной язык, снаружи (вне), в настоящее время, в течение, политика, по числу говорящих.
Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:
Это было очень важно для меня.
Они развивают культурные связи (отношения) между двумя странами.
Мы не изучали иностранный язык в прошлом году.
А вы изучали иностранный язык в прошлом году?
Он пользуется английским как вторым языком.
Он слушал радио, когда пришла сестра.
Что ты сейчас слушаешь?
Ты вчера слушал музыку?
Она читает научную литературу на английском.
10. Лектор говорил о быстром экономическом развитии Китая.
11. Когда ты получишь степень бакалавра?
12. Рост населения был очень высоким много лет назад.
13. Они экспортируют компьютеры во многие страны.
14.Что вы экспортируете в Италию?
Прочитайте текст и найдите предложения, сказуемое которых выражено видо-временной формой Present Perfect Tense.
Сократите текст, опустив несущественные детали.
Составьте план и передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам:
In the course of, native speakers, in a number of speakers, official language, a second language, more widely, is used, scientific literature, technological and economic development, diplomacy, establishment, mother tongue, the growth of population.
Расскажите, как и где изучают английский язык в нашей стране.
Раздел 1.2.
Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
|
matter n |
дело, вопрос, сущность, предмет |
Прочитайте текст и определите, какую специальность автор этого сообщения хочет приобрести и почему для него так важно знать иностранные языки.
LEARNING FOREIGN LANGUAGE
I think it’s really important to learn any language no matter how few people speak it. It broadens your mind, you learn about other cultures and about other ways of thinking. A lot of people, I know, in England, when I said I was learning Hungarian, would say, “What’s the point? Nobody speaks it outside Hungary”. I remember telling my mum I wanted to learn Swedish and she said, ‘Nobody speaks it outside Sweden”, but what if I wanted to go and live there? It would be essential that I learn it. You can’t expect people to speak English.
People have the attitude in England that, you know, the whole world speaks English. They stop the American guy who works here in the stock market and he said, “Oh, in five years time everyone in Budapest will speak English. Budapest will be an English-speaking town’. I think that’s incredibly arrogant. Of course, if people want to learn it as a second language that’s their right, but you can’t force them. You can’t force a language down somebody’s throat, you have to want to learn it.
I saw a film recently, called “Nell”, about a hermit. Jody Foster played the hermit. She only shared her language with her mother, but then her mother died and she was left with no-one in the world who could understand her. There was quite a good line when someone said, “How are we going to communicate with her?” and someone else replied “Well, someone’s going to have to learn her language”, not “She’ll have to learn English”. I quite liked that bit.
I think language learning is very important for literature, as there’s some literature that we cannot translate. Some works by Pushkin, for example, Eugene Onegin, they say are impossible to translate because Russian has very different endings, which can make very complex poetry which just doesn’t work in English.
When you’ve learnt how to learn a language, when you’ve learnt one language, I think you can easily learn more languages, although I don’t know how many languages I could keep in my head at the same time. I am not totally fluent any more, I think, in Russian, not having used it for a couple of years, because I am now concerning on Hungarian, but if I go to Russia I remember it immediately – well it comes back after two or three days. If I meet a Russian man, it’s much more difficult. The Hungarian words come into my head.
Once you’ve learnt how to learn a language, I think you can learn others. You know the tricks, you know how to use the appropriate part of your brain. I know people who have parents from two different countries, half Russian, half Hungarian, or half English, half French and they’ve brought up bilingually. They can learn other languages, because they have that kind of skill already quite well-developed inside them.
I always try and get a phrase book if I go anywhere, because I think it really opens doors, it really helps to establish contact, if you know a few words like ‘thank you’, ‘please’, and ‘good-bye’. It shows that you‘re interested and that you care about the country.
English people are so used to foreigners speaking English that they accept all accents, and understand even when foreigners speak English very poorly, but I think Hungarians are quite picky. I always find that there are a lot of people who try to correct every single word, which can make communication very difficult.
I’ve studied five foreign languages now, French, Russian, Spanish,, Czech and now Hungarian. Sometimes I have studied on my own, sometimes in a class. I think it’s definitely easier in a class. I tried to learn Hungarian on my own, but you really have to live in a place if you are going to have any idea about the language. For example, when I went to Spain, I could hardly understand anything at first, as people spoke ten times faster than anyone ever spoke at school.
I think it’s really interesting to meet people from other cultures and to communicate with them in their own language. I think of my best friends, only a few are native English speakers. I have good friends in Russia, France, Holland, Iceland, Czech, Slovakia and Slovenia, all over, and it really gives me the opportunity to travel and broaden my mind. I think I will probably learn another language at some point. I think it may be Swedish, but only because I’ve heard that it’s really easy, or may be Italian, I suppose.
Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
Is it possible to learn a foreign language if you don’t want but you are forced to?
What opportunities does the knowledge of a foreign language give to anybody?
How is it easier to study a foreign language?
Will it be easier to learn the second foreign language after you’ve learnt the first one?
Is it difficult to study a foreign language?
Are there different compartments in brain where you store foreign languages?
Is it more difficult to learn similar or quite different languages?
Does the ability to speak a foreign language depend on your self-confidence?
Is it useful to learn a foreign language if it is spoken only in one small country?
What is the best way to study a foreign language?
Is it easy to speak a foreign language if you haven’t practiced it for a long time?
How is it better to establish contact in a foreign country?
В каждом абзаце найдите предложение, выражающее его основную мысль. Озаглавьте каждый абзац.
Составьте план текста на русском языке.
Переведите составленный план на английский язык.
Напишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке.
Раздел 1.3.
1.3.1. Прочитайте текст и определите его основную идею.
Notes:
manage a lot better – справиться с этим гораздо лучше
to be up-to-date with progress – идти в ногу с прогрессом
as well as - также как
There are very many good reasons to learn other languages. Very little clear, detailed communication can occur between people who don’t have a common language. Learning the languages of others helps in talking to people, reading and writing things, and in understanding the TV and films from other countries, and opens up much a wider range of sources of information.
When traveling and when you want to see the world you can manage a lot better if you understand the signs around you, and if when you meet people and want to ask questions, if you can speak to them in their own language, they’re often a lot more friendly and helpful than if your first question is: “Do you speak English?” If you are working in the field where interesting things are happening abroad, like science, business or medicine, and you want to be up-to-date with progress in that field, you can’t always wait for the latest reports to be translated into your own language, as this often doesn’t happen for some time, especially if you speak a language like Hungarian, where there are only a limited number of translators, who are often expensive, and so only selected information is translated.
I think it’s very valuable and helpful in learning languages if you start from an early age. Many people can learn the best up to about the age of 20, as they have a lot of time for it which later, with family and work, often isn’t possible. Somebody thinks that learning a language after the age of twenty or so needs a lot of enthusiasm, and more time, as the learning process is generally a little slower for older people than for people with young impressionable minds. After twenty, it’s very difficult to learn more languages if you’ve not already learnt one before, as it’s a special way of learning. It’s not like learning maths or science – instead it involves a different way of thinking. You have to learn to think in another language. This is like music, maybe. You have to learn how to learn another language as well as learning the grammar and vocabulary involved, so if you’ve learnt one extra language already, it’s easier to learn more. I think that for many multilingual people, the second language is a lot easier than the first.
I think that the learning process really starts to work when you feel that it’s important and that you have a reason to learn it – if you can find the language useful, not just part of school curriculum. For example, if you learn English and you are confronted with it on the radio, on TV, and if you listen to music with English words.
1.3.2. Письменно переведите текст со словарём.
1.3.3. Выберите заголовок, наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста:
Learning Foreign Language
The Best Way To Learn A Foreign Language
Make Your Learning Easy
Don’t Start Learning If You Are Over 20
1.3.4. Ролевая игра. В вашу студенческую группу пришёл новый студент. На уроке английского языка вы выясняете, что он/она свободно говорит на трёх иностранных языках. Выясните, как ему/ей удалось научиться хорошо говорить на трёх иностранных языках.
БЛОК 2
Грамматика: видо-временные формы глагола в группе Perfect и Perfect Continuous
Cловообразование
Текст Life At College And University
Раздел 2.1.
Поставьте глагол, данный в скобках, в видо-временную форму Present Perfect:
Образец:
|
They just (to go out). |
1. I just (to speak) to him. 2. She never (to be) in Paris. 3. I (to be) very busy lately. 4. They (not to come) yet. 5. Sue already (to buy) a new house. 6. Mike (to meet) her today. 7. We (to watch) interesting programs on TV this week. 8. I (to see) this film three times. 9. He (to live) in this house for many years. 10.She (to be married) for three years.
Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Present Perfect, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
The lesson has already begun. |
They have already bought a new house. 2. My parents have already returned from Spain. 3. He has already heard this news. 4. She has already read this story. 5. They have already paid all the bills. 6. They have just arrived from London. 7. We have had three lectures today. 8. You have studied some economic laws this month. 9. I have read this novel twice. 10. He has called you three times.
Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Past Perfect, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
The lesson had begun when they came. |
My friend had left when we arrived. 2. We had left an hour before he returned. 3. They had done that work by last Friday. 4. Before we went sightseeing we had studied the map. 5 They had sold all the tickets by the time I called. 6. We had studied the train schedule before we went to the booking office. 7. By the time he came we had cleaned the house. 8. They had paid all the bills before they left for home. 9. They had visited their granny before they left Moscow. 10. Our manager had signed the contract when I came to the office.
Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Future Perfect, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
The lesson will have begun when they come. |
1. My father will have ordered the tickets by that date. 2. She will have done this work by Friday. 3. He will have booked the tickets by tomorrow. 4. They will have sold their car by next month. 5. Tom will have written his report by that time. 6. Mother will have prepared the dinner when we come. 7. I will have called him by that time. 8. The clerk will have printed the papers by next Wednesday. 9. He will have signed the papers by noon. 10. Jane will have answered the letter by that time.
2.1.5. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Студенты уже сдали экзамены. 2. Солнце уже взошло. 3. Дети ещё не встали. 4. Я посмотрел интересную передачу по телевизору сегодня. 5. Фильм уже закончился, когда я пришла домой. 6. Они уже построили новый дом, когда их сын женился. 7. Снегопад закончился, когда наступило утро. 8. Я закончу писать доклад к понедельнику. 9. Студенты сдадут экзамены к февралю. 10. Они вернутся домой к девяти часам.
2.1.6. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Present Perfect Continuous, задайте cпециальный вопрос, начиная со слов данных в скобках:
Образец:
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It has been raining since morning. (Since when..?) |
He has been working at this problem since August. (Since when …?) 2. They have been studying the contract for two hours. ( How long …?) 3.The managers have been discussing this matter for half an hour. (How long …?) 4. They have been dancing since nine. (Since when …?) 5. She has been speaking on the phone for half an hour. (How long …?) 6. The children have been watching TV since morning. (How log ...?) 7. He has been reading since three o’clock. (Since when …?) 8. They have been doing this work for two hours. (How long …?) 9. You have been playing computer games since nine. (Since when …?) 10. My boss has been writing a report for two hours. (How long …?)
2.1.7. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Past Perfect Continuous, задайте cпециальный вопрос, начиная со слов данных в скобках:
Образец:
|
It had been raining for an hour when they left. (How long …?) |
They had been doing this work for several days when they got this offer. (How long …?) 2. The clerks had been preparing the documents for an hour when their boss came. (How long …?) 3. We had been skiing for half an hour when the snowfall began. (How long …?) 4. I had been cooking for an hour when my friends came. (How long …?) 5. The children had been watching TV for two hours when mother switched it off.. (How long …?) 6. They had been discussing the contract since 10 a.m.when they came to agreement at last. (Since when …?) 7. He had been having a shower for ten minutes when this TV program began. (How long …?) 8. The car had been running well since August when the accident happened. (Since when …?) 9. By the time I finished my shopping I had been walking for three hours. (How long …?) 10. He had been playing tennis for some years before he could play well. (How long …?)
2.1.8. Прочитайте предложения, поставив глагол в видо-временную форму Future Perfect Continuous:
Образец:
|
Ann (to work) for two hours when she finishes her composition. |
1. I (to write) this article for a week by next Monday. 2. He (to watch) this program for twenty minutes when his friend comes. 3. She (to have a shower) for ten minutes when the film begins. 4. He (to wash) his car for some minutes when the mechanic comes. 5. The managers (to discuss) this matter for half an hour when the boss comes. 6. They (to have talks) for two hours when they come to an agreement. 7. The children (to watch) TV for an hour when mother comes. 8. When I return the children (to play) computer games for forty minutes. 9. When we come to the conclusion I (to discuss) this problem with my friends for some time. 10. He (to work) at this problem for a month when he makes an experiment.
2.1.9. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Он с утра читает. 2. Мои родители путешествуют по Америке с начала сентября. 3. Мы изучаем экономику в течение трёх лет. 4. Я уже полтора часа смотрю эту передачу. 5. Управляющие уже два часа обсуждали контракт, когда пришёл генеральный директор. 6. Мы уже час катались на лыжах, когда пошёл сильный снег. 7. Дождь шёл минут сорок, когда мы решили поехать на станцию на такси. 8. Дети играли уже часа два, когда наступило время обеда. 9. Мы будем вести переговоры два часа, когда приедет наш главный экономист. 10. Они будут обедать в ресторане минут двадцать, когда ты к ним присоединишься.
Вставьте недостающие части речи.
|
Существительное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
Наречие |
|
note |
note |
notale |
notably |
|
help |
|||
|
wear |
|||
|
xxx |
large |
||
|
joy |
2.1.11.Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по
по словарю.
|
divide v |
делить, разделять |
Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
Three terms, to be divided, from the beginning, the best-known universities, at least, to be necessary, to be enough, citizen, local authority, to differ from each other, methods of instruction, a university graduate, important feature, research, date from, so-called, to include, to set up, among them, to offer full-time courses, to specialize in, particular, cooking, hairdressing, part –time courses, strong ties, own, to attend lectures, to keep in touch, formal qualification, to enter ordinary university, to train in law, way of life.
Прочитайте текст и назовите типы высших учебных заведений, упомянутых в тексте:
LIFE AT COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY
The academic year in Britain’s universities, Polytechnics, Colleges of Education is divided into three terms, which usually run from the beginning of October to the middle of December, from the middle of January to the end of March, and from the middle of April to the end of June or the beginning of July.
There are 46 universities in Britain. The oldest and best-known universities are located in Oxford, Cambridge, London, Leeds, Manchester, Liverpool, Edinburgh, Southampton, Cardiff, Bristol, Birmingham.
Good A-level results in at least two subjects are necessary to get a place at the university. However, good exam passes alone are not enough. Universities choose their students after interviews. For all British citizens a place at a university brings with it a grant from their local education authority.
English universities greatly differ from each other. They differ in date of foundation, size, history, tradition, general organization, methods of instruction, way of student life.
After three years of study a university graduate will leave with a Degree of a Bachelor of Arts, Science, Engineering, Medicine, etc. Later he may continue to take the Master’s Degree and then the Doctor’s Degree. Research is an important feature of university work.
The two intellectual eyes of Great Britain – Oxford and Cambridge Universities – date from the twelfth and thirteenth centuries.
The Scottish universities of St. Andrews, Glasgow, Aberdeen and Edinburgh date from the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
In the nineteenth and early part of the twentieth centuries the so-called Redbrick universities were founded. These include London, Manchester, Leeds, Liverpool, Sheffield, and Birmingham. During the late sixtieth and early seventieth some 20 new universities were set up. Sometimes they are called “concrete and glass’ universities. Among them are the universities of Sussex, York, East Anglia and some others.
During these years the Government set up thirty Polytechnics. The Polytechnics, like the universities, offer first and higher degrees. Some of them offer full-time and sandwich courses. Colleges of Education provide two-year courses in teacher education or sometimes three years if the graduate specializes in some particular subject.
Some of those who decide to leave school at the age of 16 may go to a further education college where they can follow a course in typing, engineering, town planning, cooking, or hairdressing, full-time or part-time. Further education colleges have strong ties with commerce and industry.
There is an interesting form of studies which is called the Open University. It is intended for people who study in their own free time and who “attend” lectures by watching television and listening to the radio. They keep in touch by phone and letter with their tutors and attend summer schools. The Open University students have no formal qualifications and would be unable to enter ordinary universities.
Some 80,000 overseas students study at British universities or further education colleges or train in nursing, law, banking or in industry.
Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста, подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста:
The students of Polytechnics can get only the first degree.
The Redbrick universities were set up in seventieth last century.
There are three terms in the academic year in British universities.
The students of the Open University get first and higher degrees.
One can enter the university if he or she has good result in one subject.
College of Education provides four-year courses.
The students of the Open University should attend lectures during the academic year.
All the universities in Britain have the same traditions and general organization.
The students of Polytechnics may work and study at the same time.
The universities of Sussex, York and East Anglia are sometimes called “concrete and glass” universities.
Children at the age of fourteen may go to a further education college.
There are no overseas students at British universities.
Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
How many terms are there in the academic year in Britain?
How many universities are there in Great Britain?
What is necessary to get a place at the university?
Who gets grants at the universities?
How do the universities differ?
What degree does the university graduate get after three years of studying?
How many years does it take to get the Master’s Degree and the Doctor’s Degree?
What is an important feature of university work?
How old is Oxford University?
How old is Cambridge University?
How old are the Scottish Universities?
When were the Redbrick universities founded?
When were the “concrete and glass” universities set up?
How many Polytechnics did the Government set up?
What degrees do Polytechnics offer?
What courses do they offer?
What courses do the Colleges of Education provide?
What course can the young people follow after leaving school at the age of 16?
What is the method of instruction at the Open University?
How do the students of the Open University keep in touch with their tutors?
Do the Open University students have formal qualification?
How many overseas students are there in Britain?
Прочитайте текст. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
Поддерживать связь, быть недостаточным, выпускник университета, местные власти, так называемый, присуждённая квалификация, гражданин, поступить в обычный университет, два семестра, среди них, отличаться друг от друга, самые известные университеты, включать в себя, датироваться, быть необходимым, особенный, парикмахерское дело, предлагать очное обучение, с начала двадцатого века, учреждать, прочные связи, методы обучения, образ жизни, по крайней мере, важная черта, исследование, кулинария, собственный, торговля, получать подготовку в юриспруденции, посещать лекции, специализироваться в, быть разделенным на.
Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:
Они поддерживают связь со своими руководителями по телефону.
Мой друг получил стипендию от правительства.
Мы прошли курс экономики в прошлом году.
Я бы хотел получить подготовку по банковскому делу.
Этот университет готовит экономистов и бухгалтеров.
Эти народы очень отличаются своими традициями.
Его дядя получил докторскую степень в прошлом году.
Мои братья очень отличаются друг от друга.
Чтобы получить место в университете вам необходимо пройти собеседование.
Московский государственный университет был основан в 1755 году.
Эти студенты специализировались в юриспруденции.
Наш преподаватель использует различные современные методы обучения.
Я хочу продолжить обучение и получить степень магистра.
Необходимо получить хорошие результаты по крайней мере по двум предметам, чтобы поступить в университет.
Он студент очного отделения нашего университета, а её брат учится и работает.
Эти университеты очень отличаются методом обучения.
Прочитайте текст и найдите предложение, сказуемое которого выражено видо-временной формой Future Indefinite.
Сократите текст, опустив несущественные детали.
Составьте план и передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам:
Academic year, good results, interview, to leave with a degree, to be founded, Polytechnics, to offer, a further education college, to be intended for, to attend, overseas.
Расскажите, какие возможности продолжить образование после получения обязательного общего среднего образования существуют в нашей стране.
Раздел 2.2.
2.2.1. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
|
crucial a |
решающий, ключевой, критический |
2.2.2. Прочитайте текст и назовите, какие возможности получить работу есть у британской молодёжи:
SIXTEEN AND AFTER
Sixteen is a crucial age. This is when young men and women have to decide whether to stay at school, to go on to a college, to look for a job, or to start a Young Training Program. All have to think about gaining employment in a job market which demands increasingly skilled workers. Most study for “A” and “AS” level qualifications. These are two-year courses in single subject. Students will usually take two or three subjects which may be combined with one or two “AS” courses. These are offered by schools and colleges.
The government is keen that more young people should stay on at school or college for the period between 16 and 18, not just to do academic work but also to gain practical skills which will prepare them for employment. Colleges of further education offer a number of more vocationally orientated courses for 16 to 18 year-olds. Vocational qualifications prepare young people for work in various occupations such as business, engineering, administration, catering and tourism. Vocational qualifications are reformed into National Vocational Qualifications (NVQs) and General NVQs (GNVQs). NVQs are designed for people at work, although they can be taken at colleges and at some schools. GNVQ’s introduced from September 1992 are designed primarily for young people in full-time education in schools and colleges. They are a vocational alternative to “A” levels and offer a broad-based vocational education for a range or related jobs within an occupational area such as business, art and design or health and social care. They also provide a ladder towards higher levels of study, including higher education, and to employment.
After their period in further education young people have the opportunity to go on to higher education in a university, polytechnic or college, provided they have good “A” level exam results or good passes in vocational qualifications.
Unless they are fortunate enough to have a job to go to, the first stop for young people entering the job market at 16 is their local Job centre or careers office. Some school careers advisers teach such skills as filling out a curriculum vita or writing letters applying for jobs but for many young people this is uncharted territory. Youth workers in the Youth Service organizations also give advice and counseling.
A large number of 16 and 17 year-olds enter Youth Training programs established by the Government as a means of helping young people to gain vocational experience through training which can lead to National Vocational Qualifications at level II and above. The Government guarantees a place on the scheme to everybody under 18 who is not in full-time education or in work. Youth training programs, which include the Youth Credits initiative cover a wide range of vocational skills from hairdressing to engineering and a large percentage of trainees are able to find work once they have completed a Youth Training course.
Another option is to become self-employed. This requires a product or service which has a clear market as well as good advice and motivation. It isn’t easy as is testified by the high proportion of business start-ups which fail during their first year. However, a number of organizations offer grants as well as start-up advice. For example the Prince’s Youth Business Trust (assister of The Prince’s Trust organization) helps unemployed and disadvantaged 18 to 29 year-olds set up viable businesses and provides grants and loans to both individuals and groups. The Shell-sponsored Livewire scheme helps young people between 16 and 25 to start business enterprise with advice and cash awards. Free advice is offered by the network of Training and Enterprise Councils (TECs), co-ordinated through the Department of Trade and Industry and run by professional advisers and business people. Also the Business Enterprise Program provides training in skills needed to run small business.
2.2.3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
Why is sixteen a crucial age?
Where one can study to gain “A” or “AS” levels?
What courses are provided for young people in schools and colleges?
Where do young people get advice about entering the job market?
What do you know about Youth Training course?
Do most business start-ups succeed or fail?
What organizations help young people to start their own business?
What program provides training if a young man wants to start small business?
2.2.4. В каждом абзаце найдите предложение, выражающее его основную мысль. Озаглавьте каждый абзац.
2.2.5. Составьте план текста на русском языке.
2.2.6. Переведите составленный план на английский язык.
2.2,7. Напишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке.
2.2.8. Прочитайте диалог. Выучите его и разыграйте по ролям.
N: Hallo, Ann! How are you?
A: Fine! Thanks. And how are you getting on, Nancy?
N: O.K. Nice to meet you again.
A: Let me walk you about the university. I am good at showing people about.
N: Oh, it’s great! Please, do.
A: Our university was founded more than two hundred years ago. The old buildings are in the center of the city. And this one was built half a centutury ago.It looks really great, doesn’t it?
N: Yes, it does. And what are these two buildings made of concrete and glass?
A: They house many departments of our university. There is a gymnasium on your right. Sports competitions are held there.
N: What is this small building on our left?
A: It’s a church. It was founded in the 18th century. It is very beautiful, there are old icons inside.
N: Now I see the university is really a big place. One can get lost here. It impressed me greatly.
Раздел 2.3.
2.3.1. Прочитайте текст и определите его основную идею:
Notes:
grammar school – классическая школа
“O” levels – экзамены «обычного» уровня
“A” levels – экзамены «продвинутого» уровня
My schooling really started at the age of five, and from the age of five until I was nine I went to a private school, which is quite unusual in England. Then my parents moved and I went to a village school in the countryside. This was a primary school which children usually go to from the ages of five to eleven. And then, at eleven we took an exam called the eleven plus. If we passed that we could go to grammar school, and if we failed we had to go to secondary school, which wasn’t usually of such good quality. I think the system is changed a bit now. Fortunately, I passed my eleven plus. There were all kinds of general knowledge questions and things that, basically, you can work out if you’ve got any common sense.
Then I went to a grammar school. That was also quite a good school. It was good for languages. So from the age of eleven and say sixteen when we took our “O” levels, which were “Ordinary” level exams, we studied about nine subjects.
My favourite teacher was in fact my Russian teacher. She was a French teacher who was married to a very old Russian emigrant. I was the only one studying Russian, but it was good because it meant I had private lessons. However, this made it more demanding because I always had to do my homework and there was no excuse.
So at the age of sixteen we took “O” level exams, and then some people left after that. That was one option or we could go on to a technical college or “Tech”, and study some kind of technical or computer studies, or we could stay on for another two years, as I did, and take “A” levels, which are Advanced level exams. I took “A” levels in English Literature, Russian and Spanish, which, in retrospect, wasn’t a very good idea, because I had to read so many books. I had to sit and read Tolstoy, Dickens and Cervantes.
At the age of about eighteen, in August, everybody in my year was waiting for their “A” level results to see if they got high enough grades to go on to university. We had to apply for five universities, which we put on a list, with the best one at the top. If you want to go to Oxford or Cambridge, of course, you have to put that as number one, and then it goes down, so Oxford and Cambridge would have to be the first, and then maybe Bristol, Manchester, Leeds, and the rest. The Scottish universities are very good. The universities require a certain grade – “A” to “C” are passes. “A” is the best, followed by “B”, then “C”. Usually they ask for three “C”s or above, I passed, fortunately, and I went to Leeds University, which was my first choice, because it had a very good Russian department, and I studied Russian and Spanish.
University usually lasts for three or four years. We were lucky, as when I was at university we were given a grant, or a lump sum of money to live on, and we didn’t have to pay it back. The amount you got was graded according to your parents’ income. So, if your parents didn’t have very much money you got a full grant, which was not a lot of money, but you could live on it. So you could pay your rent, get food and go out quite a lot, as well as buy your books. Going to live in Leeds in the North was better, because things were much cheaper than if I had been in London, where I imagine it’s very difficult for a student to survive, especially these days.
At university, it’s quite different from being at school because you have to rely on your own motivation. I know a lot of people who just didn’t go to any of their classes because they weren’t compulsory.
It was three years of enjoying yourself, basically, studying what you wanted to study, being away from home for the first time, and having some money and being able to go out to parties and concerts. For the first year, I lived in a hall of residence, which was a bit like being in a boarding school. There were lots of eighteen-year olds away from home for the first time, and of course they couldn’t cook, and they weren’t used to doing their own washing or looking after themselves. So this was good, because we had to learn to look after ourselves, cooking and cleaning, and at the same time finding time to study for our finals.
Final exams at university were based on the whole three years’ studies, so there was a lot to learn and it was quite stressful in July when exam time came round. Some people think that this is not a good idea. And that it would be better if there was some sort of system of continuous assessment. Because there are a lot of people who do very well all year, and work very hard, but when it comes to doing exams they just go crazy with stress and can’t remember anything when it comes to the three hour exam you have to do. So, I would be more in favour of that because I don’t think three hours can fairly represent how much you have learnt in three years.
2.3.2. Письменно переведите текст со словарём.
2.3.3. Выберите заголовок, наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста:
School And University Life
Ways of Student Life
Schooling
My Education
2.3.4. Ролевая игра. В Москве проходит международная студенческая конференция. Все студенты общаются и расспрашивают друг друга о тех учебных заведениях, в которых они учатся (Оксфордский универстет, Токийский унверситет, Университет в Торонто, Мичиганский университет, Туринский университет, Варшавский университет, Московский университет и т.д.).
БЛОК 3
Грамматика: видо-временные формы страдательного залога
Cловообразование
Текст English Customs And Traditions
Раздел 3.1.
3.1.1. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Present Indefinite страдательного залога, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
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He is often asked. |
1.The shops are usually closed at this time. 2. The students are examined in June. 3. The bills are paid every day. 4. The office is cleaned every evening. 5. These books are published in Italy. 6. The museum is always opened in the daytime. 7. The children are taught French at school. 8. She is often told the news at work. 9. He is seldom asked this question. 10. She is often invited to dinner.
3.1.2. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Past Indefinite страдательного залога, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
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He was asked yesterday. |
She was excited by the news yesterday. 2. Coffee was prepared some minutes ago. 3. He was chosen for this position a week ago. 4. We were invited to the party last weekend. 5. He was answered yesterday. 6. Carol was asked about the accident when she came to the police station. 7. They were taught economics last term. 8. This book was published a year ago. 9. This shop was closed yesterday. 10. The dinner was cooked quickly when we returned home.
3.1.3. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Future Indefinite страдательного залога, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
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He will be asked tomorrow. |
The library will be closed tomorrow. 2. The plan will be improved tomorrow. 3. The article will be published next month. 4. The problem will be solved in two days. 5. The dinner will be served in quarter of an hour. 6. My friend will be chosen for the position of Sales Manager next week. 7. He will be asked at the next lesson. 8. The goods will be sent next Monday. 9. He will be invited to the conference in a week. 10. The report will be corrected the day after tomorrow.
3.1.4. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Меня часто спрашивают об этом. 2. Журнал принесут завтра. 3.Это сообщение было получено вчера. 4. Когда был открыт этот музей? 5. Контракты всегда обсуждают в деталях. 6. Машину починят через неделю. 7. Почему всегда задают эти вопросы? 8. Проблема была решена очень быстро. 9. Его вчера пригласили на обед. 10. Книга будет опубликована в следующем году.
3.1.5. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Present Continuous страдательного залога, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
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He is being asked now. |
He is being examined now. 2. The text is being translated in the auditorium at this moment. 3. The lunch is being served at present. 4. The book is being read in the reading-room just now. 5. The report is being made in the office at the moment. 6. The articles on inflation are being written now. 7. The message is being sent to London at the moment. 8. This book is being published in Oxford at present 9. The tests are being checked now. 10. They are being told now what has happened.
3.1.6. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Past Continuous страдательного залога, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
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He was being asked when she came. |
1. The lunch was being served in the dinning room at a quarter past noon. 2. They were being trained on banking at this time last year. 3. She was being taught the French language the whole month before she went to Paris. 4. This novel was being written when it happened. 5. The new house was being built when they arrived. 6. The car was being repaired from eight till eleven in the morning. 7. The problem was being discussed when I came into the office. 8. The students were being given a lecture on psychology when it happened. 9. The thief was being asked about the robbery when they saw him. 10. The flowers in the garden were being watered at this time yesterday.
3.1.7. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Present Perfect, Passive Voice, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
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He has been already invited. |
1. The message has been already sent to London and Liverpool. 2. All the books have been already sold. 3. The new house has been just built near the hospital. 4. This play has been shown twice on TV. 5. This article has been already published in the Times. 6. The exhibition has been just opened in Paris. 7. Two contracts have been discussed this week. 8. Their advertisement has been just shown on TV. 9. Dinner has been already served in the dinning-room. 10. A new manager has been just introduced to his chief.
3.1.8. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Past Perfect, Passive Voice, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
|
He had been examined by three o’clock yesterday. |
He had been sent abroad when she arrived. 2. The work had been done by last weekend. 3. The program of the concert had been changed when we bought the tickets. 4. We had been invited to the party when she asked us to dinner. 5. The house had been painted when the rain began. 6. The article had been published when new information was got. 7. The lunch had been served in the dinning-room by the time they came back. 8. By this time yesterday the decision had been already made. 9. When he returned from abroad the book had been translated. 10. The exhibition had been closed when I came to the gallery.
3.1.9. Прочитайте предложения в видо-временной форме Future Perfect, Passive Voice, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ:
Образец:
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He will have been examined by tomorrow. |
1. The work will have been finished by five o’clock tomorrow. 2. Our message will have been sent to Liverpool by noon. 3. The test will have been written by two o’clock. 4. The books will have been returned to the library by July. 5. All the documents will have been checked by Friday. 6. This contract will have been signed in London by the beginning of October. 7. The article on marketing will have been translated into Russian when the sales manager comes. 8. The goods will have been examined by tomorrow. 9. The date of our departure will have been changed when the top manager calls. 10. A new shop will have been built in our district by next month.
3.1.10. Переведите предложения на английский язык
1. Много новых зданий было построено в нашем городе в этом году. 2.Его сообщение получено на этой неделе.. 3. Билеты на поезд были куплены сегодня. 4. Контракт был подписан в этом месяце.. 5. Сообщение из Лондона было уже получено, когда пришёл управляющий. 6. Когда позвонил директор, информация была уже отправлена. 7. Работа была сделана, когда он пришёл. 8. Текст был уже переведён, когда закончился урок. 9. Завтра к трём часам доклад будет написан. 10. Книги будут возвращены в библиотеку к концу июня.
3.1.11. Вставьте недостающие части речи.
|
Существительное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
Наречие |
|
note |
note |
notable |
notably |
|
strong |
|||
|
conversation |
|||
|
close |
|||
|
person |
3.1.12. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
|
consideration n |
внимание |
Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
Faithfulness to traditions, to retain ways of life, initial form, subject of sharp criticism, point of view, drive on the left, stick to their old system, extremely inconvenient, get used to, to take out good insurance, the ban on changing, it is forbidden, to do without double-glazed windows, to cause surprise, washing under two separate taps, any communal place, to fade away completely, get out without rinsing off, the main opponents, a deep-running link, to ensure their national integrity, the distinctive national traits, in the face of.
3.1.14. Прочитайте текст и назовите, какие национальные особенности отметил автор статьи:
ENGLISH CUSTOMS AND TRADITIONS
No discussion on the English way of life, or indeed anything to do with England, is possible without taking into consideration such important aspects of the English character as their faithfulness to traditions, or as some people prefer to call this trait, conservatism. Indeed this desire to retain ways of life and behaviour, rituals and customs in their initial form sometimes leads to what are, from a contemporary and non-English point of view, absurdities. This desire is what differentiates the English from most other nations, and is the subject of sharp criticism from the latter but, at the same time, makes England an interesting place to visit as a tourist.
We can start with a well known fact that in English cars the steering wheel is on the right and they drive on the left. The English steadfastly stick to their old system and do not want to become “like everybody else”. Theoretically, there is not a big difference. The problem starts when you get behind the wheel, because it is in completely different position from that to which you have grown accustomed. Two balancing factors should be noted. The first is that it is extremely inconvenient, a lot more so than you imagined. The second is that you get used to it very quickly. Your first experience of independent travel around England is probably going to be slightly unpleasant, amusing and sometimes sad, all at the same time, and so when you rent a car in England do not forget to take out good insurance.
The desire to keep everything the way that it is, sometimes taken to absurd extremes, has penetrated every aspect of English life and is rising noticeably year on year as a way of preserving the distinctive national character. The struggle against any kind of innovation affects English houses. It is forbidden to make any changes to them, unless they are modern buildings, but most English prefer to live in old houses. The ban on changing even windows and doors in these old houses forces the entire country to do without double-glazed windows, which can be cold.
Such loyalty to old traditions almost never fails to move you. But English piping, plumbing and the water supply system usually give rise to a number of inconveniences which never fail to cause surprise among foreign users. It is hard to understand how anybody could find it convenient washing under two separate taps, one with hot and the other with cold water. At home it is possible to imagine filling up the washbasin and then splashing yourself from there. But this separation is a complete mystery when it comes to stations, restaurants, hostels, in a word any communal place, and in this case the desire to wash yourself fades away completely.
It gets worse. The traditional English bath (and they are in the majority, with the only exceptions being hotels in large cities) has two separate taps and no shower. According to this surprising national idea you should fill it with water, and some sort of bath salts, luxuriate in that, wash his head and then get out without rinsing off. Note that hotels which have installed a modern shower instead are less popular among the locals and adverts will particularly play on the fact that the hotel has a traditional bathroom.
The French, who are the main opponents of the English and have had the bravery to criticize them (everybody else prefers to remain silent so as not to put their foot in it), believe that all of this is done specially in order to inconvenience foreigners. The English themselves instinctively feel a deep-running link between form and content: change one and you will inevitably change the other. Preserving two taps, steering wheels on the right ultimately helps to ensure their national integrity and protects the distinctive national traits of their character in the face of total globalisation.
3.1.15. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста, подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста:
1. When you rent a car you can do well without insurance.
English faithfulness to traditions can be called conservatism.
The English are criticized because they don’t stick to their traditions.
The English drive on the right.
It’s very difficult to get used to driving on the left.
The desire to retain rituals and customs in their initial form never leads to absurdities.
The desire to keep everything the way that it is may be called globalisation.
The English put innovations to their old houses.
They prefer to live in modern new houses.
10.They do without modern double-glazed windows.
11.It is very convenient to wash under two separate taps.
12.Any communal place in England has got the same sinks with two taps.
13.Most hotels have got traditional English bathrooms.
14.Most locals prefer to stay at the hotel with traditional bathroom.
15.It is pleasant to get out of the bath without rinsing off.
16.The Spanish are the main opponents of the English.
17.Other nations prefer to remain silent.
18.Faithfulness to traditions helps the English to ensure their national identity.
19.The English want to inconvenience foreigners.
20.They feel the deep link between form and content.
3.1.16. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
1.What should one take into consideration when discussing the English way of life?
What does it sometimes lead to?
What desire differentiates the English from most other nations?
Do you think it is an interesting place to visit? Why?
How do they drive?
And how do we drive in this country?
Can one get used to drive on the left quickly?
What are you recommended to do if you rent a car to travel around England?
What has penetrated every aspect of English life?
10. Do the English want to change their houses?
11. Where do most English prefer to live?
12. Why do they do without modern double-glazed windows?
13. How do the English wash in a traditional house?
14. Do you do it in the same way in Russia?
15. What is so special in the traditional English bath?
16. Do you think you will use more water taking a shower than running a bath?
17 Who are the main opponents of the English?
18.Why does everybody except the French prefer to remain silent?
19.What do the Frenchmen believe?
20.What do the English instinctively feel?
3.1.17. Прочитайте текст. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
Сохранять молчание, раковина, арендовать автомобиль, хорошо известный факт, называть эту черту, ополаскивать, желание сохранить образ жизни, с современной точки зрения, сохранить всё как есть, воздействовать, воображать/представлять; для того, чтобы причинить неудобство иностранцам; совершенно отличная позиция от, борьба против, главные оппоненты, поведение, быть немного неприятным, острая критика, запрещено, в их начальной форме, абсурдные крайности, любое общественное место, различать/отличать, два отдельных крана, левостороннее движение, форма и содержание, приверженность традициям, система водоснабжения, неизбежно, принимать во внимание, полная тайна, быть приверженцем старой системы, привыкнуть к, помогать обеспечивать/предоставлять, большое отличие, перед лицом общей глобализации, заставить силой всю страну, реклама, количество неудобств, взять хорошую страховку, пытаться обойтись без, чрезвычайно неудобный, oпыт самостоятельного путешествия, запрет на изменение.
3.1.18. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:
1. C современной точки зрения это кажется удивительным.
2. Они стали моими главными оппонентами в этом споре.
3. У меня ещё не было опыта самостоятельного путешествия.
4. В городе запрещено ходить по траве.
Мне не нравится эта черта его характера.
У него большое желание ничего не менять и сохранить свой образ жизни.
Он работает в страховой компании.
У меня немного неприятное чувство после его слов.
9. Старые традиции и обычаи воздействуют на нашу современную жизнь.
10.Ты быстро привыкнешь к этому.
11.Я знаю, потому что это хорошо известный факт.
12.Никто не любит острой критики.
13.Он не учел, что управляющий отсутствовал.
14.Посмотри! Кто-то сломал кран горячей воды.
15.Ты нашел там какие-нибудь неудобства?
16.Я попытаюсь обойтись без твоей помощи.
17.Сполосни посуду теплой водой!
18.Мне не нравится его поведение.
19.Я не могу представить себе, как он это сделал.
20.Он попытался обйтись без моей помощи.
3.1.19. Прочитайте текст и найдите предложения, сказуемые которых выражены страдательным залогом.
3.1.20. Сократите текст, опустив несущественные детали.
3.1.21. Составьте план и передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам:
Way of life, faithfulness, differentiate, steering wheel, drive, inconvenient, insurance, changes, ban on changing. force, separate taps, fill up, rinse, criticize, form and content, protect, trait, in the face of.
3.1.22. Расскажите, какие традиции и обычаи существуют в нашей стране, какие из них вы соблюдаете.
Раздел 3.2.
3.2.1. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
|
note v |
замечать, записывать |
3.2.2. Прочитайте текст и определите, почему англичане считают умение вести разговор о погоде признаком хорошего воспитания:
THE IMPORTANCE OF ENGLISH WEATHER
In 1758 Samuel Johnson, that great authority in the country, noted “It is commonly observed, that when two Englishmen meet, their first talk is of the weather, they are in haste to tell each other, what each must already know, that it is hot or cold, bright or cloudy, windy or calm.” As with much else in English life, this has remained unchanged and is cherished as a good English tradition.
The weather really is a national weakness. All the jokes and anecdotes which are told about this are totally justified. Every English conversation really does turn around this subject, even semi-formal letters from organizations will contain some remark about good or bad weather. And as for private conversation, the weather is simply inevitable. In a little English church, two charming middle-aged (but certainly not old) English ladies, upon hearing that you are from Russia will almost certainly say “Lovely weather today, don’t you think? So much better than yesterday.” Having found strength in this meaningful remark, they then carry on the conversation on a different subject (for example, how is the weather in Moscow? Cold as usual?).
In Europe talking about the weather means that you are 1. making polite conversation, 2. bored, 3. fulfilling the requirements of formal politeness, 4. talking to people you do not know or to officials. For the English, talking about the weather is entirely different, it is 1. interesting, 2. important, 3. necessary, 4. affects everybody. Every morning the English greet their neighbours with the phrase about the weather and swap this important information. There is also the greeting “How are you?” but everybody knows that you do not need to answer as it is not interesting.
In pubs, museums, hotels, wherever you run into the English, you need to be ready to start your conversation with the phrase about the English weather and then follow that up (since you are a foreigner) with a conversation about the weather in Russia. Surprisingly enough the English react in exactly the same way when they meet with their compatriots and even with close friends. Even if you saw each other last night, you need to be ready for the inevitable “It’s a bit chilly today, isn’t it?’ Do not be offended, this does not mean that they are dismissing you and putting you in your place, just accept it as part of English life. The ability to hold a conversation about the weather is always seen as a sign of good upbringing.
There is one golden rule for discussing the weather in England, and it was formulated by Hungarian called George Mikes who made England his home. He wrote: “You must not conflict anybody when discussing the weather. Should it snow, should hurricanes uproot the trees from the sides of the road and should someone remark to you: “Nice day, isn’t it?” – answer without hesitation : “Isn’t it lovely?”.
3.2.3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
1. What is the topic of the first talk when two Englishmen meet?
2. How do they usually describe the weather?
3. What is thought as a national weakness?
4. Why do even semi-formal letters contain remarks about the weather?
5. Why is the weather inevitable subject of private conversation?
6. What do the English think about the weather in Russia?
7. What does it mean when you talk about the weather in Europe?
8.And what does it mean when you are in England?
9.How do the English greet their neighbours?
10.What greeting doesn’t need an answer in Britain?
11.What is a sign of good upbringing in England?
12.What is the golden rule of discussing the weather in England?
13.When the weather is nasty and you are asked “Fine day, isn’t it?” what is the right answer if you are in England? And if you are in Russia?
3.2.4. В каждом абзаце найдите предложение, выражающее его основную мысль. Озаглавьте каждый абзац.
3.2.5. Составьте план текста на русском языке.
3.2.6. Переведите составленный план на английский язык.
3.2,7. Напишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке.
3.2.8. Прочитайте диалог. Выучите его и разыграйте по ролям.
A: The weather is wonderful today!
B: It is a lovely day, isn’t it?
A: Yes, the weather is wonderful today.
B: Delightful.
A: Yesterday the weather was much worse, wasn’t it?
B: Yes, it was.
A: All in all, the weather has been up and down this summer.
B: Delightful.
A: In France the weather is always worse than in England, don’t you find?
B: Oh, right you are!
Раздел 3.3.
3.3.1. Прочитайте текст и определите, к какой возрастной категории относится автор повествования:
Notes:
we would wake up – мы бывало просыпались
at the bottom of the bed – в ногах кровати
in the years up until then – в предыдущие годы до этого возраста
dip in - зачерпнуть
a sit-down meal – застольe
Christmas at my parent’s house was quite a big event, I mean for the children especially, and I remember when I was very small it was so exciting. We would wake up at 6 o’clock or earlier on Christmas morning, and immediately look at the bottom of the bed, where there would be a pillow case, not a stocking (which was good because you can get more presents into a pillow case) at the bottom of the bed, which supposedly Father Christmas had brought. It was full of little present and fruit and nuts and all kinds of little things. Mine was always very exciting, I think my mum had very original ideas, I don’t remember when we stopped getting them, I suppose I was about fifteen, but in the years up until then we used to get them, in some form. However, towards the end they got smaller and smaller, so that in the end it was just a sock, maybe with an orange and a walnut in it.
As I got older, the big parties used to be on Christmas Eve, on the 24th, when all my cousins would come around – actually, four cousins, a boy and three girls – and maybe some of their respective boyfriends and girlfriends, and my two brothers with their girlfriends. It would start at maybe 8 o’clock in the evening, and we’d make a big punch, which consisted of red wine, vodka, orange juice and fruit, and put it in the hall so people could dip in and have a drink if they wanted to. We would also have a cold buffet with crisps, chicken, sausages and quiche, so it wasn’t a sit-down meal but just snacks really. When everyone had had enough punch to drink, we started playing games, just silly party games that people play in England. For example, we used to play “pass the orange”, where you have two teams, and you all stand in a line and have to pass the orange under your chin to the next person, who would take it under their chin. It sounds really boring, but for some reason it gets really funny, because it’s quite difficult, as the orange tends to travel down your chest. Then we would also play charades, where again you have two teams and you think of a film, a book, a play or a TV program, and you give the title to the other team who then have to act it. It’s quite simple but also quite difficult, as there are lots of different signs you can use, but you mustn’t speak. That would go on all evening.
After that, there’s Christmas Day, the 25th, which is supposed to be the big day, the big event. While the turkey was being cooked in the morning, everyone would open their presents, and then usually hang around in the kitchen and annoy my mum who’d be trying to cook. We would have a turkey with bacon on the top, which was really nice, and sausages, stuffing – two kinds of stuffing, chestnut stuffing and a kind of sage and onion stuffing – roast potatoes, sprouts, gravy, and bread sauce, which my cousin really liked. Afterwards, we’d have Christmas pudding, which is an incredibly rich, very sweet, very heavy pudding made from all kinds of dried fruit, like raisins and sultanas, with a lot of alcohol in it. You pour brandy over the top and set fire to it, so it comes into the room alight, on fire, and then you eat it with brandy butter, which is made of butter, sugar and brandy, I think, all mixed up. We also had mince pies, which are small dried fruit-filled pies. So it’s an incredibly heavy meal. Everyone eats that for about an hour, and then we have to watch the Queen’s speech, which I think is at two o’clock, and a kind of tradition. My father insists that we all have to sit down and watch the Queen as she speaks for five or ten minutes about the year that’s gone by, and than, usually, everyone just carries on watching television all afternoon.
The Christmas weather in England is so uninspiring, either rainy or cold, so after such a huge meal people just sit down, flop in front of the television and watch old films until evening. When evening comes, we have tea. We have a cup of tea and some Christmas cake – a very rich, heavy cake which my aunty Patty always makes, with sultanas, raisins, nuts, cherries and all kinds of dried fruit in it. After that, nobody does anything other than maybe open a few more presents, if there are any left, or play with the children, to keep them entertained until it’s time for them to go to bed.
3.3.2. Письменно переведите текст со словарём.
3.3.3. Выберите заголовок, наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста:
Christmas Presents
Christmas Eve
Christmas
Christmas Meals
3.3.4. Ролевая игра. В международном студенческом лагере вы оказались в одной комнате со студентами из разных стран. Расспросите друг друга о традициях и обычаях народов ваших стран.
БЛОК 4
* Грамматика: модальные глаголы: can, may, must, need и их эквиваленты
* Словообразование
* Текст: English Cuisine And National Character
Раздел 4.1
4.1.1. Прочитайте предложения, задайте общий вопрос и дайте отрицательный ответ.
Образец:
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You can do it now. Can you do it now? You cannot do it now. |
1. They can do her a favour. 2. He must stay here too. 3. You may take this book. 4. You could come to see me the day before yesterday. 5. He should go there. 6. You should speak louder. 7. The library ought to be open now. 8. He might go there yesterday. 9. He can swim and dive very well. 10. She may visit them.
4.1.2. Прочитайте предложения с модальным глаголом can, поставьте их в форму Future Indefinite и Past Indefinite, используя эквивалент и внося необходимые изменения.
Образец:
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He can do the work today. |
1. Everybody can see that. 2. I can finish my report today. 3. You can translate without the dictionary. 4. They can go now. 5. In a year he can speak German. 6. I can write it myself. 7. Marry can ski very well. 8. She can lend me a dictionary for a week. 9. He can go there at once. 10. Ann can read very fast.
4.1.3. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол can (could).
1.Я уже могу делать эти упражнения. 2. Мы можем начать работу сейчас же. 3. Она не может перевести текст без словаря. 4. Они не могли заниматься английским в прошлом году, они были очень заняты. 5. Он не мог поехать за город в прошлые выходные. 6. Боб может очень хорошо чинить машины. 7. Она может купить нам несколько книг? 8. Вы видите то дерево? 9. Не можете ли вы помолчать минутку? 10. Я мог хорошо кататься на лыжах, когда был мальчиком.
4.1.4. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, употребляя to be able to.
1. Я надеюсь, что ккоро смогу поехать туда. 2. Она сможет дать тебе эту книгу через неделю. 3. Они не смогли встретить нас вчера.4. Я смогу поговорить с ней только послезавтра. 5. Он не сможет помочь тебе в таком сложном деле. 6. Ты сможешь написать доклад к понедельнику? 7. Я вполне могу ему помочь, но он хочет сделать эту работу сам. 8. Он может перевести эту статью, 9. Я не могу играть сейчас, потому что очень занят. 10. Том не смог принести книгу вчера, так как был болен.
4.1.5. Прочитайте предложения c модальным глаголом may, поставьте их в форму Future Indefinite и Past Indefinite, используя эквивалент и внеся необходимые изменения.
Образец:
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You may go there. |
1. The children may go for a walk. 2. You may have a smoke here. 3. You may open the window. 4. He may look it up in the dictionary. 5. They may listen to music. 6. The students may come later. 7. They may have a snack. 8. You may pass all exams in May. 9. He may invite her friends. 10. They may take these books.
4.1.6. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол may (might).
1. Можно мне посмотреть этот журнал? 2. Вам нельзя оставлять ребёнка одного, он слишком маленький. 3.Теперь можешь делать всё, что хочешь.4. Они, может быть, ещё дома. 5. Отец, может быть, работает в саду. 6. Она может прийти в любой момент. 7. Он может изменить своё решение. 8. Он сказал, что я могу взять его книгу. 9. Мама сказала, что мы можем пойти в лес. 10. Мне разрешили пойти туда.
4.1.7. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, употребляя to be allowed to.
1. Врачи уже разрешают ему ходить туда. 2. Ему всё ещё нельзя есть апельсины. 3. Надеюсь, мне разрешат поехать в Англию на каникулы. 4. Не думаю, что им разрешат делать всю работу самим. 5. Ему не разрешают приходить домой поздно. 6. Ему разрешили сдавать экзамен в декабре. 7. Тебе можно ходить в бассейн? 8. Когда нам разрешат выходить на улицу? 9. Тебе позволили брать эти книги? 10. Детям не разрешают курить.
4.1.8. Прочитайте предложения с модальным глаголом must, поставьте их в форму Future и Past Indefinite, используя эквиваленты и внося соответствующие изменения.
Образец:
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You must answer this letter today. |
1. We must know all the details. 2. He must go there without delay. 3. You must type these documents. 4. I must do it at once. 4. Must I send this telegram today? 5. You must revise these rules. 6. She must be at home now. 7. You must not disturb her now. 8. You all must attend this lecture. 9. I must be in the office at 9 sharp.
4.1.9. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол must.
1. Мы должны навестить её ещё раз. 2. Я должна написать доклад к пятнице. 3. Мне надо купить лекарство маме. 4. Должно быть, интересно побывать в Греции. 5. Вы не должны так разговаривать со мной. 6. Вы должны напомнить ей о своих обязанностях. 7. Мне надо перевести всю статью? 8. Мы должны выучить это стихотворение наизусть? 9. Вы должны как-нибудь прийти и пообедать с нами.10. Я должен идти на работу в 9 часов.
4.1.10. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, употребляя эквиваленты to have to, to be to.
1. Мне пришлось сделать эту работу самой. 2. Надеюсь, ему не придётся напоминать вам об этом ещё раз. 3. Тебе приходится давать заказы каждый день? 4. Вы знаете, когда должен прийти директор? 5. Я опаздывала, поэтому мне пришлось взять такси. 6. Тебе не стоит беспокоиться, всё будет хорошо. 7. Вам придётся повторить слова, вы их плохо помните. 8. Мы должны подготовить эти документы сегодня. 9. Она сказала, что он должен придти вечером. 10. Мне никогда не приходилось делать такую сложную работу.
4.1.11. Прочитайте предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
1. You needn’t translate it just now. 2. You needn’t answer. 3. Need you ask me this question? 4. You needn’t deal with this shop if you don’t like it. 5. Need he give you an advice? 6. You needn’t go into so many details. 7. Need you be in a hurry? 8. You needn’t wear this jumper if you don’t like it. 9. Need you exert yourself so much? 10. They needn’t take my advice if they don’t think it’s good.
4.1.12. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, употребляя модальный глагол need.
1. Преподаватель говорит, что нам не нужно пересказывать этот текст. 2. Вам не надо отвечать на все вопросы. 3. Текст лёгкий, и нам не нужно пользоваться словарём. 4. Вам не нужно приходить опять. 5. Вам не надо отправлять эти документы по почте. 6. Нам надо позвонить вам или вы уверены, что ничего не изменится? 7. Мне не надо ходить в магазин. Родители уже купили продукты. 8. У нас достаточно времени. Торопиться незачем. 9. Не надо есть это, если не хочешь. 10. Надо ли тебе беспокоиться из-за таких пустяков?
4.1.13. Прочитайте предложения и переведите их на русский язык.
1. You should come in time. 2. You should speak to her of the matter. 3. Why should I suffer from his mistakes? 4. He shouldn’t inform her about it. 5. You should ring him up till seven. 6. He shouldn’t say that. 7. I should ring him up immediately. 8. You should return home early. 9. He should do exercises every morning. 10. You should call on your friend. He is ill.
4.1.14. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, используя глагол should.
1. Вам не следует так разговаривать с ней. 2. Тебе следовало бы сообщить нам об этих изменениях. 3. Нам следует поторопиться. 4. Не надо так расстраиваться. 5. Тебе надо быть более внимательным. 6. Вам следует помогать родителям. 7. Ему не надо бы помнить об этом. 8. Вам следует посетить эту выставку. 9. Почему я должен идти туда? 10. Не следует принимать таких поспешных решений.
4.1.15. Раскройте скобки, используя соответствующие формы модальных глаголов, или замените их эквивалентами, если это необходимо.
Образец:
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They said they (must) do this work immediately. |
1. He said that it was time to leave as he (must) be at the station in time. 2. I (cannot) see you tomorrow as I will not come to the Institute. 3. I told them that they (cannot) leave London so soon. 4. He asked for information and was told that he (must) walk back for half a mile. 5. I (must) go to my office tomorrow, though it will be my day off. 6. He (may) do what he likes. 7. They (cannot) leave London the day after tomorrow. 8. He (must) go to the shop as there was no food at home. 9. You (may) borrow my car if you like. 10. He (may) be very tired after a long walk.
4.1.16. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, используя модальные глаголы и их эквиваленты.
1.Ты можешь найти наши места? 2. Отсюда ты можешь видеть всё. 3. Можно мне взять твою ручку? Конечно, можно. 4. Она не должна вспоминать об этом. 5. Должен ли он уходить так скоро? 6. Мне следует рассказать ей об этом. 7. Надо ли им тоже приходить? 8. Им не разрешают приходить поздно.. 9. Ты сможешь встретить их послезавтра? 10. Я должен остаться здесь на некоторое время. 11. Вам следует научиться расслабляться. 12. Мы вынуждены работать, чтобы зарабатывать на жизнь. 13. Должен он носить униформу? 14. Почему я вынужден повторять это? 15.Это не может быть правдой. 16. Мне нужно помыть посуду сейчас? Я очень спешу.
4.1.17. . Вставьте недостающие части речи.
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Существительное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
Наречие |
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Note |
to note |
notable |
notably |
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consciousness |
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tasty |
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history |
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to constrain |
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forcefully |
4.1.18. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю.
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cuisine n |
кухня, кулинарное искусство |
4.1.19. Переведите данные слова и словосочетания на русский язык.
To tire of making fun, to be famous for, to eat a lot of food, in heaven and hell, to satisfy hunger, to have an inferiority complex, national consciousness, little by little, to be awakened, mad cow disease, mainstay, to pore over, to spoil, puny, sauces and dressings, to laugh at something, the list of national recipes, significant, to have an enormous print run, to have to book months in advance, to be in the right place at the right time, to be on television screens, to grow up, to creep to the top of the list.
4.1.20. Прочитайте текст и определите, какие национальные черты характера несёт английская кухня.
ENGLISH CUISINE AND NATIONAL CHARACTER
The neighbours from the Continent never tire of making fun of English cuisine. The internationally popular French comics about Asterix the Gaul contain an episode in which he and his best friend Obelix, who is famous for eating a lot of food, go to England where the two heroes struggle to eat normally, but even Obelix cannot cope with English food which is tasteless and liberally coated with mint sauce. There is also the famous joke about the international contingents in heaven and hell: in hell the chef is an Englishman (the police are German, the lovers Swiss, the mechanics French and everything is organized by the Italians; there are, of course, any number of variants on this joke).
The primary distinguishing feature of English food is also its main problem: its purpose is to satisfy hunger and not to provide pleasure. The English do not make a cult of food, although many of them do take pleasure in their food.
The English themselves have an inferiority complex about their cuisine and on the whole are deprecating about it. If your English friends invite you to lunch they will straight away present you with a choice of going to a French, Italian, Indian or Chinese restaurant. In the provinces, the choice is much smaller, and may be limited to the local pub.
We should note that, as with many other questions, national consciouness is little by little being awakened in the English even through questions of food. Nowadays they are more and more forcefully reminding their countrymen that the country achieved much in this field. Not long ago, special research was published about English beef, in part in answer to the results of “mad cow disease” which made this type of meat unpopular even at home. The book was written by an historian, for the most part using historical material. The idea was simple: beef is the mainstay of the English nature and the strength of the English comes from the fact that they always ate good, natural food, such as roast beef, as opposed to the puny French who spoiled themselves with various sauces and dressings. The author was cunning in the way he linked many events in English history to the eating of beef.
The English even allow themselves to laugh at the holy grail of cooking, Italian cuisine. Not long ago, information appeared on the internet that British historians had found a fourteenth century manuscript which was England's (and possibly the world's) oldest existing list of national recipes. It described a traditional English dish named 'lasagn', which was made from so-called pasta with cheese sauce. This allowed English experts to confirm that the true homeland of lasagne is England. In reply to this scandalous claim, the official representatives of the Italian Embassy immediately announced that "regardless of the name of this ancient dish, it is not lasagne in the way we understand it." The question is so serious that we can only hope it does not lead to armed conflict. By the way, this is probably just one more of those curious facts, and in any case, you cannot believe everything you read on the Internet.
From the point of view of contemporary English culture, the story of one young English star, Jamie Oliver, is particularly interesting and significant. In terms of popularity in the country, he could easily rival pop stars and footballers. Jamie is a chef. His television show is watched by a huge audience of all ages, his books have an enormous print run, and in order to have a meal at his recently opened restaurant, you have to book months in advance. His photos are everywhere in English papers and magazines. He appears in adverts, just like other famous people, and is the hero of high society stories. English society followed the development of his relationship with his girlfriend with agitation, then they pored over his wedding photographs, the one-year anniversary of their daughter Poppy was an 'event' and now they are all waiting with anticipation for the next addition to the family.
The reasons for Jamie Oliver’s success, apart from good advertising, are that he was in the right place at the right time. First of all, he is frightfully “English”. He was born in 1975 and has been constantly on television screens for the last few years. Not handsome but sweet, he looks like a collective portrait of English youth. He grew up in the provinces (in Essex) and worked in his parents’ pub from childhood.
At first he used many techniques from Italian cuisine, in particular olive oil and vegetables, since the English have a great respect for Italian cooking. But gradually English items started to creep to the top of the list. Increasingly often he has made patriotic appeals to use traditional English products, to recall traditional English recipes, and to remember that the English have always been able to cook: nothing fancy, of course, but tasty.
Now he is in other programmes as well, for example, 'Oliver Twist'. Even the title itself contains a clever pun. On the one hand, Oliver Twist is the title of the well-known book by Charles Dickens, and on the other hand you could read it as Oliver's dodges. The idea was simple and close to the hearts of the English (and not just theirs). After a heavy night, a group of young, energetic people taken from different types of restaurant, pub and bar go home to Jamie Oliver's for breakfast. They laugh and joke lightly and in an unconstrained way while he prepares some explosive hangover cure involving tomato juice, pepper and whatever else he can find.
After this he starts to prepare breakfast, which is naturally English and traditional. In a lively way he cleans mushrooms, fries sausages and bacon, beats eggs and makes toast. All this uncomplicated process is accompanied by a commentary about how to cook bacon without burning it, how best to buy sausages, which sauce to serve. Surprisingly, this simple process is rather captivating and instructive as well: here are living English traditions, not being advertised by some crumbly old grandmother but by a jolly young Englishman with his friends who eat the lot at the end with enthusiastic cries. Jamie Oliver's work has been highly acclaimed by the country too.
In the autumn of 2003 at a ceremony in Buckingham Palace, Queen Elizabeth II personally awarded him a MBE (Member of the Order of the British Empire) which is awarded to people in recognition of outstanding service to the nation. Jamie Oliver, in turn, felt it his duty to show again his patriotic feelings and support the monarchy. In an interview, he told journalists that he was so choked with emotion that he almost cried. "I work abroad a lot and I am proud to sing our praises for what we are good at here. Rolls-Royce, Aston Martin, they're all gone and this is all we've got left, really," he said with a glance around the Palace courtyard".
4.1.21. Прочитайте данный текст. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.
1. In the summer of 2003 at a ceremony in Buckingham Palace, Queen Elizabeth II personally awarded Jamie Oliver a MBE.
2. The idea to give young people good English breakfast in Oliver’s home was simple and close to the hearts of the English.
3. From the point of view of contemporary English culture, the story of one young English star, Jamie Oliver, is not interesting and significant.
4. The primary distinguishing feature of English food is also its main problem: its purpose is to satisfy hunger and not to provide pleasure.
5. There is the famous joke about the international contingents in heaven and hell: in hell the chef is French.
6. National consciousness is little by little being awakened in the English even through questions of food.
7. Everybody believed the story about the origin of lasagna read on the Internet.
8. “Oliver Twist” is only the title of the well-known book by Charles Dickens.
9. The book about English beef was written by an economist, for the most part using statistics..
10. The English make a cult of food.
11. The English have little respect for Italian cooking.
12. English society followed the development of Jamie Oliver’s relationship with his girlfriend with agitation.
13. Not long ago, information appeared on the internet that British historians had found a fourteenth century manuscript which was England's (and possibly the world's) oldest existing list of national recipes.
14. The English always make fun of French cuisine.
4.1.22. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
What do the neighbours from the Continent never tire of?
What episode do popular French comics contain?
Who was famous for eating a lot of food?
Why cannot Obelix cope with English food?
What is the famous joke about the international contingents in heaven and hell?
What do the English themselves have about their cuisine?
Where do English friends invite their guests to lunch?
What are the English reminding their countrymen nowadays?
9. Why was the book about the English beef written?
10. What was the simple idea of this book?
11. What kind of material was used in this book?
12. Why do the English allow themselves to laugh at Italian cuisine?
13. What kind of information appeared on the internet?
14. What is Jamie Oliver?
15. Why is he a success?
16. How did English items start to creep to the top of the list?
17. What Oliver’s idea was close to the hearts of the English?
18. What kind of breakfast does Oliver prefer to prepare?
19. What happened in the autumn of 2003?
20. What did he tell journalists in his interview?
4.1.23. Переведите данные словосочетания на английский язык.
Кулинарное искусство, никогда не устают подшучивать, политая соусом, отличительная черта, любое количество вариантов, комплекс неполноценности, мало помалу, не так давно, специальное исследование, частично в ответ, в отличие от, появилась в Интернете, список национальных рецептов, действительная родина, в ответ на претензию, официальные представители, в любом случае, вооружённый конфликт, огромная аудитория всех возрастов, бронировать за месяцы вперёд, кроме хорошей рекламы, большое уважение к итальянской кухне, сопровождаемый комментарием, в нужном месте в нужное время.
4.1.24. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя активную лексику текста.
Английская кухня очень точно отражает национальный характер англичан.
Существует очень много шуток, касающихся английской кухни.
Повара справились с заказом этого джентльмена.
Данная пища низкого качества.
Мы очень любим салаты под соусом.
В их семье не делают культа из еды.
Подтвердите своё согласие быть на этом приёме.
В провинции всегда меньше выбора блюд из рыбы, чем из мяса.
Итальянская кухня имеет свои особенности приготовления в Англии.
Исторические документы не проливают свет на особенности английской кухни.
Получить приз из рук королевы – большое счастье.
От вашей фантазии горчит во рту.
Провинциальные журналы в последнее время много пишут о пикниках знаменитых личностей.
В древней Англии предпочтение отдавали жареному мясу.
В последнее время в Интернете появляется информация о конкурсе поваров в странах Европы.
4.1.25. Сократите данный текст, опустив несущественные детали.
4.1.26. Прочитайте текст ещё раз. Найдите предложения, содержащие модальные глаголы или их эквиваленты. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
4.1.27. Сократите данный текст, опустив несущественные детали.
4.1.28. Составьте план, передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам и объясните Ваше отношение к данной информации.
Distinguishing feature, cult, pleasure, beef, mainstay, manuscript, recipes, lasagna, a chef, audience, to book, a collective portrait, top of the list, breakfast, living English traditions, awarded.
4.1.29. Расскажите о русской кухне, о её традициях, об отношении россиян к национальным кухням других народов.
Раздел 4.2.
4.2.1. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
|
hot-buttered toast-house |
дом, в котором готовятся на продажу подрумяненные ломтики хлеба с маслом |
4.2.2. Просмотрите данный текст и дайте ответ на вопрос: What was Tyson’s restaurant famous for?
TYSON'S RESTAURANT
The most famous hot-buttered toast-house' in the world was "Tyson's Restaurant" in Rook Street, Manchester, which still flourishes, but is no longer animated by the crisp individuality of its founder, old Tom Tyson, as he was known. So he established a restaurant wherein he, an inflexible tyrant, might enforce laws of his own making and win riches by this very enforcement.
He provided only chops, steaks, and Cumberland ham, and served with them, instead of vegetables, hot-buttered toast or bread. Most of his customers took toast. People who asked for potatoes were unceremoniously told that they should have brought their own. Everyone who ate at Tyson's was compelled also to drink. Ale, stout", coffee, and tea were the only liquids. A customer asking for water was referred to the "teetotal shop next door!"
A host of good stories are told of Tyson. He dominated the place in his shirt-sleeves, and nothing escaped his vigilant eye. His duty to a customer, as he conceived it, was done when good food had been laid promptly before him; after that the customer's duty to the master of the restaurant began.
Reading was not permitted, at least in the middle of the day, nor grumbling, nor a protracted sitting, nor smoking. Tyson's strength was the excellence of his wares, his cheapness, and his business-like dispatch, and knowing this he played the Kaiser to the top of his bent. A young man once calling, "Waiter, bring me a steak at once," was amazed to find a raw steak clapped on the table before him. To his expression of disgust came the reply, "You can't expect meat to be cooked if you want it at once" A customer daring so much as to glance at a letter from his pocket was curtly informed that this is not a library". A customer who had exceeded his welcome was bidden to go. To the few who complained of incivility, Tyson's reply was that he served his civility with his chops and steaks.
4.2.3.Прочитайте текст ещё раз и найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
Who was the founder of the restaurant?
Why did the author consider old Tom Tyson as a tyrant?
What did he provide in his restaurant?
What was told to people who asked for potatoes?
What was everyone compelled to do?
What were the only liquids at Tyson’s?
Was the customer given water if he asked for?
How many good stories are told of Tyson?
Why did he dominate the place?
What was his duty to a customer?
What was not permitted in his restaurant?
What was Tyson’s strength?
What did the waiter bring to a customer asking to bring a steak at once?
Why was a customer bidden to go?
What did Tyson served with his chops and steaks?
4.2.4. На сколько логических частей можно разделить данный текст? Озаглавьте каждую часть.
4.2.5. Составьте план текста на русском языке.
4.2.6. Переведите составленный план на английский язык.
4.2.7. Напишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке.
4.2.8. Прочитайте данный диалог. Выучите его и разыграйте по ролям.
Russell: Aren’t you hungry?
Clarke: Oh, yes, I am. And I’m awfully thirsty.
R. Would you like a glass of orange juice?
C. Thanks. I’d love one. I like orange juice very much.
R. What shall we have? What does your diet allow you?
C. Well, a little meat or fish, eggs, perhaps some cheese or milk, a lot of vegetables: lettuce, tomatoes, cucumbers, onions, very few potatoes, a lot of fruit.
R. I bet your chief manager likes slim employees.
C. He does indeed. I have to be on a diet. I don’ live to eat but I eat to live.
R. I must confess I like good food, an occasional beer, cheerful people, theatres and lively music.
C. Have you ever tasted Mexican dishes?
R. No, I haven’t. I‘ve never been to Mexico.
C. What do you think of spicy food?
R. I avoid it. I prefer plain food, nothing fancy.
C. A cigarette?
R. No, thanks.
C. A drop of brandy?
R. I’m off alcohol.
C. Isn’t it boring sometimes to follow these strict rules?
R. They are not strict. If you’re in perfectly good health, you can enjoy life more and work better.
C. I agree with you. Health is the greatest wealth.
----------
to bet –биться об заклад; 2. spicy food – острая пища; 3. plain food –простая пища; 4. strict rules – строгие правила; 5. to enjoy life more –получить больше удовольствия от жизни.
Раздел 4.3
4.3.1. Прочитайте данный текст. Определите его основную идею.
One of the provincial magazines recently printed an interesting article about different types of picnic. Picnics are one of those purely English inventions which have conquered the world, a fact that the author is not shy in pointing out right at the beginning of the article. There is, in truth, much that is very English at the heart of a picnic: fresh open air, a rural setting, difficult conditions, economy, simple but filling food, all of this is close to the English soul. The main point about it is the combination of the necessary (food) and the pleasant (a walk), making it something of a rarity in English cuisine. The article contains the recollections of various people (for the most part country dwellers with titles) about their childhood when picnics always included beautiful scenery, a rough woolen blanket, simple sandwiches with cheese and ham. Many of them agreed that these were some of the happiest and brightest memories of food from their childhood, although that may be because they were surrounded by their now deceased parents and grandparents, and at the time the heroes were young and fresh.
But as we know, England does not just live in the past; it also brings the past into the present, although in a slightly different form. The same people talked about modern picnics which, it appears, exist in all sorts of forms. On the one hand there are simple picnics, organized the old-fashioned way, simple but with good taste. The traditional sandwiches are now always accompanied by fresh fruit and berries, greens and vegetables. But there are apparently other types of picnic today, more complicated and more expensive, all the way up to high society occasions. At such events there are the obligatory champagne, expensive delicacies such as fore grasp, exclusive cheeses, and caviar with blennies. Moreover you can either order the products separately or order the picnic ready-made (the menu and price-list are startling and impressive). Nevertheless, most people agree that the simple, old-style picnics are much more interesting and pleasant than the expensive, luxury ones.
One of those whose thoughts on this good old tradition are quoted in the article is the Earl of Sandwich, the descendent of the man who thought up sandwiches, which are another example of the English contribution to the international treasure chest.
4.3.2. Письменно переведите данный текст, используя словарь.
4.3.3. Выберите заголовок, наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста:
1. English Picnic.
2. English Traditions
3. Types Of Picnic In England
4. Old-Style Picnic
4.3.4 Ролевая игра
Ситуация. Группа студентов из России и студенты, приехавшие изучать русский язык из Великобритании, договорились отметить последний день занятий на природе. Они обсуждают, как проходят пикники в России и в Великобритании.
Участники - русские и английские студенты.
Студенты из России обсуждают, что необходимо купить для пикника: шашлык из баранины,, чтобы пожарить на костре, овощи (помидоры, лук, сладкий перец, баклажаны, зелени побольше, специи и соусы), фрукты (яблоки, апельсины, бананы, груши, виноград, киви). В меню также вошли сухие вина, напитки, соки, кондитерские изделия.
Гости из Англии решили купить бутербродов в ресторане Макдоналдс. Обсуждают виды бутербродов и напитков. Русские друзья отговаривают их делать это. Решают купить хлеба, картошки, сосисок и колбасок с сыром, чтобы поджарить на костре.
Студенты договариваются, кто возьмёт магнитофон, фотоаппарат, мячи и ракетки для бадминтона.
БЛОК 5
* Грамматика: Participle 1, Participle 2
* Словообразование
* Текст: Family
Раздел 5.1.
5.1.1. Образуйте форму Participle 1 от данных глаголов. Переведите на русский язык.
Образец:
|
to take – taking берущий, беря, взяв, взявший |
1. to read
2. to write
3. to watch
4. to meet
5. to drink
6. to buy
7. to sell
8. to work
9. to speak
10. to study
5.1.2. Переведите данные слова на английский язык.
Образец:
|
Строящий, строя – building |
1. идущий
2. приходящий
3. обсуждающий
4. начинающий
5. сидящий
6. смотрящий
7. принимающий
8. производящий
9. бегущий
10. начинающий.
5.1.3. Раскройте скобки и поставьте данные глаголы в форму Participle 1. Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
Образец:
|
The ______ man (to laugh) – The laughing man |
1. The _______girl (to read)
2. The _______boy (to sleep)
3. The _______student (to translate)
4. The _______man (to sell)
5. The _______woman (to work)
6. The waiter ________us (to serve)
7. The children _______in the garden (to play)
8. The students _______in the hall (to sit)
9. The managers ______the engineers (to receive)
10.The professor ______the students (to examine)
5.1.4. Переведите данные предложения, содержащие Participle 1, на русский язык.
1. At that moment everybody was watching the dancing girl.
2. Taking his seat the teacher looked at us.
3. He addressed the woman standing at the counter buying some things for the children.
4. Look at the children laughing at the clown in green.
5. There was a boy sleeping in the room.
6. The man meeting us at the station was the representative of the firm.
7. We opened the door leading to the library and saw our teacher.
8. I came home hoping my family was there.
9. He opened the bag then closing it smiled.
10. Suddenly he saw us, stood up and approached us smiling.
5.1.5. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, используя форму Participle 1.
1. Посмотрите на людей, энергично обсуждающих что-то.
2. Мне нравятся люди, работающие упорно для достижения своей цели.
3. Услышав ее голос, он повернул голову в ее сторону.
4. Менеджер, проверяющий наши планы, был доволен результатами.
5. Прибыв на станцию, она сразу увидела, что его там нет.
6. Читая доклад, он смотрел на нас.
7. Том стоял, глядя вверх и вниз.
8. Думая о своей работе в новом офисе, он остановился перед лестницей, ведущей вверх
9. Приехав в отель, он прошел в гостиную и попросил чаю.
10. Кивнув нам, преподаватель зашел в зал.
5.1.6. Образуйте форму Participle 2 от данных глаголов. Переведите на русский язык.
Образец:
|
to open – opened открытый, открываемый |
1. to work
2. to turn
3. to put
4. to cut
5. to speak
6. to meet
7. to buy
8. to sell
9. to give
10. to begin
5.1.7. Переведите на английский язык данные слова.
Образец:
|
построенный - built |
1. написанный
2. принесённый
3. сделанный
4. выпитый
5. взятый
6. сломанный
7. использованный
8. переведённый
9. рассказанный
10. данный
5.1.8. Раскройте скобки, поставьте данные глаголы в форму Participle 2. Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
Образец:
|
The door ________ by me (to open) – the door opened by me. |
1. The book ________by him (to give)
2. The house _______by my parents (to build)
3. The letter _______ by my sister (to write)
4. The book_______ by the librarian (to recommend)
5. The car_________ by my friend (to buy)
6. The ______ door (to close)
7. The _______text (to translate)
8. The _______report (to write)
9. The _______passport (to lose)
10.The _______ picture (to show)
5.1.9. Переведите данные предложения, содержащие форму Participle 2, на русский язык.
1. When we entered the room we saw the broken vase on the floor.
2. Some time ago she mended the torn sleeve of her dress.
3. The answer received from our partner in the evening surprised us greatly.
4. The method used by our professor was effective.
5. All the books taken from the library by the students must be returned in June.
6. They showed us the list of the goods sold at the auction last month.
7. The stone thrown by the boy reached the opposite side.
8. Everything written here is quite right.
9. Translate the words written on the blackboard!
10, It was a victory won by brave people.
5.1.10. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык, используя форму Participle 2.
1. Рассказ, переведенный нашими студентами, можно рекомендовать к изданию.
2. История, рассказанная моим другом, заинтересовала всех.
3. Студенты должны выполнять задания, данные преподавателем.
4. Она провела нас в номер, забронированный для нашей группы.
5. Мы еще не видели книги, заказанные для нас нашим руководителем.
6. Вы получили список товаров, экспортируемых этой фирмой.
7. Я рекомендую вам прочитать статью, написанную нашим профессором.
8. Книги, прочитанные в детстве, кажутся старыми друзьями.
9. Используемый ими метод оказался очень эффективным.
10. Он молчал, когда его спрашивали о его планах на будущее.
5.1.11. Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в форму Participle 1 или Participle 2. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. I haven`t looked through all the magazines _______ to us from London. (to send)
2. I have already checked all the tests_______ by my students. (to write)
3. Show me the list of the students_______ Spanish. (to learn)
4. All the students _______ in the concert must come to the Institute at 6. (to come)
5. We sat in the café_______ about our trip to S-Petersburg. (to talk)
6. _______ the street I saw my friends _______ from the Institute. (to cross; to come out)
7. ______ a dictionary you can translate this sentence quite easily. (to use)
8. I `ll show you the stories _______ by me some time ago. (to write)
9. ______ late he saw nobody there. (to come)
10. _____ the letter she hurried to show it to us. (to receive)
5.1.12. Замените выделенные части данных предложений причастными оборотами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец:
|
As we were tired we didn`t go sightseeing. |
While he was reading the text he underlined all the new words.
When I was going home I met my friends.
As he was tired he went to bed.
When they came to the club they saw their groupmates.
When he received the message he immediately wrote the answer.
As the boys knew the direction they helped us to get home.
When the tourists crossed the bridge they saw a small village with a few houses.
I picked up the letter which was lying on the floor.
5.1.13. Замените придаточные предложения причастными оборотами. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец:
|
As the car was repaired it started at once |
Show me the catalogues that are received by you.
When he was asked about the event he kept silence.
Everything that is written here is correct.
The house which was surrounded by green trees looked nice.
The method that was invented by this scientist is effective .
Here is the message that was received yesterday.
It wasn`t difficult to find the letter that was lost some time ago.
As the door was locked on the inside we stood waiting for help.
5.1.14. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
1. Having read a lot about this method he suggested using it.
2. The new building of the theatre being constructed in our street was big.
3. Being asked about her parents she always tried to avoid details.
4. The new building having been constructed some years ago in our town is large enough.
5. All the books published for children are well illustrated.
6. The problems discussed last week have already been solved.
7. Having waited for a long time he left the office.
8. Having never been here before he lost his way.
5.1.15. Вставьте недостающие части речи.
|
Существительное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
Наречие |
|
note |
note |
notable |
notably |
|
construct |
|||
|
green |
|||
|
reception |
|||
|
Easily |
|||
|
move |
5.1.16. Отработайте произношение данных слов, уточнив их транскрипцию по словарю.
|
basis-(мн.ч.) bases n |
основание, базис |
|
embrace n объятия |
5.1.17. Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
As we all know; its own peculiarities; to underline the fact; no other country; to prefer to wear trousers; social evils; it is sufficient to name; who rallied the society; women` s rights; that is characteristic of western societies; a surprise for the outsiders; attitude to sex; something to be avoided; hand in hand; distinctive feature; this is done deliberately; the discipline and order; an interesting English saying; the typical question; in a similar position; a burden to their children; one of the nice things; round the clock; medical care; one-sided conversation; relations between humans; to adopt such a law.
5.1.18. Просмотрите данный текст. Дайте ответ на вопрос: “Who and what are the bases of the English family?”
IT TAKES ALL SORTS TO MAKE A FAMILY
As we all know, happy families in various countries are happy in their own way. A happy English family has its own peculiarities. First, the basis of it is the woman, who, at the same time, prefers not to underline this fact.
Historically, women have occupied a special place in the world of the English. No other country has given birth to so many female writers! One of the few in France was George Sand, who used a male pseudonym and preferred to wear trousers. Only specialists in the field of literature can even name a female writer from Germany or Italy. England has given birth to a pleiad of popular and good writers whose works are alive and read to this day. Witty Jane Austin, strict Charlotte Bronte and her strange sisters, the scandalous Mary Shelley with her “Frankenstein”, Elisabeth Gaskell, who laid bare social evils, the intellectual Virginia Wolf. And these are just some of them, the ones that everybody recognizes and knows instantly.
Then there are the Queens on the English throne. It is sufficient to name but three of them, each of whom was a whole era, and gave her name to that era. Elizabeth I, who ruled at the start of the country`s supremacy over the world, Victoria, who confirmed the country as a great world power and who rallied society, and finally the current Queen, Elizabeth II who is still to a great extent an important, consolidating authority in the country. Also Margaret Thatcher, who was not the queen but who reigned and left an indelible mark on English history. How many other female prime ministers of that caliber can you recall from continental Europe?
Interestingly enough, English women do not seem to suffer from the “women` s rights” complex that is characteristic of other western societies. They do, of course, have feminists, who were even some of the first in the world to make a stand for their rights. But that was long ago when practically nobody was doing it. Nowadays “feminist societies” mainly get together in order to have lunch together or to have a chat over a cup of tea. All the same, it is English society that has longer than anywhere else retained the traditions of dividing up a group by sex after dinners. The men stay to smoke, indulge in a drink and talk about politics while the women go off to drink tea and gossip. It is also in England that women take not only their husband` s surname after marriage, but also his first name as well and become Mrs. John Smith (which comes as somewhat of a surprise for the outsiders).
The typical English restraint concerns their attitude to sex. .Sex and everything connected with it has, for a long time, been considered to be something best to be avoided. A book on good manners from the mid-nineteenth century explained that even “Compliments are inadmissible in English society, unless they are so delicately put as to be hardly discernible”. A modern book on etiquette recommends that those in love should refrain from open displays of emotion and hints of the intimate relations that exist between them as “it may embarrass some people. The greatest intimacy that is permissible in public is to walk in public hand in hand or arm in arm, a light passionless kiss on the cheek, an embrace upon parting.
One of the most important English principles can be summed up as follows: “we did not come into this world in order to get pleasure.” It is precisely the basis for many of the distinctive features of their character and way of life. It all starts right at the beginning, from the birth and upbringing of a child. One needs to be firm with children, and the higher up the social ladder you are, the more firm you need to be. It is not unusual to find that in a rich English home with an enormous living room, gigantic bedroom and imposing cabinet, the so-called children` s room is a miserable little room somewhere in the attic. This is done deliberately, from considerations of principle, so as not to spoil them but harden them.
The system of boarding schools is still popular in England, with boys and girls sometimes still going to separate schools particularly for children from aristocratic and rich families. The discipline and order that reigns in them to this day are a sort of mixture between a prison, a barracks and a monastery and they are considered to be a fitting environment in which to bring up a real Englishman.
There is an interesting English saying “Children should be seen but not heard”. The doors to English pubs often have the sign “No children, no dogs” and whereas they might on occasion make exception for the dogs, they never do for children. The typical question which they all ask of children “What do you want to be when you grow up, young man?” leads them to the idea that childhood is simply a period that one has to live through in order to become a normal, that is , grown up person.
The older generation in England finds itself in a similar position.
A nineteenth century book of good manners noted: “It is a cruel rule that altogether excludes very old and very young people from dinners; but the “dumb” are out of place at them as much as the over-loquacious. Very literal people, too, who cannot take a joke, do not add to general enjoyment of a feast”.
Maybe this is why elderly people living in England value their independence so highly. They will do anything so as not to become a burden to their children and, in essence, remain free from their influence. One of the nice things about living in England is their equivalent of the old people`s home, with your personal items and belongings, but with the advantage of having round the clock medical care, the possibility to talk with people of your age, and an entertainment programme.
The English seem to become even more active once they retire, occupied with their garden, taking up a hobby, or traveling round England or even abroad.
Finally the last but certainly not the least important members of the English family are the pets. While the children are banished to some of the worst places in the house (for their upbringing, you understand!), a dog or a cat will probably have the most honoured place. A walk with the dog is always a pleasant, if rather one-sided, conversation full of gentleness and warmth. The English love cats with all their hearts. An interest in horses is not something that everybody can afford. Nevertheless, here as well we can see more love and warmth towards them than in relations between humans. Horse races in England are an event on a national scale.
The law about the proper treatment of animals appeared in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century, the first country in the world to adopt such a law.
5.1.19. Прочитайте данный текст. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.
1. All happy families are happy in the same way.
2. There are a lot of female writers in Europe.
3. Margaret Tatcher worked as a common worker at a factory.
4. English women take their husband`s first name and surname after marriage.
5. Those in love are recommended to refrain from open displays of their emotions.
6. In England boys and girls go to separate boarding schools.
7. In England children are allowed to do everything they wish.
8. Elderly people in England prefer to live independently.
5.1.20.Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. What is peculiar of happy families?
2. What English female writers are mentioned in the text? What other female writers can you mention?
3. What characterizes western societies?
4. What characterizes English society?
5. Why are those in love recommended to refrain open displays of their relationship?
6. What helps to bring up a real Englishman?
7. What is peculiar of children` s upbringing?
8. Why do elderly people in England value their independence very highly?
5.1.21. Переведите данные словосочетания на английский язык.
В различных странах; во-первых; в то же самое время; особое место; так много писательниц; мужской псевдоним; в области литературы; достаточно упомянуть; целая эра (эпоха); кажется, английские женщины не страдают от этого комплекса; бороться за свои права; собраться, чтобы поговорить за чашкой чая; комплименты неприемлемы; открытое проявление чувств; образ жизни; так называемая детская комната; где-то на мансарде; в особенности для детей из аристократических и богатых семей; «запрещен вход детям и собакам»; в том же самом положении; пожилые люди; в сущности; круглосуточная медицинская помощь; закон о надлежащем обращении с животными.
5.1.22. Прочитайте текст еще раз. Найдите предложения, содержащие формы Participle 1 и Participle 2. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
5.1.23. Сократите данный текст, опустив несущественные детали.
5.1.24.Составьте план, передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам и объясните ваше отношение к данной информации.
Family; basis; woman; to occupy; place; era; authority; to reign; to suffer; “women` s rights”; restraint; principle; children; boarding schools; upbringing; the older generation; independence; pets.
5.1.25. Расскажите об отношении людей к семье, детям, пожилым людям, домашним животным в нашей стране.
Раздел 5.2.
5.2.1.Отработайте произношение данных слов, уточнив их произношение по словарю.
|
to break up |
разбивать |
5.2.2. Просмотрите данный текст и дайте ответ на вопрос:What kind of families are described in this text?
FAMILY
Vivien. My dad is quite old, he is 81. My mum is about 15 years younger. I have two brothers. Nigel, who is seven years older than me, is a computer programmer. His main interest is music, and he plays the guitar very well, and the piano. He is married to Nikki, who is an artist. She is half Swiss, and paints pictures for a living. They live in London, and have two children. My other brother Chris, is a stockbroker, and he lives with his family in Hong Kong because the firm he works for sent him out there. He met his wife Leslie in South Africa, when he was working there. Leslie doesn`t work and she brings up the children. They have got four children. So I have six nieces and nephews, which means I have got a lot of presents to buy at Christmas! I come from quite a big family. I worked it out once that I have got 25 cousins, because my dad` s dad married twice, and my mum` s mum married twice. My mum has two brothers and sisters, and she has three half-sisters. And my dad has four brothers and sisters and two stepbrothers and sisters. My parents live in the country, in the south-west of England. When I lived in England I used to go to visit them maybe every month. Now I go about twice a year. Normally I go at Christmas and some time in the summer.
In England the stereotypical family is husband and wife and 2.4 children, so they say, and a dog and a cat. We have two cats, by the way. They were my cats, but when I left to come and live in Hungary I took them to my mum. We used to have a dog, a big golden Labrador.
The English stereotypical family of husband and wife is, I suppose, changing now because there are a lot of one-parent families. A lot of people get divorced now and live on their own, and bring up their children on their own. What about my parents? Well, my mother never worked, she was a housewife, and she and my dad lived in Sri Lanka and India for much of their married life, because my dad was a businessman. He is retired now but used to import, I think it was whisky and fertilizer, from England to Sri Lanka. My mum brought up two children there. I was born a year after they moved back to England, near London, so that` s a bit different from exotic Asia. I suppose in a way we conformed to the typical stereotype of a family. My father was the breadwinner and the head of the family, and my mother was a housewife .
Nowadays in England, most women seem to want to go out to work, and even if they have children they send them to a nursery or crèche at a very early age, and go back to work to resume their careers. Also, quite often now a lot of old people live on their own, not usually with their children and their grandchildren as used to be the case.
Thomas. Nowadays, I don`t have very close contact with my family. I write occasionally to my father and mother, and I hear news from my brother. Sometimes I get a letter from my grandmother as well. Also we telephone each other. I haven` t felt close part of the family unit since my mother and father divorced. They have been divorced for about eleven years now. I` m 25, by the way, so when they divorced, I was 14, and from this age I started to get my independence, started to live my own life a little bit.. When I was younger, though, the family atmosphere was mostly very happy. I remember going away with my parents for trips in the country, in the park. We had a dog, it was for the first 12 years of my life
During my early childhood, I spent almost all of my time with my mother. She taught us things and of course cooked for us, and played for us all day, when we were at home. When she left, my relationship with my father became stronger. Things were never the same after the family broke up. We were quite an isolated family. We were rarely visited by friends of the family, but they weren` t very sociable. I spent a lot of time with my brother in my growing years. We used to play together. Sometimes we would end up with quarrelling or fighting, maybe that` s usual for young children brought up in this kind of society.
Every other week, or sometimes every week, we could go at the weekend to stay with my grandmother, who we called Nanna. My grandmother` s really lovely. She never stops making tea. Every 15 minutes of the day, she comes into the room with a big pot of tea and says: “Would you like a nice cup of tea?” Now, she` s getting a little bit older, and I think she doesn` t do as much as she did, but she is a really wonderful person.
My other grandmother, who is my grandmother on my father` s side also had a broken marriage. She divorced my grandfather before I was born, so I never saw them together. Over the last few years, I have visited her a few times, because we have something in common, which is our Christian religion.
I never met my mother` s father, he died before I was born, but I knew my father` s father when I was smaller. After he split up with his wife, he lived together with his sister, who was my great aunt. She never married or even had a boyfriend as far as I know. She was really an old spinster. They lived a very routine life. Every time we went to see them exactly the same things would happen. They would wake up, my great aunt would make the breakfast, bring it to my grandfather, my grandfather would read the paper until a certain time, when he would listen to something on the radio, etc, etc.
I have only one aunt, who is the sister of my father. We always had a very good relationship with them (my aunt, my uncle and their children), although we rarely went to see them, only once a year, maybe at Christmas to exchange presents. Whenever we went to visit them, we would be filled up with cakes and sweets, and given little presents.
Nowadays my father and mother both have new partners. My farther has a nice girlfriend, who he is planning to move into a new house with. My mother also has a boyfriend, who works away from home a lot of time, so she is alone a lot of time now, but seems to be happy. She is a lot more creative than she ever was when I was a child. Whenever I go to see her now, or whenever I hear from her, she tells me about new things that she` s learned to make, arts and crafts, and skills.
My girlfriend, Maria, has a very close and knit family. They really take care of each other, regularly visit each other, and are always calling each other to make sure they are OK. They spend a lot of time together. It` s really nice and encouraging for me to see that the family unit really can work, as in the case of their parents, who really love each other very dearly after many years of being married, and her grandparents, who are still completely in love, and both over 80. One of my dreams is to be happily married to a ripe old age like them.
5.2.3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. Who are Vivien`s relatives?
2. What is a stereotypical family in England?
3. What are the changes in stereotypical family in England?
4. What is the story of Thomas` family life about?
5. What is Thomas` dream?
5.2.4. На сколько логических частей можно разделить данный текст. Озаглавьте каждую часть.
5.2.5. Составьте план текста на русском языке.
5.2.6. Переведите составленный план на английский язык.
5.2.7.Напишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке.
5.2. 8. Прочитайте данный текст. Выучите его и разыграйте по ролям.
A SENTIMENTAL HUSBAND
indignation(n) – негодование
occur to smb – приходить на ум (в голову)
celebrate (v) - праздновать
It happened in Liverpool. One day Mr. Frost went to a Detective Agency and the clerk greeted him with the words:
-What can I do for you, Sir?
-I` d like to get in touch with my wife – answered Mr. Frost.
-There should be no difficulty about that – replied the clerk.
-Er…yes, but she has left me.
-Oh! I see. But when did she leave you, Sir?
-She walked out on me almost 25 years ago, 4 days after we were married.
-Oh! I see… I suppose you` d like to divorce her now?
-Not at all – answered Mr. Frost with indignation – you see in a few days` time it is our silver wedding anniversary and it just occurred to me she might like to have a drink with me to celebrate the occasion.
Раздел 5.3.
5.3.1. Прочитайте данный текст. Определите его основную идею.
Mother` s day is traditionally observed on the forth Sunday in Lent ( the Church season of penitence beginning on Ash Wednesday, the day of which varies from year to year). This is usually in March. The day used to be known as Mothering Sunday and dates from the time when many girls worked away from home as domestic servants in big households, where their hours of work were often very long. Mothering Sunday was established as a holiday for these girls and gave them an opportunity of going home to see their parents, especially their mother. They used to take presents with them, often given to them by the lady of the house.
When the labour situation changed and everyone was entitled to regular time off, this custom remained, although the day is now often called “Mother` s Day”. People visit their mothers if possible and give them flowers, and small presents. (Commercial firms take advantage of the occasion to sell as much as possible. Consequently, what was once rather a nice custom is now more than anything else a commercial “racket”.) If they cannot go they send a “Mother` s Day card”, or they may send one in any case .The family try to see that the mother has as little work to do as possible, they often help with the meals and the washing up. It is considered to be mother` s day off.
5.3.2. Письменно переведите данный текст, используя словарь.
5.3.3. Выберите заголовок, наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста.
1.Mother` s Dream
2.Mother` s Sunday
3.Mother` s Day
4.A Nice Custom
5.3.4. Ролевая игра
Ситуация – студенты A и B учатся в одном из российских вузов. Студент A – англичанин. Студент B пригласил студента A в гости к себе домой и знакомит со своей семьей.
Участники – студенты А, B, C, D,E, F,G,etc.
A – Вы студент(ка) из Англии. Учитесь в российском вузе. Студент B пригласил вас в гости. Студент B представляет вас своим родным и другу (подруге). Их, в свою очередь, интересует ваша семья, хобби, привязанности. Представьтесь. Расскажите о своей семье, о родных, о хобби, о своих привязанностях.
B- Вы студент(ка) российского вуза. У вас в группе учится студент из Англии. Вы пригласили его к себе домой. Представьте его своей семье, родным, друзьям.
C,D,E,F,G etc.-члены семьи, родственники, друзья студента B. Вас интересует семья студента А, его хобби, привязанности. Дайте ответы на вопросы студента А.
БЛОК 6
* Грамматика: The Gerund
* Cловообразование
* Текст: Home, Sweet Home
Раздел 6.1.
6.1.1. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых герундий выполняет функцию подлежащего. Переведите предложения на русский язык
1. Reading is her favourite occupation. 2. Swimming in the cold water was not so pleasant. 3. Watching horror films makes her excited. 4. Being alone was always difficult for her. 5. Being in a good mood is very usual for him. 6. Being late is not polite.
6.1.2. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых герундий выполняет функцию именной части составного именного сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. His greatest pleasure is skating. 2. Dan’s desire is becoming a student in Oxford. 3. Her dream is traveling to Australia one day. 4. My boss is against signing this contract. 5. They are still far from being ready to start. 6. She was for starting at once.
6.1.3. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых герундий выполняет функцию части составного глагольного сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He avoided speaking on this matter. 2. He bought a camera and started making films of his own. 3. The group stopped climbing the mountain because of bad weather forecast. 4. This fact is worth remembering. 5. The car needs repairing. 6. The children kept on playing.
6.1.4. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых герундий выполняет функцию определения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He has got much experience in teaching. 2. Have you got any reasons of saying this? 3. What are the means of solving this task? 4. We have no intention of making the contract. 5. They realized the importance of coming to the agreement. 6. He has got the possibility of going to Great Britain.
6.1.5, Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых герундий выполняет функцию обстоятельства. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. After signing the contract they left. 2. Before going on business he prepared all the documents. 3. I will do without asking for his advice. 4. Instead of calling she sent him a message. 5. Besides being intelligent she is very sociable. 6. They had a snack after swimming.
6.1.6. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых герундий выполняет функцию дополнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. What do you suggest giving him as a birthday present? 2 If you don’t mind getting stuck in a traffic jam, try going to Moscow by car. 3/ He is afraid of going to the cave alone and getting lost. 4. They are interested in sending him to the conference. 5. He remembered having read the article in some paper. 6/ I don’t fancy walking all that distance. We’d better catch a taxi.
6.1.7. Переведите данные предложения, содержащие Indefinite Gerund Passive, на русский язык.
1. I hate being told lies. 2. Max doesn’t want his dad to come in when he’s got friends in his room. He likes being left on his own. 3. He likes being invited by his friends. 4. She avoided being met by him. 5. He objected to being sent there. 6. The children like being told the fairy tales. 7. They enjoy being invited to the party. 8. Would you mind being asked such questions? 9. He didn’t mind being
left alone. 10. The client demanded being given back all the documents.
6.1.8. Прочитайте предложения, выбрав подходящую по смыслу форму Gerund, данную в скобках. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец:
|
She enjoys (inviting, being invited) to the party by her friends. |
1. He has not forgotten to return the client’s call but he avoids (doing, being done) so. 2. You cannot help (laughing, being laughed) at it. 3. Ann complained of (giving, being given) the documents by the managers when it was too late. 4. Would you mind (examining, being examined) by this doctor? 5. The client demanded (seeing, being seen) the supervisor and complained loudly. 6. You should not risk (planting, being planted) the roses so early. 7. I felt something was wrong because he avoided (asking, being asked) about his family. 8. He is very busy at the moment and objects to (sending, being sent) to this conference.
9. The company have decided to cancel a failing research project to avoid (wasting, being wasted) money. 10. Would you mind (meeting, being met) them at the station?
6.1.9. Составьте предложения с формой Gerund, используя данные пары словосочетаний.
Образец:
|
Thank for – to come to the party, |
1. prevent from – give up her studies
2. think of – move to the capital city
3. succeed in – go through the exams
4. agree to – come with us
5. do without – take rush decisions
6. can’ t help – laugh at this joke
7. thank for – give a lift
8. be surprised at – see you here
9. get used to – get up early
10. have difficulty in – bring up children
6.1.10. Переделайте предложения по образцу, используя данную конструкцию с герундием.
Worth doing smth.
Образец:
|
This is a good film. (to see) – This film is worth seeing. |
1.It’s an interesting excursion. (to go) 2. They are rare exhibits. (to display) 3. The article is informative. (to translate) 4. The job is challenging. (to apply for) 5. The fact is interesting. (to mention) 6. It is an interesting book. (to read)
Can’t help doing smth
Образец:
|
The news is really surprising. (to tell) – I can’ t help telling you this news. |
1.The episode is funny. (to laugh) 2.The melodrama was very touching. (to cry) 3. He was being rude. (to say) 4. He was proud of his paintings. (to show) 5. The girl was curious. ( to open a present) 6. The story was exciting. (to tell)
Need doing smth
Образец:
|
The suit is very dirty. (to clean) – The suit needs cleaning. |
1. The battery is flat. (to replace) 2. The house is in a bad condition. (to repair) 3. The dishes are dirty. (to wash up) 4. The device is out-dated. (to upgrade) 5. The garden is dry. (to water) 6. Your report is not good/ (to correct)
It’s no good
Образец:
|
The shops has already closed. (to go) - It’s no good going to the shop now |
1.He won’t come. ( to wait for) 2. He is not enough qualified. (to offer the job) 3.The house is badly damaged. (to repair) 4. There are no tickets left. (to queue) 5.The computer is old. ( to fix) 6. It is a slow train. (to take)
Be used to doing smth
Образец:
|
Dan is a football fan. (to watch on TV) – Dan is used to watching football matches on TV. |
1.He usually studies until 1 a.m. (to sit up late) 2. I leave for the institute at 7.30. (to get up early) 3. Most students can’t do without the Internet. (to use) 4. I share a room with my brother. (to live together) 5. The machinery is very noisy. The workers (to speak loudly) 6. He is a hardwoking.man. (to work much)
6.1.11. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя форму Gerund.
1. Мы предлагаем внести изменения в этот проект.2. Пирог был такой вкусный, что невозможно было не съесть еще кусок. 3. Мы не могли не спросить Петра о его новой работе. 4. Я уверен, что у тебя получится найти новую работу. 5. Постарайся отговорить его от поездки в горы в это время года. 6.Что ты думаешь о том, чтобы на этот раз провести отпуск в России? 7. Он уверен в том, что станет актером. 8. Многие не могут обходиться без Интернета.. 9. Тебе придется привыкнуть делать все самому. 10. Те¸ кто хорошо подготовлены, не боятся сдавать экзамен. 11. Бесполезно просить их остаться. Они должны ехать. 12. Одежду надо почистить. 13. Этот проект стоит обсудить. 14. Спасибо за то, что встретили нас в аэропорту. 15. Нам интересно работать с вами. 16. Некоторые дети боятся оставаться одни. 17. Англичане любят работать в саду. 18. Нам приятно с вами сотрудничать. 19. Мы с нетерпением ждем вашего ответа. 20. Я горжусь тем, что работаю в этой компании.
6.1.12. Вставьте недостающие части речи.
|
Существительное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
Наречие |
|
note |
note |
notable |
notably |
|
rise |
---- |
||
|
represent |
|||
|
support |
|||
|
---- |
particular |
||
|
sensible |
6.1.13. Отработайте произношение данных слов, уточнив их транскрипцию по словарю.
|
mortgage n |
ипотека, закладная |
6.1.14..Переведите на русский язык следующие слова и выражения:
Inseparably tied to, completely without, identify their country with, furthermore, being bought on a mortgage, detached house, garden at the back, from the rest of the world, not by chance, cause problems, personal anxious relation, make a special effort, items tucked away into corners, entrance hall, fairly close to reality, full of conveniences, a good reason, give out that much heat, indispensable part, a source of national pride, faithful attachment, wealthy landowners, enjoy the pleasantness.
6.1.15. Прочитайте текст. Дайте ответ на вопрос : “What does the typical English house look like?”
HOME, SWEET HOME
For the English, the concept of the family is inseparably tied to the concept of the 'house' and 'home'. It is interesting that the English rarely use the word 'motherland'. It does, of course, exist in English, but it is fairly artificial and is mainly used when talking about other nations. They are more likely to use 'house or 'home', a concept which is more important to them than any other. Their patriotism is not noisy, but hidden, completely without pathos. They never identify their country with the government or the state. These concepts are changeable and fluid, and the English like nothing more than stability. Therefore their land and their home are more important than everything else. "Home, sweet home" the English often say and write "There is no place like home" on their towels and vignettes.
Furthermore, their home must be a real home, not a flat. An Englishman's home may be small, or being bought on a mortgage, but it is his. Even if it is not a detached house, it must have its own entrance and, of course, a little garden at the back which is fenced off from the rest of the world. This is the usual town version. Out in the country, the plot of land can be turned into a real garden.
It is not by chance that; a lot of houses in England have names. This causes problems for guests and postal workers, but demonstrates the very personal, anxious relation of the English to their homes. There are all sorts of names, some of them touching, some of them strange, some of them very old. For example, 'Under the Oaks' (although there was not a single oak to be seen for miles around), or 'Willows’ (a name which was obviously chosen a long time ago), or 'Cats house' (with a big cat sitting right in the front window), or 'Smugglers Hideout' (over the door of a cosy little cottage).
The English do not often invite you into their homes, preferring to meet in cafes or .restaurants. But if they do invite you, prepare yourself for the unexpected. Nobody will make a special effort to tidy up before you arrive, there will be no ‘Potemkin villages’ no items tucked away into corners. The house will look just like it does every day. The entrance hall will be cluttered with all sorts of useful bits and pieces, from old newspapers to dirty Wellington boots. There may be dirty cups next to the sofa in the living room, and an old sweater in the corner. The kitchen table may be covered with magazines and boxes from which they pull food. This is, of course, a ‘collective portrait’, but one that is on the whole fairly close to reality.
The English home is not as full of conveniences as an American home, but what distinguishes it from the rest is its cosiness. And here you understand that there is a good reason why the word 'comfort' spread into other languages from English. The layout, which includes any number of items, tables padded stools, sofas and armchairs has been arranged around the fireplace which does not give out that much heat but does create an unforgettable atmosphere of conciliation and calm. The logs cheerfully crackle in the fire and you sit, whisky in hand: what else could you ask for in life? In those houses where it is not possible to have a real fire, they like to install an electric fireplace.
The front garden is an indispensable part of each house and the owner will spend much effort and attention on making it look pretty. Wonderful flowers and bushes, some of them exotic, are carefully planted around the house. Furthermore, if the house itself is usually in a state of disorder, that is unthinkable for the garden.
The English lawn is also a source of national pride and is a reflection of a number of aspects of the English character. First, the faithful attachment to traditions, as in the famous joke when an Englishman is asked:
"How did you manage to achieve such a perfect lawn?"
"Oh, it's very simple," he replies, "You just have to mow and water it every day for 400 years."
The English lawns demonstrate the freedom-loving tendencies, since you may walk freely over such lawns and the grass does not get trampled down.
There is also an old English tradition of visiting private homes which dates back to the distant past. Wealthy landowners opened their homes to visitors many centuries ago so that the latter could enjoy the pleasantness of their dwelling. Wandering around an English home which has been opened to the public, you are surprised that somebody is still living in it. This is why such houses do not just feel like a museum, they are alive and real.
6.1.16. Прочитайте текст. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.
1. Speaking about their country the English often use the word “motherland”.
2. The English identify their country with the Queen, the Parliament and the Government.
3. They like stability most of all.
4. Home is the most important thing for an Englishman.
5. You can see English proverbs about home not only in books and dictionaries.
6. Garden is part of the English home.
7. All English houses bear women’s names.
8. The names of English houses does not necessarily relate to the present reality.
9. The English are fond of inviting friends to their homes.
10. The English keep their homes in perfect order.
11. Their homes are full of modern domestic appliances.
12. They are very much like American homes.
13. An English home looks like an average European home.
14. Many old English stately houses have been turned into museums.
15. The Englishman pays more attention to his garden than to his home.
16. The English use their fireplace only to heat the rooms.
17. The English are attached to their traditions.
18. The word “comfort” came into Russian from English.
6.1.17. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
1. Why do the English rarely use the word ‘motherland’?
2. Are the English a patriotic nation?
3. Do they identify their government with their country?
4. What can you say about English patriotism?
5. What English proverbs and sayings about home do you remember?
6. Explain the meaning of the proverb “Men make houses, women make homes”.
7. Where do the English often write proverbs about home?
8. Can a flat be a real home for an Englishman?
9. Can you buy a house without having enough money to do it?
10. Why do the English like to give their houses proper names?
11. Do the names help to find a house?
12. Where do the names for English houses come from?
13. Is the name always connected with the individual features of the house?
14. Is it a popular English custom to invite guests home?
15. If being invited what can you expect to see there?
16. Do the English do their home up when they are expecting guests?
17. What does a typical English home look like?
18. Compare an English home to an American or a Russian one.
19. Why are the English so attached to the fireplace?
20. Make a brief ‘sketch’ of an Englishman sitting in front of the fire.
21. There is one special old English tradition. What is it?
22. Why don’t some English houses open to the public look like museums?
6.1.18. Переведите данные словосочетания на английский язык.
Богатые землевладельцы, отдельный дом, купить дом на условиях ипотеки, родина/отечество, участок земли, важнее всего, никто не будет особенно стараться; вещи, рассованные по углам; резиновые сапоги, то да се, коробки из-под продуктов, что еще нужно в жизни!, собирательный образ, восходит к далекому прошлому, с одной стороны, отгорожен от всего остального мира, все возможные названия, выглядеть, отдельный вход, наслаждаться прелестями, источник национальной гордости, незабываемая атмосфера, сад за домом; личное, заботливое отношение, веская причина.
6.1.19. Переведите на английский язык следующие предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания.
Этого выражения нет (не существует) в современном русском языке.
Понятие «дом» остается неизменным в английской культуре на протяжение веков.
В 60х годах прошлого века многие семьи в России получили участок земли.
Здесь живут две семьи. У каждой – свой отдельный вход в дом.
Эту маленькую комнату можно превратить в зимний сад.
Мы выбрали этот дом не случайно – он очень удобно расположен.
Что вызвало ваше негативное отношение к этому проекту?
Их комната очень удобна, потому что они правильно расставили мебель.
Если нет возможности иметь настоящий камин, можно установить электрический - его иногда трудно отличить от настоящего.
Нельзя достигнуть цели, не предприняв усилий.
В романе отражены все аспекты современной жизни.
Каково ваше личное отношение к этой проблеме?
Дом был полностью разрушен.
Расположение офисов довольно удобное.
Многие дома находятся в очень плохом состоянии.
Покупка жилья по ипотеке – составная часть жилищной политики в нашей стране.
6.1.20. Сократите текст, опустив несущественные детали.
6.1.21. Составьте план, передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам и объясните Ваше отношение к данной информации.
Concept, motherland, a detached house, garden, personal relation, invite, make special effort, conveniences, fireplace, the English lawn, landlords, pleasantness
6.1.22. Расскажите об отношении людей к своему жилью, приусадебному участку, приёму гостей в нашей стране.
Раздел 6.2.
6.2.1. Отработайте произношение данных слов, уточнив их транскрипцию по словарю.
|
Storey n |
этаж, ярус |
6.2.2. Прочитайте текст и дайте ответ на вопрос; What kind of a flat does Vivien live in?
Vivien. I live in Budapest, in a flat in the center of town, on the third storey, the third floor, of a building with a courtyard and a big stairwell. There's no lift; unfortunately, which means I have to stagger up three flights of stairs every day, a couple of times a day. It's quite a small flat, I don't remember how many square metres it is, but it's pretty small: There's a living room, where we sleep, which I share with my flatmate. It's her flat, so that's quite good. I pay her rent, but fortunately I don't have to pay any of the electricity or gas bills, although I pay the phone bill because I’m always calling England, which makes it very expensive. So, in the main room there's a huge old brick stove, which keeps us good and warm and is very efficient, and as the flat's quite small it's not expensive to keep it well-heated. This makes a big change from some other flats I've lived in, like in London where I was freezing cold in the winter with no fires or heating of any sort. Then there is a bed and also a sofa-bed, where I sleep, which you can pull out and change from a sofa into a double-size bed. There're two huge cupboards. One of them is quite modern, and the other one is an old-style white cupboard with a large oval mirror built into it. We also have a desk, where I work. I have a typewriter on it which I borrowed from a friend who I used to work with at the newspaper offices, so now I can work from home. Then we’ve got about four blocks of shelves, which are mainly full of language books and books on Hungarian literature. We've got a telephone as well, which is something, I think, that people in England take for granted, but I realize that in Hungary it can be quite difficult to get one as you can be on the waiting list for a long time, so we're lucky to have that.
The other room used to be a kitchen, but my flatmate's dad has converted it into a kind of study room. There's a big table in there where we usually eat breakfast and supper. There's quite a strange setup in the room really, because it has tiles on the floor, so it looks like a cross between a bathroom, a kitchen and a living room, It's also got a lot of shelves with books on them, and some plants which I brought from the last flat that I lived in. Then we've got a kind of a kitchen, well, it's a little cupboard really, which has a stove, a washing up basin, a couple of little cupboards and some shelves.
Then we've got a bathroom, which is also quite small, with rather lurid pink tiles in it, which has a bath, a toilet and a washbasin, and also a washing machine, which leaps around all over the bathroom and gets very violent, so we have to watch it when it's on. We also have a vacuum cleaner, (which we usually call a "hoover" in England), and there is a large metal stepladder (but I'm not sure why it is there), and there are a lot of cupboards as well, full of shoes and old newspapers and saucepans and ail kinds of rubbish.
As our flat is so small, it's cheap and easy to keep warm, and also quite easy to keep dean. However, on the other hand, there's not much space. However, as we’re living in the middle of the city, so it's very quick to get to from anywhere, and is near to different metro lines, so you can get to any part of the city.
My ideal flat or house would be, I suppose, somewhere not quite so central, but then I would like, to have a car so that I could get in and out of town quickly. I would like to have a house, ideally with a garden so that I could have pets, maybe dogs and cats, and do gardening and grow plants, I'd like quite a few rooms in the house so that I could use one room as an office, which would be nice as I find it difficult to work in the same room I normally live in, because there's always, a temptation to switch on the TV or to go and make a cup of coffee. I'd also like .to have a nice view, maybe a view of the river. I’ve always been used to living by water, and in Hungary I really miss being near the sea. I don't know what it is, but there's something I like about living on an island. It's just so nice to be able to go out to the seaside and get some fresh air.
6.2.3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. Where does Vivien live?
2. Does she own this flat or not?
3. Who does she share the flat with?
4. Does Vivien pay all the bills?
5. Describe their living room.
6. What does their study look like?
7. What does their kitchen look like?
8. What is Vivien’s idea of her future house?
6.2.4. В каждом абзаце найдите предложение, выражающее его основную мысль.
6.2.5. Озаглавьте каждый абзац.
6.2.6. Составьте план текста на русском языке.
6.2.7. Переведите составленный план на английский язык.
6.2.8. Напишите краткое изложение текста на русском языке.
Раздел 6.3.
6.3.1. Прочитайте данный текст и определите его основную идею
This five-bedroom, 2,500 sq ft home is designed by a husband-and-wife team Cathrenne Burd and Buddy Harward, both 41.They devised the low-energy Brook Coomes House, Ealing, west London, which in 2002 won the Riba Manser Medal, and are designing 600 sustainable homes in the Rochester Riverside scheme at Thames Gateway.
Their house has three key principles: its construction must be incorporate local materials from sustainable sources and low-energy build methods; it must consume little or no energy, so conserve or generate it on site; and the flexible design must have non-load bearing internal walls, so that it can be adapted to the changing needs of the occupants.
“The most important aspect of ensuring any low-energy home works properly is educating the user,’ says Haward. There have been many cases of low-energy public buildings developing problems because people didn’t know how to use the technology.”
The open-plan layout of the Sheppard Robson three-bedroom house, designed by Dan Burr, surrounds an open courtyard that effectively splits the building into two zones and introduces light and ventilation. A smaller street-facing block has a guest flat or house office on the ground floor, with the master bedroom suite above it.
This wing is connected to the main section by a hall and stairs – or “service spine” – running front to back. This has storage, a utility room for drying clothes (rather than a mechanical dryer), a biomass boiler for top-up space heating and hot water in winter, a grey-water recycling tank and a mechanical ventilation heat-recovery system. Only 18% of the building is glazed – 10% less than a conventional home – but the windows there are triple-glazed and gas-filled, with external shutters.
“One of the starting premises of the design is to manage the daylight coming in,” Burr says. Two wedge-shaped, monopitch roofs bring in “north light” – daylight, not direct sunlight. The inverted plan, with family living space on the top floor and the children’s bedrooms below – benefits from this. Photovoltaic panels power lights, solar panels provide hot water. Both are angled 40 degrees south for best performance.
A computer in the kitchen monitors energy use; adjustments can be made as it fluctuates.
Rooftop wind-catchers have vents on four sides to let heat out and fresh air in. There is a subterranean rainwater recycling tank.
One of the key elements of Burd Haward’s five-bedroom house is its large, southfacing glazed courtyard, which most rooms overlook. Externally, it is double-glazed; internally, full-height, triple-glazed sliding doors lead onto it from each floor. “So, in effect, the whole building, from inside to out, is five times glazed,” Haward says. The courtyard makes the greatest use of energy from the sun in winter and cuts heat loss from windows. Climbing plants on the walls and roof (“seasonal shading”) limit solar gain in summer and utilize it in winter. The sliding doors can be opened to let air circulate – vents open and close at the top, allowing hot air out.
A ventilation heat recovery system recycles up to 70% of energy that would otherwise be lost. The house has low-energy appliances, space for bicycle storage, and, in the garage, a charging point for an electric car. Rain and grey water are harvested and stored separately underground, saving 60% of average water consumption.
6.3.2. Письменно переведите текст, используя словарь.
6.3.3. Выберите заголовок, наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста.
Two Modern Houses
Houses of My Dream
New Technology In Buildings
Designing Modern Houses
6.3.4. Ролевая игра.
Ситуация: Вы купили новый современный дом и пригласили своих друзей. Вы показываете дом и участок вокруг дома своим друзьям, Друзья задают Вам вопросы по поводу дома и благоустройства прилегающей территории.
БЛОК 7
* Грамматика: The Infinitive
* Cловообразование
* Текст: Some Facts About The United Kingdom
Раздел 7.1.
7.1.1. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию подлежащего. Переведите предложения на русский язык
To wait for them any longer is useless.
To say this is to say nothing.
Not to be able to use a computer nowadays is practically to be illiterate.
To pass this exam was rather difficult.
To walk such a long distance will take much time.
To apply for this job will be useless.
7.1.2. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию именной части составного именного сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. Her desire is to go to Italy in autumn.
2. Your duty is to keep all these things in order.
3/ Manager’s responsibility is to control the activity of people.
4. Her advice was to take medicine.
5. His main idea was to carry out an experiment.
6. They have no desire to show me round the town.
7.1.3. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив является частью составного глагольного сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. You can buy a good pair of shoes in this department store.
2. He may ask me this question.
3. They must do this work at once.
4. She decided not to apply for this job.
5. He hoped to be responsible for the project.
6. The English like to arrange armchairs around the fire.
7.1.4. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию прямого дополнения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
They told her not to go out at night in the city.
I ask you to water the flowers every day.
My friend advised me not to plant the roses so early.
Her dad told her to see the guests off.
I ask you to be careful while crossing the street.
The professor advised her to refer to this book.
7.1.5. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию определения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
You have no reason to put off your business trip.
The businessmen have no intention to sign the contract.
.My cousin has got a desire to buy a modern cottage.
She has bought a pair of shoes to match her cloths.
He is the very man to do it.
He is always the first to pass the exams.
7.1.6. Прочитайте данные предложения, в которых инфинитив выполняет функцию обстоятельства. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
They went to the shop to buy some bread.
She will stay a bit longer to help you.
The tourists hurried up to visit the museum.
I will do it at once in order not to forget it.
It was too late to go there.
The weather was too cold to go for a walk.
7.1.7. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Плавать в море очень приятно. 2. Моя задача – сделать эту работу хорошо. 3. Он может задать вам этот вопрос. 4. Вы должны работать. 5. Я надеюсь увидеть их сегодня вечером. 6. Он велел мне забыть об этом. 7. У него нет желания идти туда так поздно. 8. Он всегда приходит последним. 9.Прочитайте текст ещё раз, чтобы лучше его понять. 10. Смотрите фильмы на английском языке, чтобы улучшить своё произношение. 11. Кто любит работать в саду, чтобы отдохнуть после работы? 12. Я попросил его посмотреть перевод ещё раз, чтобы исправить все ошибки.
7.1.8. Прочитайте предложения, найдите инфинитив и определите его форму.
Образец:
|
I was sorry to have said it. |
1. He was happy to have been invited to this party. 2. She deserves to be awarded. 3. The old lady refused to be taken to the hospital. 4. She seems to have been reading since early morning. 5. He now regrets to have said it. 6. They seem to be working hard. 7. The students were happy to have been sent to London. 8. He promised to be careful. 9. John failed to pass his last exam. 10. I remember to have seen this film before.
7.1.9. Переведите данные предложения на английский язык.
1. Легче все начать заново. 2. Лучше узнавать страну, путешествуя по ней.
3. Преподаватель обещал ответить на все интересующие нас вопросы. 4.Нам удалось достать билеты на 2х-часовой поезд. 5. Мы решили пойти домой пешком. 6. Мы договорились встретиться у института. 7. Почему они отказались принять участие в конкурсе?. 8. Не трудно научиться пользоваться этим прибором. 9. Некоторым студентам не удалось сдать экзамен. 10. Друзья предложили нам остановиться у них. 11. Лучшие студенты заслужили поездку на практику за границу. 12. Он отказался от приглашения на конференцию.
7.1.10. Прочитайте предложения, содержащие оборот “for + существительное (или местоимение) + инфинитив”. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. It is easy for him to agree. 2. It is necessary for you to come there in time. 3/It is difficult for the boy to read this book. 4. The text was too difficult for the students to translate. 5. It’s no use for her to apply for this job. 6. It was late for the children to go for a walk,
7.1.11. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Тебе необходимо отдохнуть. 2. Погода слишком холодная, чтобы дети шли на прогулку. 3. Ему было трудно выполнить эту работу. 4. Ей бесполезно сейчас идти туда. 5. Им интересно много путешествовать. 6. Управляющим будет трудно согласиться на это предложение. 7. Это вы должны решить. 8. Вам будет интересно сходить в этот музей. 9. Вам будет скучно слушать этот доклад. 10. Ей будет полезно сделать эту работу самостоятельно.
7.1.12. Прочитайте предложения, содержащие оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» (Complex Object). Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. We knew him to speak English well. 2. I would like you to help me. 3. He wanted them to discuss this matter. 4. I wanted them to hurry up. 5. We expected the train to arrive in time. 6. I would like her to move closer to be able to hear the speaker better. 7. He would like us to tell about popular destinations in this country. 8. The buyers expect the contract to be signed soon. 9. They wanted me to book accommodation in this hotel. 10. I expected them to give me a discount.
7.1.13. Переведите предложения на английский язык, используя оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом».
1. Я хочу, чтобы вы послушали эту музыку. 2. Он хотел, чтобы мы рассказали тебе новости. 3. Они не хотели, чтобы мы узнали об этом. 4. Я бы хотела, чтобы они не опаздывали на занятия. 5. Дети хотели бы, чтобы каникулы продолжались долго. 6. Управляющие хотели бы, чтобы машины были куплены на следующей неделе. 7. Мы ожидаем, что они проинформируют нас вскоре. 8. Журналисты ожидали, что певица даст интервью после концерта. 9. Мы рассчитывали, что продавец даст нам скидку. 10. Мы рассчитывали, что наши друзья арендуют машину. 11. Я знаю, что он знаменитый актёр. 12. Они знали, что я опоздаю к обеду.
7.1.14. Прочитайте предложения, содержащие оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» (Complex Subject), определите форму инфинитива. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
1. He is said to live in London. 2. They are believed to have left for France. 3. The Moscow State University is known to be founded in 1755. 4. He is said to have been writing this novel for three years. 5. She seems to know him well. 6. They seem not to believe him. 7 He is likely to be late. 8 She is unlikely to do it well. 9. They are sure to come in time. 10. You are sure to know her well.
7.1.15. Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Говорят, что она живет в Париже. 2. Известно, что Петербург основан в 1703 году. 3. Полагают, что он уже приехал в Лондон. 4. Говорят, что эта компания строит хорошие дома. 5. Кажется, она знает этот предмет хорошо. 6. Кажется, он согласится на моё предложение. 7. Вероятно, что они купят эти станки. 8. Вряд ли они придут к обеду. 9. Тебя непременно спросят об этом. 10. Мы непременно встретим его на вокзале.
7.1.16. Заполните строки словами, имеющими общий корень.
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Существительное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
Наречие |
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Note |
note |
notable |
notably |
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abundant |
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shorten |
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surprise |
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Patriot |
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refer |
7.1.17. Отработайте произношение данных слов, уточнив их транскрипцию по словарю.
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unique a |
единственный в своём роде, уникальный |
7.1.18. Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
The first thing to note, official circles, bad taste, in ordinary life, renowned nations, spiritual independence, a noticeable rise, obvious example, fight for freedom, to know for certain, completely pointless, an abundance of fish and fowl, a Heaven on earth, an entire world, a circle of friends.
7.1.19. Просмотрите данный текст и дайте ответы на вопросы:
“What constitutes the United Kingdom?”
“What peoples inhabit the United Kingdom?”
“What is the ideal of the English?”
SOME FACTS ABOUT THE UNITED KINGDOM
England as a unified state , is unique and paradoxical. The first thing to note is that the country does not have one fixed name. When you put Great Britain and the Northen Ireland together they are called the United Kingdom, which itself is part of the British Isles. In official circles, using the term ‘English’ has for a long time been considered ‘bad taste’, and has been replaced by ‘British’. In ordinary life, though, and particularly amongst foreigners, anybody living in the British Isles is called English. The Romans are the source of the name Albion, which is now used to refer to England in a poetical or rhetorical sense. The ancient Britons were one of the tribes which settled in England in ancient times and are considered to be the ancestors of the modern Welsh. Nowadays, 'Briton' is sometimes used to refer to all the inhabitants.
The islands are home to four peoples: the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish and nobody actually wants to be British, although finding, pure-bred representative of any of these renowned nations, who are all so proud of their spiritual independence is almost impossible. There has been a noticeable rise in nationalistic tendencies within the component countries of Great Britain. The most obvious example is the Irish, whose fight for freedom from their main enemy, the English, is known to all from television news. The situation with the Scots is even more complicated. Scotland is definitely part of Great Britain, but their demands for self-governance and independence are getting louder each year. The Scots know for certain that if something is bad, it must have come from England, even the law (which to their minds is completely pointless) which bans the sale of alcohol before noon on Sundays. There is a popular joke in Scotland which is printed on postcards, tea-towels and aprons, and often repeated in guidebooks. When God created Scotland, he gave it the very best: high mountains, deep lakes, clean rivers, an abundance of fish and fowl, and expansive meadows. The country was so beautiful that the other nations became jealous and started to complain. "O Lord," they said, "why did you give so much to one nation? You have created a Heaven on earth. It's not fair." To which the Lord answered "Wait a moment, you haven't seen who I have given them as neighbours." The Welsh are less well known than the other peoples in Great Britain, and have also, more than the others, been merged with the English. The English are less worried than other 'small' nations about their identity. For them, 'British' and 'English' are usually synonyms.
How do the English themselves see their own country? It may come as a surprise, but this geographically small island is actually an entire world, which contains everything that 'big countries' do. The most important thing is that the English themselves relate to their country as if it had no borders. The English are renowned throughout history as great travellers, setting off around the world without so much as a second thought.
For the English the country is precisely there that the ideal of good old England lives on in the hearts of the citizens. What does this ideal include? Well, it is having one's own home which, although it may be small, has a plot of land, a garden and a flowerbed under the windows. It is the village pub and the church like two inseparable old friends, they can be found together all across England; it is a circle of friends with whom one can chat but who would never allow themselves to burden you, either with their joys or with their sorrows.
7.1.20. Прочитайте данный текст. Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста. Подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста.
The country has got one fixed name.
Great Britain and the Northen Ireland together are called England.
In official circles using the term “English” has been considered “good taste”.
The Romans called England “Albion”.
In ordinary life England is called Albion.
The ancient Britons are the ancestors of the modern Welsh.
There are four peoples in the country: the English, the Scots, the Welsh and the Britons.
One can find many pure-bred representatives of the Welsh, the Scots and the English.
The Irish fight for freedom from their enemies the English.
The English are more worried about their identity than other nations in the United Kingdom.
The country looks like an entire world for the English.
The English like to tell their friends about their joys and sorrows..
7.1.21. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.
Why is England a unique state?
Which parts does the United Kingdom consist of?
Which names are applied to the United Kingdom?
Is the term ‘English’ more common in everyday or political life?
Where does the word ‘Albion’ come from?
In what kind of speech is ‘Albion’ generally used?
Can you refer to the Scotts as the Britons?
Which countries of the UK have recently seen the rise in nationalistic tendencies?
Is the fight for freedom in the United Kingdom the fact of the past?
What do the Scotts think about the English law?
Why do the English feel their country as a very big one?
What reputation have the English gained throughout history?
What is the English ideal?
7.1.22. Переведите данные словосочетания на английский язык.
Единое государство; первое, что надо заметить, называться, официальные круги, в повседневной жизни, плохой вкус, борьба за свободу, рай на земле, народы, чистокровный представитель, в древние времена, духовная независимость, почти невозможны, заметный подъём, очевидный пример. более сложный, знать наверняка, запрещать продажу, путеводитель, жаловаться, целый мир, не иметь границ, неразлучные старые друзья, круг друзей.
7.1.23. Прочитайте текст ещё раз. Найдите предложения, содержащие формы Gerund. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
7.1.24. Сократите данный текст, опустив несущественные детали.
7.1.25. Составьте план, передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам и объясните Ваше отношение к данной информации.
Unified state, fixed name, official circles, ordinary life, nationalistic tendencies, an entire world, relate to, ideal, one’s own home, a garden, to burden.
7.1.26. Расскажите об особенностях нашей страны, об отношениях разных народов и народностей, с чем ассоциируется у Вас образ родины.
Раздел 7.2.
7.2.1. Отработайте произношение данных слов, уточнив их транскрипцию по словарю.
|
institution n |
учреждение |
7.2.2. Просмотрите данный текст и дайте ответ на вопрос “What are the main peculiarities of pubs?”
PUBS – TOWN AND COUNTRY
Every country has its drinking habits, some of which are general and obvious, others most peculiar. Most countries also have a national drink. In England the national drink is beer, and the “pub”, where Englishmen (and women to a lesser extent) go to drink it, is a peculiar English institution. The word “pub” itself, of course, is an abbreviation of “public house”.
A bright introduction to any self-respecting pub is the sign outside it. The sign might hang from a wrought-iron bracket, or be mounted on a post, or be fixed to the wall above the door. On it will be the pub’s name – “The Pig and Whistle” for example, or “The Three Mariners”. Push open the door and you will be met by a rush of warm air and a bubble of voices. At tables round not a very large room people will be sitting and in front of each person you will see a pint or half-pint mug of beer, or a smaller glass of a “short” drink – whiskey, gin and tonic, or fruit juice. This room is called the “bar”, but, confusingly, the same term is used for the great counter of polished wood which dominates one end of the room. At this bar people will be standing with a drink either in their hands or on a “beermat” at their elbow. From time to time they will take a sip – for Englishmen sip their drinks – and then put down the mug to continue the conversation. There is a general atmosphere of warmth and cosiness. Most pubs favour the traditional image – a roaring log fire, old oak beams supporting a low ceiling, and brass ornaments on the walls. Comfort is essential, for people do not drop in for a quick drink and then go; they tend generally to” make an evening of it”.
To describe one particular kind of pub is to oversimplify my account, since there are many, many variations on the theme. Indeed, pubs are everywhere in England; a small town of, say, 50 000 inhabitants will have between 50 and 100 pubs, each with its own character. Each tiny village has its pub. Sometimes a pub will stand in solitude on a country road over the moors, far from any village or town, a relic of days when traveling was mostly a matter of making stops for refreshment or lodging; and even today, in outlying districts as well as in towns, the pub often serves as a small hotel, or “inn”. There is a good deal of folklore behind the names which pubs bear. The derivation of some names is obvious; often animals figure in the title (The Fox and Goose); often an element of history enters with the name of a local noble family, (The Tatton Arms). Jokes, too, abound. A late-night traveler knocked at the door of the George and Dragon. From an upstairs window a female head appeared, and in vigorous terms told him that all sane folk were already in bed by that hour, and what was he doing making all that noise in the middle of the night? The traveler looked at the inn-sign and said, “Could I speak to George, please?”
There are two important peculiarities about pubs. One is that they have striсktly limited hours of opening, which vary in length in different areas, each local government authority having power to fix its own “licensing hours” as they are called. It is almost impossible to get strong drink in the early morning, in the middle of the afternoon, or at midnight or later. The second peculiarity is that most pubs are divided into at least two separated bars: the public bar and the saloon bar. The differences between the two are that the saloon bar is less uncomfortable, it has chairs and linoleum, whereas the public bar will have wooden benches and perhaps a floor sprinkled with sawdust, and the beer costs a penny or two more in the saloon bar than in the public bar.
7.2.3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы.
1. What is the national English drink?
2. What is a peculiar English institution?
3. Why is a pub a peculiar institution?
4. Can you describe in short an English pub?
5. Why are there so many pubs in England?
7.2.4. На сколько логических частей можно разделить данный текст? Озаглавьте каждую часть.
7.2.5. Составьте план текста на русском языке.
7.2.6. Переведите составленный план на английский язык.
7.2.7. Напишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке.
7.2.8. Прочитайте данный диалог. Выучите его и разыграйте по ролям.
A: What is RP?
B: Well, it’s an abbreviation for Received Pronunciation, a non-regional accent of standard British English, often regarded as a prestige form. It is traditionally called “Received” in the sense “accepted as standard”.
A: Is it the same as BBC English?
B: Well, very much so. BBC English is a traditionally correct English, especially as formerly spoken by BBC announcers and news readers.
A: Which part of Britain has contributed most to the prestigious accent?
B: The southwest, it’s there that Britain’s best universities, Oxford and Cambridge, are situated/
Раздел 7.3.
7.3.1. Прочитайте данный текст и дайте ответ на вопрос “Who became the victims of the hoax?”
.
It has never been explained why university students seem to enjoy practical jokes more than anyone else. Students specialize in a particular type of practical joke: the hoax. Inviting the fire-brigade to put out a non-existent fire is a crude form of deception which no self-respecting student would ever indulge in. Students often create amusing situations which are funny to everyone except the victims.
When a student recently saw two workmen using a pneumatic drill outside his university, he immediately telephoned the police and informed them that two students dressed up as workmen were tearing up the road with a pneumatic drill. As soon as he had hung up, he went over to the workmen and told them that if a policeman ordered them to go away, they were not to take him seriously. He added that a student had dressed up as a policeman and was playing all sorts of silly jokes on people. Both the police and the workmen were grateful to the student for this piece of advance information.
The student hid in an arch way nearby where he could watch and hear everything that went on. Sure enough, a policeman arrived on the scene and politely asked the workmen to go away. When he received a very rude reply from one of the workmen, he threatened to remove them by force. The workmen told him to do as he pleased and the policeman telephoned for help. Shortly afterwards, four more policemen arrived and remonstrated with the workmen. As the men refused to stop working, the police attempted to seize the pneumatic drill. The workmen struggled fiercely and one of them lost his temper. He threatened to call the police. At this, the police pointed out ironically that this would hardly be necessary as the men were already under arrest. Pretending to speak seriously, one of the workmen asked if he might make a telephone call before being taken to the station. Permission was granted and a policeman accompanied him to a call-box. Only when he saw that the man was actually telephoning the police did he realize that they had all been the victims of a hoax.
7.3.2. Письменно переведите данный текст, используя словарь.
7.3.3. Выберите заголовок наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста.
Who’s Who
Love For Jokes
Double Deception
Victims Of Hoax
7.3.4. Ролевая игра.
Ситуация – студенты приехали на международную студенческую конференцию из различных регионов России (Дальний Восток, Европейский Север, Черноморское побережье) и из Великобритании (Англия, Шотландия, Уэльс, Северная Ирландия). Они ведут беседу об особенностях тех мест, где они живут и учатся.
БЛОК 8
Грамматика: условные предложения
Сослагательное наклонение
Словообразование
Текст Arnold Schwarzenegger Biography
Раздел 8.1.
8.1.1. Прочитайте предложения, определите тип условного предложения. Переведите данные предложения на русский язык.
If they come they will help us. 2. If he does not ring me up I will send him a message. 3. If you are busy I will call on you later. 4. If the weather was fine we should go for a walk. 5. If he did his best he would win this competition. 6. If he went to the exhibition he would see many interesting things. 7. If she asked him about it he would not tell her the truth. 8. If the buyers had signed the contract yesterday they would have gone home. 9. If they had come yesterday she would have returned the book. 10. If the weather had been cold last Sundy they would not have gone to the country.
Раскройте скобки, поставьте глаголы в нужную видо-временную форму в условном предложении первого типа. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец:
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He (to help) us if he (to come) |
You (to do) the work well if you (to follow) my advice. 2. He (to get) a degree if he (to work) much. 3. They (to be allowed) to go there if they (to do) the work. 4. If she (to come) we (to have) dinner. 5. If he (to take) control of the company it (to succeed). 6. If he (to enter) the university he (to study) marketing. 7. If she (to go) to the cinema she (to enjoy) the film. 8. They (to get) good proportions if they often (to go) to the gym. 9. He (to win) the competition if he (to do) his best. 10. When they (to arrive) we (to solve) this problem.
Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в необходимую видо-временную форму для образования второго типа условного предложения. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец:
|
He (to help) us if he (to come). |
You (to do) the work well if you (to follow) my advice. 2. He (to get) a degree if he (to work) much. 3. They (to be allowed) to go there if they (to do) the work. 4. If she (to come) we (to have) dinner. 5. If he (to take) control of the company it (to succeed). 6. If he (to enter) the university he (to study) marketing. 7. If she (to go) to the cinema she (to enjoy) the film. 8. They (to get) good proportions if they often (to go) to the gym. 9. He (to win) the competition if he (to do) his best. 10. When they (to arrive) we (to solve) this problem.
8.1.4. Раскройте скобки, поставив глаголы в необходимую видо-временную форму для образования третьего типа условного предложения. Добавьте необходимые обстоятельственные слова. Переведите предложения на русский язык.
Образец:
|
He (to help) us if he (to come). |
You (to do) the work well if you (to follow) my advice. 2. He (to get) a degree if he (to work) much. 3. They (to be allowed) to go there if they (to do) the work. 4. If she (to come) we (to have) dinner. 5. If he (to take) control of the company it (to succeed). 6. If he (to enter) the university he (to study) marketing. 7. If she (to go) to the cinema she (to enjoy) the film. 8. They (to get) good proportions if they often (to go) to the gym. 9. He (to win) the competition if he (to do) his best. 10. When they (to arrive) we (to solve) this problem.
8.1.5.Раскройте скобки, поставив глагол в правильную видо-временную форму.
Образец:
|
She (to do) it yesterday if she had come in time. |
1. If he asks I (to tell) him all about it. 2. He wouldn’t do this mistake if he (to know) it. 3. He will get up early if the lecture (to begin) at nine. 4. Unless they (to arrive) yesterday we wouldn’t have done the work in time. 5. If they (to make) a very good film they would become famous. 6. The children would have seen this film yesterday if they (to be allowed). 7. The students will do it if they (to be asked). 8. As soon as we finish we (to leave). 9. If he had come last Sunday we (to be able) to discuss it. 10. If she had sent the message beforehand he (not to be) angry with her.
8.1.6. Раскройте скобки, употребив глагол в правильной видо-временной форме:
Образец:
|
I wish I (to be) a writer. – I wish I were a writer. |
He wishes he (to be) a banker. 2. They wish they (to do) this work quickly. 3. Dan wishes he (to have) a car. 4. We wish we (to see) this film. 5. Jane wishes she (to speak) Italian better. 6. It’s time we (to visit) this exhibition.
7. It’s time we (to have) lunch. 8. It’s time they (to arrive). 9. It’s high time I (to know) this rule well. 10. It’s high time we (to come) back home.
8.1.7. Вставьте недостающие части речи.
|
Существительное |
Глагол |
Прилагательное |
Наречие |
|
note |
note |
notable |
Notably |
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form |
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consider |
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profit |
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intensive |
8.1.8.. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
|
fortune n |
cчастье, удача, богатство, состояние |
Переведите данные словосочетания на русский язык.
The self-made man, property deals, American royalty, the fifth biggest economy, subject to intense discipline, a tough place to live, to enjoy luxuries, a strict father, perfect proportions, to accept an invitation, career unparalleled in its success, against all predictions, a master of competitive psychology, to make the first million on the side, lucrative real estate deals, a decent movie part, in many respects, active in that direction, impossibly thick accent, a big supporter of.
Прочитайте текст и назовите, кем является Арнольд Шварценеггер в настоящее время и как он поддерживает развитие спорта в США:
ARNOLD SCHWARZENEGGER BIOGRAPHY
In all of Hollywood history, there cannot be a better example of The Self-Made Man than HYPERLINK "http://www.tiscali.co.uk/entertainment/film/biographies/arnold_schwarzenegger_biog.html" \o "View biography" Arnold Schwarzenegger. A millionaire many, many times over, he's made fortunes both through acting and property deals: he's married into the Kennedy clan, making him American royalty: and, of course, he's one of the very few stars whose films are promoted purely by the use of his surname. SCHWARZENEGGER. You've seen it many times. In fact, they could just use his Christian name. Arnold would work equally well. You couldn't say the same for Tom (Cruise, that is). Oh, and in 2003 he became Governor of California, taking control of the fifth biggest economy on the planet. How much higher could he possibly go?
As ever, it's all down to the early years. Born on July 30th, 1947, in the isolated Austrian village of Thal, down by the Italian border, he was subject to intense discipline from a very early age. In the immediate post-war period it was a tough place to live, and Arnold was 14 before his family enjoyed such luxuries as a fridge, and a phone. His father, Gustav, was a police chief in Graz, leaving Arnold and his older brother Meinhard to be raised by their mother Aurelia. You'd expect a policeman to be a strict father, but Gustav was doubly so. Being a champion, he was keen to push his boys to athletic excellence too. They would rise at 6, do their chores, then perform sit-ups and squats before their breakfast. They were allowed out on Sunday evenings but, legend has it, were required to deliver a 10-page essay on their activities before retiring to bed.
It worked. Meinhard rapidly became a champion boxer. Arnold too was quick to find a beefy vocation. Training for the local soccer team, he began to lift weights. Studying his body, now aged 15, he realised that to give it perfect proportions he'd need 20-inch biceps - he set to work immediately. At 18, there was National Service, and Arnold signed up, within a month in he went to attend the Mr Junior Europe bodybuilding contest in Stuttgart. He won, with a perfect score.
In 1966, he left the army to attend University in Munich, studying marketing. He also accepted an invitation to train at that city's famous Putzingger gym. In September, he came second in the amateur Mr Universe contest in London. Second being no place for a Schwarzenegger, he returned the next year to win it. He turned professional, everything was looking good. Then tragedy struck as first Meinhard was killed in a car crash, then Gustav died of a stroke. Neither, sadly, saw Arnold win the Pro Mr Universe title in 1968.
But Arnold kept going. Invited by bodybuilding champion Joe Weilder to train in the US, he moved to America and continued a career unparalleled in its success, becoming Mr. World as well as Mr. Universe. He took the latter title every year till 1975 when he retired (though he'd returned to win it again, against all predictions, in 1980). He was obviously highly intelligent, massively disciplined and a master of competitive psychology
Being the greatest bodybuilder in history was not enough, though. Arnold in 1970 played a demi-God in “Hercules In New York”. It wasn't a good film.
While his film career took a while to take off, Arnold continued winning those bodybuilding titles. He also made his first million on the side. Forming a partnership with fellow bodybuilder Franco Columbu, he financed a series of fitness books and cassettes. These in turn financed the purchase of an apartment block and a consequent succession of lucrative real estate deals. He was driving a Mercedes and living in a flash Los Angeles home before he ever won a decent movie part. And he still found time to earn a degree, by correspondence, from the University of Wisconsin, majoring in International Marketing.
In 1977, Arnold met his wife, Maria Shriver, cousin of John F. Kennedy's son, John. It was in many respects an odd coupling. Arnold, unsurprisingly a big fan of capitalism, was a Republican, while Shriver was from the world's most famous Democrat dynasty and, as a TV journalist, was politically active in that direction. Nevertheless, having met at a Pro-Celebrity tennis tournament, they dated for eight years and, after Arnold proposed while they were boating on a lake in Austria, they married in 1986. They have four children - Katherine Eunice, Christina Maria Aurelia, Patrick and Christopher Sargent.
At last in 1982 a role arrived that really suited Arnold's build, and his impossibly thick accent. Then he also got a more important role, as the time-travelling cyborg assassin in James Cameron's The Terminator. This would be a cult hit, a sleeper, but it would eventually make both Cameron and Schwarzenegger. But action was always Arnold's middle name, and his blockbuster years began with Terminator 2 (affectionately known as T2), in 1992. From here on in, Arnold was resolutely The Good Guy, beginning in T2 as a cyborg assassin turned protector, saving the world and even weeping little cyborg tears.
But his film career would then be put on hold as he finally made his entry into the world of politics. When an election in California was called in 2003, Arnie stepped in on the Republican ticket. On October 7th, Arnie crushed his enemies in the elections, with 1.5 million votes beating his closest rival by a clear 500,000. He'd made it, just like Ronald Reagan before him. And immediately talk began of an assault on the Oval Office. Of course, not being born American he couldn't be President (he became a US citizen in 1983), but that didn't seem to worry anyone.
Known as the Austrian Oak (his production company is called Oak Productions), Schwarzenegger is undoubtedly the Big Man of cinema. Taking $25 million per movie ($30 million for T3), he's high up the A-list. But, aside from being Governor of California, he's so much more than that. He's a restaurateur and was chairman of the President's Council on Physical Fitness, taking time out to visit all 50 states (at his own expense) to promote health for kids. He also, along with his wife, is a big supporter of the Special Olympics and the Inner City Games, a foundation in aid of sport for kids.
It's amazing that he keeps rising. In 1999 he was already so famous that he inadvertently brought down the Japanese Minister for Defence. Having lost his passport in Japan, Arnold had to fill out some forms for a temporary replacement. The minister couldn't resist pocketing them as a souvenir, but was caught and forced to resign.
Укажите, какие предложения соответствуют содержанию текста, подтвердите свои ответы фактами из текста:
Arnold Schwarzenegger was born on July 30th, 1947, in Australia.
His father maintained strict discipline at home.
The family couldn’t afford to have expensive things.
Arnold’s father was a teacher in Graz.
Gustav wanted his sons to be strong and athletic.
The boys always did morning exercises.
Arnold won the Mr Junior Europe bodybuilding contest when he was nineteen.
Arnold studied marketing at the University in Munich.
In 1967 he was the second in the amateur Mr. Universe contest in London.
10.He took the title of Mr. Universe every year till 1975.
11.In 1975 it was the last time he was Mr. Universe.
12.He made his first million when he started his film career.
13.He was a full-time student at the University of Wisconsin studying International Marketing.
14.Arnold got married in 1977 when he met Maria Shriver, cousin of John Kennedy’s doomed son, John.
15.He was elected Governor of California in 2003.
16. A.Shwarzenegger is a great supporter of sports for kids/
8.1.12. Ответьте на следующие вопросы:
What is the best example of the Self Made Man?
How did Schwarzenegger make his fortunes?
Why can he be called American royalty?
What is enough to promote his films?
When did he become Governor of California?
Is California a small economy?
When and where was Arnold Schwarzenegger born?
How was he brought up?
Was his family rich?
10.What was his father?
11.Was he a strict father?
12.What did the boys usually do before breakfast?
13.When did Arnold join National Service?
14.When and where did he take part in Mr. Junior Europe bodybuilding contest?
15. What did he do when he left the army?
16.Did he come first in the amateur Mr. Universe contest in London in 1966?
18.How many times did he take the title of Mr. Universe?
19.How is he characterized in the article?
20.What was his first role in a film?
21.How did he make his first million?
22.What degree did he earn by correspondence?
23.What is his wife?
24What was the role that suited Arnold perfectly?
25.When did he make his entry into the world of politics?
26.How did he win the elections?
27.How is his production company called?
28.What other positions does he have?
8.1.13..Прочитайте текст. Найдите английские эквиваленты следующих слов и словосочетаний:
Получить степень заочного образования, приступить к работе немедленно, во многих отношениях, сделать состояние, в свою очередь, сокрушить врагов, быть воспитанным кем-либо, строгая дисциплина, знаменитая династия демократов, несомненно, сделки с собственностью, строгий отец, наслаждаться роскошью, выгодные сделки с недвижимостью, лучший пример, совершенные пропорции, ближайший конкурент, продвигать фильм, достойная роль в кино, психика устойчивая в условиях соревнования (конкуренции), энергично подталкивать к, подходить, найти предназначение своим мускулам, меценат, принимать участие в соревновании, осознавать, наперекор всем предсказаниям, поднимать тяжести, это удивительно, заставлять силой, победить с хорошим преимуществом, годы взлёта, выиграть звание (титул), тайком положить в карман в качестве сувенира.
8.1.14. Переведите на английский язык сдедующие предложения, используя данные слова и словосочетания:
1.Он сделал несколько состояний, но потерял их.
2.Семидесятые были его звездными годами.
3.Эта компания имеет дело с недвижимостью.
4.Он только что провел несколько выгодных сделок с недвижимостью.
5.Она несомненно выиграет это звание.
6.Их дети были воспитаны в строгой дисциплине.
7.Он сделал состояние на сделках с собственностью.
8.Чья это собственность?
9.Он знаменитый человек во многих отношениях.
10.Они поняли, что он победил с отличным счетом.
11.Их заставили профинансировать эти соревнования.
12.Братьев воспитали строгие родители.
13.Он решил приступить к работе немедленно.
14.Эти студенты учатся в университете заочно.
15.Это удивительно, что он не осознает этого.
16.Он силой заставил её не делать этого.
8.1.15. Прочитайте текст и найдите предложения, содержащие Participle I и Participle II.
8.1.16. Cократите текст, опустив несущественные детали.
8.1.17.Составьте план и передайте содержание текста по ключевым словам:
Self-made man, make fortune, acting, property deals, royalty, governor, discipline, strict, perfect proportions, bodybuilding contest, move, film career, finance, real estate deals, election, governor, supporter.
Расскажите о каком-либо актёре, являющемся и общественным деятелем в нашей стране.
Раздел 8.2.
8.2.1. Отработайте произношение слов, уточнив транскрипцию по словарю:
|
issue n |
выпуск, предмет спора |
Прочитайте текст и определите, удачно ли начал свою карьеру Билл Гейтс и кем он сейчас является в своей корпорации:
BILL GATES
After reading the January 1975 issue of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_Electronics" \o "Popular Electronics" Popular Electronics that demonstrated the Altair 8800, Gates called HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micro_Instrumentation_and_Telemetry_Systems" \o "Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems" MITS (Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems), the creators of the new microcomputer, to inform them that he and others had developed a version of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming_language" \o "Programming language" programming language HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BASIC" \o "BASIC" BASIC for the platform. This was untrue, as Gates and Allen had never used an Altair previously nor developed any code for it. Within a period of eight weeks they developed an Altair HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emulator" \o "Emulator" emulator that ran on a minicomputer, and then the BASIC interpreter. Allen and Gates flew to MITS to unveil the new BASIC system. The demonstration was a success and resulted in a deal with MITS to buy the rights to Allen and Gates's BASIC for the Altair platform. It was at this point that Gates left Harvard to found Micro-Soft, which later became Microsoft Corporation, with Allen.
By continuing to ensure, by various means, that most computers came with their software pre-installed, Microsoft eventually went on to become the largest software company in the world, earning Gates enough money that HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_Magazine" \o "Forbes Magazine" Forbes Magazine named him the wealthiest person in the world for several years. Gates served as the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CEO" \o "CEO" CEO of the company until 2000 when Steve Ballmer took the position. Gates continues to serve as a chairman of the board at the company and also as a position he created for himself entitled "Chief Software Architect". Microsoft has thousands of patents, and Gates has nine patents to his name.
Since Microsoft's founding and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006" \o "As of 2006" as of 2006, Gates has had primary responsibility for Microsoft's product strategy. He has aggressively broadened the company's range of products, and wherever Microsoft has achieved a dominant position he has vigorously defended it. Many decisions that have led to HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antitrust" \o "Antitrust" antitrust litigation over Microsoft's HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Business_practices" \o "Business practices" business practices have had Gates's approval.
Gates meets regularly with Microsoft's senior managers and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Software_program_management&action=edit" \o "Software program management" program managers. By all accounts he can be extremely confrontational during these meetings, particularly when he believes that managers have not thought out their business strategy or have placed the company's future at risk. He has been described shouting at length at employees before letting them continue, with such remarks as "That's the stupidest thing I've ever heard!" and "Why don't you just join the Peace Corps?" However, he often backs down when the targets of his outbursts respond frankly and directly. When he is not impressed with the technical hurdles managers claim to be facing, he sometimes quips, "Do you want me to do it over the weekend?".
Bill Gates married HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melinda_Gates" \o "Melinda Gates" Melinda French of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dallas%2C_Texas" \o "Dallas, Texas" Dallas, Texas on HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/January_1" \o "January 1" January 1, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1994" \o "1994" 1994. Melinda has given birth to three children. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Gates%27_house" \o "Bill Gates' house" Bill Gates' house is one of the most expensive houses in the world, and is a modern 21st century HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_sheltering" \o "Earth sheltering" home in the side of a hill overlooking HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Washington" \o "Lake Washington" Lake Washington in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medina%2C_Washington" \o "Medina, Washington" Medina, Washington. According to HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_County%2C_Washington" \o "King County, Washington" King County public records, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2006" \o "As of 2006" as of 2006, the total assessed value of the property (land and house) is $125 million, and the annual HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Property_tax" \o "Property tax" property tax is just under $1 million. Also among Gates's private acquisitions are the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codex_Leicester" \o "Codex Leicester" Codex Leicester, a collection of writings by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" \o "Leonardo da Vinci" Leonardo da Vinci which Gates bought for HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USD" \o "USD" $30.8 million at an auction in 1994, and a rare HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" \o "Gutenberg Bible" Gutenberg Bible.
In 2000, Gates founded the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, a charitable organization, with his wife. The foundation's grants have provided funds for college HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarship" \o "Scholarship" scholarships for under-represented minorities, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS" \o "AIDS" AIDS prevention, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Disease" \o "Disease" diseases prevalent in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_world" \o "Third world" third world countries, and other causes. In 2000, the Gates Foundation endowed the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" \o "University of Cambridge" University of Cambridge with $210 million for the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gates_Cambridge_Scholarships" \o "Gates Cambridge Scholarships" Gates Cambridge Scholarships. The Foundation has also pledged over $7 billion to its various causes, including $1 billion to the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Negro_College_Fund" \o "United Negro College Fund" United Negro College Fund; and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/As_of_2005" \o "As of 2005" as of 2005, had an estimated endowment of $29.0 billion. He has spent about a third of his lifetime income on charity.
Microsoft's CEO Steve Ballmer has stated that Gates is probably the most " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail_spam" \o "E-mail spam" spammed" person in the world, receiving as many as 4,000,000 HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-mail" \o "E-mail" e-mails per day in 2004, most of which were junk. Gates has almost an entire department devoted to filtering out junk emails. In an article, Gates himself has said that most of this junk mail "offers to help him get out of debt or get rich quick", which "would be funny given his financial state if it weren't so irritating".
Gates is widely considered one of the world's most influential people. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_magazine" \o "Time magazine" Time magazine named him one of the 100 people who most influenced the 20th century, as well as one of the 100 most influential people of 2004, 2005 and again in 2006. Gates has been number one on the " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400" \o "Forbes 400" Forbes 400" list from 1993 through to 2006 and number one on Forbes list of " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_World%27s_Richest_People" \o "The World's Richest People" The World's Richest People" from 1995-2006. In 2004, he became a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_directors" \o "Board of directors" director of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berkshire_Hathaway" \o "Berkshire Hathaway" Berkshire Hathaway, the investment company headed by HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_Buffett" \o "Warren Buffett" Warren Buffett, the second wealthiest person in the world according to Forbes and a long time friend of Gates.
Gates has not generally engaged in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspicuous_consumption" \o "Conspicuous consumption" conspicuous consumption beyond his lavish home, with its gardens and art collection. Gates also rents or leases a home on HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mustique" \o "Mustique" Mustique, an exclusive island in the Grenadines, and owns a 300 foot yacht named Ice. In contrast, his former associate Paul Allen has used his wealth in perhaps a more typical manner—owning sports teams, vintage airplanes, and multiple residences. Gates also claimed, in 2005, that he has gone to work every day since 1975, which in recent years includes both his role at Microsoft, and his leadership position at the Gates Foundation.
In May 2005, Gates said in an interview that he wished that he wasn't the richest man in the world, the stated reason being that it was a very irritating ordeal to be looked upon as the world's richest man.
8.2.3. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:
Where did Gates read about a new microcomputer?
What was the name of the company that developed this computer?
What programming language did Gates and Allen developed?
How long did it take them to do it?
What are his positions in Microsoft now?
What has his primary responsibility been since Microsoft founding?
How many patents does his company have?
How has he broaden the company’s range of products?
Who does he meet regularly in his corporation?
10.In what cases can he become confrontational during these meetings?
11.When does he back down?
12.How does he sometimes quip?
13.How many children does he have?
14.What do you know from the text about his house?
15.What tax does he pay for this house and the land?
16.What is there in his collection?
17.What kind of organization is Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation?
18.How much has he spent on charity?
8.2.4. В каждом абзаце найдите предложение, выражающее его основную мысль. Озаглавьте каждый абзац.
8.2.5. Составьте план текста на русском языке.
8.2.6. Переведите составленный план на английский язык.
8.2.7. Напишите краткое изложение текста на английском языке.
Раздел 8.3.
8.3.1. Прочитайте текст и определите, в каких сферах проявился художественный дар Пола МакКартни:
Notes:
rounding out – завершив
сoverd by – которую исполнили
launch party – первое выступление, открытие
anti-landmines campaigner – участник двжения против использования мин
James Paul McCartney was born on the 18th of June, 1942, in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool" \o "Liverpool" Liverpool. His father, Jim McCartney, was a self-taught pianist, and dance-band leader who encouraged Paul to be musical. His father gave him a trumpet, which he largely abandoned when he realised that he could not sing while playing. Later, when HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiffle_music" \o "Skiffle music" skiffle music became popular, Paul swapped the trumpet for a £15 Zenith acoustic guitar (which he still has).
Paul McCartney first rose to fame as a bassist, pianist, guitarist, singer and songwriter for HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Beatles" \o "The Beatles" The Beatles. He met HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon" \o "John Lennon" John Lennon at a picnic on HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/July_6" \o "July 6" July 6, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1957" \o "1957" 1957, and was invited to join Lennon's band HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Quarrymen" \o "The Quarrymen" The Quarrymen as a guitarist. McCartney's schoolmate, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Harrison" \o "George Harrison" George Harrison, joined soon after as a third guitarist, followed by the addition of HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_Sutcliffe" \o "Stuart Sutcliffe" Stuart Sutcliffe on bass. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pete_Best" \o "Pete Best" Pete Best joined on drums, rounding out the original lineup of the band. McCartney took over bass guitar duties in the early 1960s, when Lennon and Harrison declined following the departure of Sutcliffe. HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ringo_Starr" \o "Ringo Starr" Ringo Starr replaced Best as drummer in 1962 to complete The Beatles' final line-up.
McCartney formed a close working relationship with Lennon and they collaborated on many songs. Out of all The Beatles compositions, it is claimed only 27 were composed by both equally. Typically, one would write most or part of a song and the other would finish it, incorporate it into another song or suggest useful changes. One of McCartney's most famous songs, covered by over 2,500 artists, is " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_%28song%29" \o "Yesterday (song)" Yesterday". McCartney claims the melody came to him in a dream, and was not sure for some time that the melody was original. During the early years of The Beatles' recording career, McCartney developed rapidly as a musician, singer and songwriter.
Among The Beatles, Paul was the last to HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marriage" \o "Marriage" marry and the only one never to HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divorce" \o "Divorce" divorce. McCartney met HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Eastman_McCartney" \o "Linda Eastman McCartney" Linda Eastman, an American photographer at a Georgie Fame concert in the Bag O' Nails nightclub in Kingly Street, London in May 1967. They met again a couple of weeks later at the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_1" \o "June 1" June 1, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1967" \o "1967" 1967 launch party for HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" \o "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band and the relationship blossomed over the next two years. He and Linda married at a small civil ceremony at Marylebone Registry Office in 1969, while he was still a member of The Beatles. He adopted Linda's daughter from her first marriage, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_McCartney" \o "Heather McCartney" Heather (born 1962), and they went on to have three other children together: HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_McCartney" \o "Mary McCartney" Mary (born 1969, and named after Paul's late mother), HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stella_McCartney" \o "Stella McCartney" Stella (born 1971), and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_McCartney" \o "James McCartney" James (born 1977, and named after Paul's late father, who died in 1976). Paul and Linda would remain married and devoted to each other until Linda's death from HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer" \o "Breast cancer" cancer in 1998; the couple reportedly spent less than a week apart during their entire marriage.
On the musical side, McCartney was the first Beatle to record an outside project, composing (with George Martin) a score for the 1966 feature film starring British actress HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hayley_Mills" \o "Hayley Mills" Hayley Mills called HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Family_Way_%28soundtrack%29" \o "The Family Way (soundtrack)" The Family Way, for which he won the Ivor Novello Award for Best Instrumental Theme. He also wrote and produced several successful recordings for other artists.
McCartney devised many of The Beatles' late 1960s projects including the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sgt._Pepper%27s_Lonely_Hearts_Club_Band" \o "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band concept, the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magical_Mystery_Tour" \o "Magical Mystery Tour" Magical Mystery Tour film and record, and the suite of songs that closes the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbey_Road_%28album%29" \o "Abbey Road (album)" Abbey Road album.
Although Starr had briefly quit in 1968, and Harrison had done likewise in 1969, it was Lennon who was the first to leave and not return in August/September 1969. McCartney publicly announced the break-up on HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/April_10" \o "April 10" April 10, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1970" \o "1970" 1970, a week before releasing his first solo album. The album HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCartney_%28album%29" \o "McCartney (album)" McCartney featured a press release inside with a fake interview with himself explaining the end of The Beatles.
On HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/June_11" \o "June 11" June 11, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2002" \o "2002" 2002, McCartney married HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heather_Mills_McCartney" \o "Heather Mills McCartney" Heather Mills, a former model and anti- HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_mine" \o "Land mine" landmines campaigner, in a highly elaborate ceremony at Castle Leslie in Glaslough, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Monaghan" \o "County Monaghan" County Monaghan, in the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" \o "Republic of Ireland" Republic of Ireland. He has joined with her to campaign against landmines, and he has donated substantial sums to the cause; for example, in 2003, he held a personal concert for the wife of banker HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Whitworth&action=edit" \o "Ralph Whitworth" Ralph Whitworth. Paul and Heather's first child, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beatrice_McCartney" \o "Beatrice McCartney" Beatrice Milly, was born on HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/October_28" \o "October 28" 28 October HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2003" \o "2003" 2003. They are devorced now.
Recognised as an icon of the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twentieth_century" \o "Twentieth century" twentieth century, McCartney is listed in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guinness_World_Book_of_Records" \o "Guinness World Book of Records" The Guinness Book Of Records as the most successful composer in HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_music" \o "Popular music" popular music history. He has a record twenty-nine US number one singles, twenty of them with The Beatles, the rest with HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_%28band%29" \o "Wings (band)" Wings and as a solo artist. McCartney has written or has co-writing credit on over 50 top ten hits, more than any other songwriter, and has been an influential HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bassist" \o "Bassist" bassist as well as an accomplished singer, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guitarist" \o "Guitarist" guitarist, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianist" \o "Pianist" pianist, and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drummer" \o "Drummer" drummer. With The Beatles he was one half of the highly successful songwriting team credited as HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lennon-McCartney" \o "Lennon-McCartney" Lennon-McCartney, along with fellow bandmate HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lennon" \o "John Lennon" John Lennon. Their compositions for The Beatles remain amongst the best known songs in rock and pop music. The most notable of The Beatles' songs generally attributed to McCartney alone include " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Can%27t_Buy_Me_Love" \o "Can't Buy Me Love" Can't Buy Me Love", " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yesterday_%28song%29" \o "Yesterday (song)" Yesterday", " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hello_Goodbye" \o "Hello Goodbye" Hello Goodbye", " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hey_Jude" \o "Hey Jude" Hey Jude", and " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Let_It_Be_%28song%29" \o "Let It Be (song)" Let It Be".
Following the break-up of The Beatles in 1970, McCartney launched a successful solo career and formed the band HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wings_%28band%29" \o "Wings (band)" Wings, scoring 30 Top Ten singles in the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" \o "United Kingdom" United Kingdom and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" \o "United States" United States. At the time of its release in 1977, the Wings single " HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mull_of_Kintyre_%28song%29" \o "Mull of Kintyre (song)" Mull of Kintyre" became the highest selling record in British chart history (and remained so until 1984). McCartney has also worked in the fields of classical music (with works such as the HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Oratorio" \o "Liverpool Oratorio" Liverpool Oratorio) and ambient/techno music as HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fireman" \o "The Fireman" The Fireman.
Aside from his musical work, McCartney is a HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting" \o "Painting" painter (although until recently he kept his artwork private) and a strong advocate for HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_rights" \o "Animal rights" animal rights, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landmine" \o "Landmine" landmine action, HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegetarianism" \o "Vegetarianism" vegetarianism, and HYPERLINK "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_education" \o "Music education" music education.
8.3.2. Письменно переведите текст со словарём.
8.3.3. Выберите заголовок, наиболее соответствующий содержанию текста:
Famous Singer And Musician
Paul McCartney
The Beatles
Paul McCartney and The Beatles
8.3.4. Ролевая игра. Один из знаменитых кинорежиссёров приезжает к вам в институт на свой творческий вечер. Вы присутствуете на конференции и задаёте различные вопросы о его творческом пути.
Грамматический справочник
Местоимения
Личные местоимения
Личные местоимения имеют формы двух падежей именительного и объектного.
Объектный падеж личных местоимений соответствует формам всех косвенных падежей русских личных местоимений.
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Число Лицо Именительный падеж Объектный падеж
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Eд.ч. I I я me меня, мне
II you ты, вы you тебя, тебе; вас, вам
III he он him его, ему
she она her ее, ей
it он, она, оно it его, ему; ее, ей
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Мн.ч. I we мы us нас, нам
II you вы you вас, вам
III they они them их, им
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Местоимение I (я) всегда пишется с заглавной буквы; если оно является одним из однородных членов предложения (подлежащих), то его употребляют после других подлежащих перед сказуемым.
Example
My brother and I are schoolboys.
Мой брат и я – школьники.
В современном английском языке личное местоимение you, соответствующим русскому ты, употребляется как в форме именительного, так и в форме объектного падежа.
Личное местоимение he заменяет существительное, обозначающее лицо мужского пола, а местоимение she употребляется вместо существительного, обозначающего лицо женского пола.
Example
"Is Mr. Jones in?" "No, he isn't. He's out."
"М-р Джоунз у себя?" – "Нет, его нет. Он отсутствует."
Вместо существительных, обозначающих неодушевленные предметы, животных, а также младенцев (людей), употребляется местоимение it.
Example
I see a car. It's white.
Я вижу автомобиль. Он белый.
I see a cat. It's black.
Я вижу кошку. Она черная.
"Where is the baby?" "It's in the children's room."
"Где малыш?" – "Он в детской."
Если желают указать, к какому полу принадлежит животное, в сказках и т.д. существительное заменяется he или she.
Example
he-cat – кот
she-cat – кошка
Название страны, если она рассматривается как политическая единица, может заменяться личным местоимением she.
Example
Britain is formally known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. She lies off the northwest corner of the Continent.
Англия официально известна как Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии. Она расположена у северо-западной оконечности европейского материка.
Местоимением she заменяется существительное a ship (судно, корабль).
Притяжательные местоимения
Каждому личному местоимению соответствует притяжательное, отвечающее на вопрос whose? (чей?).
В английском языке притяжательные местоимения имеют две формы:
1) зависимая форма, употребляющаяся перед определяемым существительным и исключающая возможность употребления артикля;
2) абсолютная, употребляющаяся самостоятельно, без последующего существительного.
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Число Лицо Зависимая форма Абсолютная форма
________________________________________________________________
Ед.ч.
I my мой (-оя, -ое, -ои) mine мой (-оя, -ое, -ои)
II your твой (-оя, -ое, -ои), yours твой (-оя, -ое, -ои),
ваш (-а, -е, -и) ваш (-а, -е, -и)
III his его his его
her ee hers ee
its его, ее its его, ее
________________________________________________________________
Мн.ч.
I our наш (-а, -е, -и) ours наш (-а, -е, -и)
II your ваш (-а, -е, -и) yours ваш (-а, -е, -и)
III their их theirs их
________________________________________________________________
Example
This is my book and that is yours.
Это моя книга, а то – твоя (ваша).
Притяжательное местоимение свой передается на английском языке соответственно одним из притяжательных местоимений – в зависимости от лица местоимения-подлежащего.
Example
Mr. Jones is in his office.
М-р Джоунз находится в своем кабинете.
Притяжательные местоимения в абсолютной форме часто употребляются в составе выражений типа a friend of mine, a cousin of hers и т.п., обозначая один из моих друзей, одна из ее двоюродных сестер.
Example
Mr. Jones is a good business partner of ours.
М-р Джоунз – один из наших хороших деловых партнеров.
Возвратные местоимегния
Возвратные и усилительные местоимения образуются прибавлением ударного окончания -self (во множественном числе -selves) к притяжательным местоимениям my, our, your, личным местоимениям (в объектном падеже) him, her, it, them и неопределенному местоимению one.
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Лицо Единственное число Множественное число
________________________________________________________________
I myself ourselves
II yourself yourselves
III himself, herself, itself themselves
________________________________________________________________
Неопределенно- oneself –
личная форма
________________________________________________________________
Неопределенно-личная форма oneself употребляется, когда конкретное лицо, совершающее действие, неизвестно.
В качестве возвратных местоимений все эти местоимения соответствуют русской частице -ся (-сь), присоединяемой к глаголам для придания им возвратного значения, а также русским возвратным местоимениям себя, себе, собой.
Example
They defended themselves bravely.
Они храбро защищались.
Please tell me about yourself.
Пожалуйста, расскажи мне о себе.
Let me introduce myself.
Разрешите представиться.
She was pleased with herself.
Она была довольна собой.
После таких глаголов, как: to wash (умываться), to dress (одеваться), to shave (бриться), to behave (вести себя), to bathe (купаться), to hide (прятаться), возвратные местоимения опускаются.
Example
I washed, dressed, shaved and had my breakfast.
Я умылся, оделся, побрился и позавтракал.
Однако в повелительном наклонении после указанных глаголов употребляются возвратные местоимения.
Example
Children, behave yourselves!
Дети, ведите себя как следует!
Go and dress yourself!
Иди оденься!
Возвратные местоимения могут употребляться в значении усилительных местоимений, соответствующих русским местоимениям сам, сама, само, сами.
Example
Please do it yourself, sonny.
Пожалуйста, сделай это сам, сынок.
I heard it myself.
Я сам это слышал.
Когда возвратные местоимения употребляются для усиления значения имени существительного или личного местоимения, то они могут стоять в конце предложения или непосредственно после выделяемого слова.
Example
The boy did it himself. = The boy himself did it.
Мальчик сделал это сам. = Мальчик сам сделал это.
I heard it myself. = I myself heard it.
Я слышал это сам. = Я сам это слышал.
Взаимные местоимения
Взаимные местоимения – это двойные местоимения: each other (друг друга, друг другу); one another (друг друга, один другого).
Each other относится обычно к двум лицам или предметам, а one another, когда число лиц или предметов больше, чем два.
Однако в разговорной речи часто имеют место отступления от упомянутого правила, когда взаимные местоимения each other и one another употребляют без всяких различий.
Example
They love one another.
Они любят друг друга.
The girls went on working till 7 p.m., helping each other.
Девушки продолжали работать до 7 вечера, помогая друг другу.
Предлог, относящийся к each other или one another, ставится перед each или one.
Example
for each other
друг для друга
from each other
друг от друга
about one another
друг о друге
Взаимные местоимения могут употребляться в притяжательной форме.
Example
During the last couple of years Malcolm and Barbara have often settle each other’s debts.
В течение последний пары лет Малколм и Барбара часто выплачимвали долги друг за друга.
Указательные местоимения
К указательным местоимениям относятся местоимения this (these), that (those), а также such и the same.
This и that – это формы единственного числа, а these и those – формы множественного числа.
This, these употребляются в значении, соответствующем русским местоимениям этот, эта, это, эти, а that, those – в качестве эквивалента русским местоимениям тот, та, то, те.
Указательные местоимения this (these), that (those) перед именем существительным заменяют артикль.
Для указания на предмет, находящийся в непосредственной близости к говорящему обычно употребляется this, these; если предмет находится на некотором отдалении употребляют that, those.
Example
This young woman is Mr. Jones's secretary.
Эта молодая женщина – секретарь м-ра Джоунза.
Do you know that gentleman?
Знаете ли вы того мужчину?
Those pens are mine.
Те карандаши мои.
Местоимения this (these), that (those) могут употребляться и самостоятельно без последующего существительного.
Example
Have a look at this.
Взгляните на это.
I'd like to take these pens.
Я бы хотел взять эти карандаши.
Please have a look at those (trees, houses).
Пожалуйста, взгляните на те (деревья, дома).
При ответе на общий вопрос Is this ...? обычно указательное местоимение this заменяется местоимением it.
Example
"Is this a telex?" "Yes, it is."
"Это телекс?" – "Да."
Местоимения these (эти), those (те) во множественном числе в вопросительных предложениях заменяются в ответах на they.
Example
"Are those your telexes?" "Yes, they are."
("No, they are not.")
"Это ваши телексы?" – "Да." ("Нет.")
При ответе на специальный вопрос, содержащий указательное местоимение this или that, также употребляется it в значении указательного местоимения, которое в данном случае соответствует русскому местоимению это.
Example
"What is this?" ("What is that?")
"It is a computer."
"Что это?" – "Это компьютер."
Когда же речь идет о нескольких предметах, то в ответе на специальный вопрос с местоимением these или those употребляется they (хотя в русском переводе звучит указательное местоимение в единственном числе – это).
Example
"What are these?"( "What are those?")
"They are electric typewriters."
"Что это?" – "Это электрические пишущие машинки."
В разговорной речи употребляются сокращенные варианты специальных вопросов с указательными местоимениями this (that).
Example
What's this? = What is this?
What's that? = What is that?
Местоимение such перед существительным употребляется в значении такой.
Example
Remember there are such things as "No P." signs, parking meters and parking lots.
Помните, что существуют такие вещи, как знаки "Стоянка запрещена", счетчики времени стоянки и места стоянки автомобилей.
Если после местоимения such не стоит существительное, то это местоимение означает таковой.
Example
Such is life.
Такова жизнь.
Such were the results of his business trip abroad.
Таковы были результаты его командировки за границу.
Местоимение such употребляется в сочетании such as и переводится такой...как (такие...как).
Вопросительные местоимения
Вопросительные местоимения употребляются для образования специальных вопросов.
Местоимение who обычно употребляется в предложении в функции подлежащего, а также именной части составного сказуемого.
Example
Who is that calling?
Кто это звонит?
"Who is that gentleman?" "He is John's father."
"Кто этот джентльмен?" – "Он отец Джона."
Whom – объектный падеж вопросительного местоимения who – употребляется обычно в предложении в функции прямого дополнения и соответствует русскому местоимению в винительном падеже кого.
Example
Whom did you see in Mr. Jones' office?
Кого вы видели в офисе м-ра Джоунза?
Whom может употребляться с любым из предлогов, выражая значение русского местоимения кто во всех косвенных падежах.
Example
To whom did you send the offer?
Кому вы послали коммерческое предложение?
Whom are you looking for?
Кого вы ищете?
By whom was the contract signed yesterday?
Кем был подписан контракт вчера?
Whom are you speaking of, Mr. Jones?
О ком вы говорите, м-р Джоунз?
Местоимение what обычно употребляется по отношению к неодушевленным предметам и выполняет в предложении функцию подлежащего, дополнения и именной части сказуемого.
Example
What has happened?
Что случилось? (подлежащее)
What have you posted?
Что вы отправили по почте? (дополнение)
What is the price for these computers?
Сколько стоят (Какова цена на) эти компьютеры? (именная часть сказуемого)
Между местоимениями what (какой) и whose (чей) в функции прилагательных и именами существительными артикля нет. Местоимения what и whose всегда стоят непосредственно перед именем существительным, к которому они относятся.
Example
What dictionaries did you buy last week?
Какие словари вы купили на прошлой неделе?
Whose calculator have you brought?
Чей калькулятор вы принесли?
Вопросительное местоимение which передает значение который, какой, кто, что, когда необходимо выбрать какой-нибудь предмет или лицо из ограниченного числа предметов (лиц).
Example
Which film did you like best?
Какой (который) фильм вам больше всего понравился?
Which of you speaks Japanese?
Кто из вас говорит по-японски?
Which do you prefer: tea or coffee?
Что вы предпочитаете: чай или кофе?
Если не идет речь о выборе из ограниченного числа лиц или предметов, то в значении кто, какой, что употребляются соответственно вопросительные местоимения who в значении кто и what в значениях какой, что.
Example
"What did you have for breakfast, John?" "Tea and a beefburger."
"Что у тебя было на завтрак, Джон?" – "Чай и гамбургер с бифштексом."
Относительные местоимения
Относительные местоимения – это те же вопросительные местоимения, только использованные в повествовательном предложении.
Example
The gentleman, who is from Belfast, speaks Irish.
Тот джентльмен, который родом из Белфаста, говорит по-ирландски.
Вместо вопросительного местоимения what в повествовательном предложении употребляют относительное местоимение that (который, которые) по отношению к одушевленным и неодушевленным предметам.
Example
This is the gentleman whom (who, that) you saw in Mr. Jones' office this morning.
Это тот джентльмен, которого вы видели в офисе м-ра Джоунза сегодня утром.
This is the computerr which (that) we bought last week.
Это компьютер, который мы купили на прошлой неделе.
Относительное местоимение whose употребляют по отношению к одушевленным предметам непосредственно перед именем существительным, к которому оно относится.
Example
The gentleman, whose mother tongue is Irish, comes from Belfast.
Джентльмен, родным языком которого является ирландский, родился в Белфасте.
Do you happen to know the young man whose name is Jim Peterson?
Вы случайно не знаете молодого человека, имя которого Джим Питерсон?
Если относительные местоимения who, which, that вводят определительные придаточные предложения, то они могут опускаться, в особенности в неофициальной речи.
Example
This is the computer we bought last week. =
This is the computer which (that) we bought last week.
В бессоюзных определительных предложениях, когда опускается относительное местоимение, имеющее при себе предлог, этот предлог ставится после глагола, а при наличии дополнения – после дополнения:
Example
That's the motel in which we stayed. (офиц.)
That's the motel we stayed in. (разг.)
Это мотель, в котором мы остановились.
Mr. Jones, the broker about whom I told you this morning, has come. (офиц.)
Mr. Jones, the broker I told you about this morning, has come. (разг.)
Пришел м-р Джоунз, агент (брокер), о котором я говорил вам сегодня утром.
Неопределнные местоимения
К неопределенным местоимениям относятся местоимения: some, any, no (и их производные), many, much, few, little, each, every (и его производные), all, both, other, another, one, none, neither.
Some (несколько, немного, некоторые); употребляется в утвердительном предложении.
Any (сколько-нибудь, какие-нибудь); употребляется в вопросительном предложении.
Example
There is some milk in the bottle.
В бутылке есть немного молока.
Here are some expressions of gratitude.
Вот несколько выражений благодарности.
Местоимения some и any перед существительными во множественном числе и перед неисчисляемыми существительными часто на русский язык не переводятся.
Example
I'd prefer some coffee.
Я бы предпочел кофе.
Are there any faxes on the desk?
Есть ли факсы на письменном столе?
В предложении не может быть двух отрицаний, потому в отрицательных предложениях возможны два варианта:
1) any с глаголом в отрицательной форме или
2) no с глаголом в утвердительной форме.
Example
I don't see any faxes on the desk.
Я не вижу (никаких) факсов на письменном столе.
I see no faxes on the desk.
Я не вижу (никаких) факсов на письменном столе.
Сравните:
They received no offers from this company. = They didn't receive any offers from this company.
Они не получили (никаких) коммерческих предложений от этой компании.
Местоимения some, any и no образуют следующие производные:
|
Основные местоимения |
Производные местоимения |
|
Some |
something (что-то, что-нибудь, что-либо); somebody (кто-то, кто-нибудь, кто-либо); someone (кто-то, кто-нибудь, кто-либо); somewhere (где-то, где-нибудь, куда-нибудь); |
|
Any |
anything (что-нибудь); anybody (кто-нибудь, кто-то); anyone (кто-нибудь, кто-либо); anywhere (где-либо, где-нибудь, куда-нибудь) |
|
No |
nothing (ничто, ничего); nobody (никто); no one (никто, никого); nowhere (нигде, никуда); |
Example
Do you know anything about Mr. Jones?
Знаете ли вы что-нибудь о м-ре Джоунзе?
I see somebody in the room.
Я вижу кого-то в комнате.
Местоимение the same означает тот же самый, такой же.
Example
Mr. Jones has the same make of car as Ms. Macdonald does.
У г-на Джоунза та же модель автомашины, что и у г-жи Макдоналд.
It's all the same to us.
Нам это все равно.
He said the same to me last night.
Он вчера вечером сказал мне то же самое.
Местоимение none означает ни один, никто, ничто. Глагол, с которым сочетается местоимение none, может стоять как в единственном, так и во множественном числе. None может употребляться в начале предложения как перед именами существительными, так и перед местоимениями. Если none стоит перед именем существительным во множественном числе, то в разговорной речи предпочитают употреблять глагол во множественном числе.
Example
None of his colleagues has a good command of English. (офиц.)
None of his colleagues have a good command of English. (разг.)
Никто из его коллег не владеет хорошо английским языком.
None в середине предложения употребляется для усиления отрицательной мысли.
Example
She liked none of that music.
Ей не нравилось ничего из этой музыки.
I want none of your advice.
Обойдусь без ваших советов.
Местоимение none может употребляться и как самостоятельное слово.
Example
"How many of these models have your ordered?" "None at all".
"Сколько из этих моделей вы заказали?" – Вообще ни одной".
Местоимения many и much употребляются в значении много, а few и little – в значении мало; many (много) и few (мало) соотносятся с исчисляемыми именами существительными во множественном числе, а much (много) и little (мало) – с неисчисляемыми.
Much и many употребляются преимущественно в отрицательных и вопросительных предложениях.
Example
Were there many trainees at the meeting?
Много стажеров было на собрании?
They won't have much work to do tomorrow.
У них не много работы завтра.
Если many или much выступают в функции подлежащего, то они могут употребляться в утвердительном предложении.
Example
Much have been done since that time.
Многое было сделано с того времени.
Many think so.
Многие так думают.
Many и much могут употребляться в утвердительном предложении, если они определяются словами very (очень), too (слишком), so (так, столь, столько), rather (довольно).
Example
They received very many business letters last week.
На прошлой неделе они получили очень много деловых писем.
She spent too much time on that translation.
Она потратила слишком много времени на тот перевод.
Во всех остальных случаях в утвердительных предложениях вместо many употребляют a good many, a great many, a lot (of), a lots (of), plenty of, а вместо much употребляют a great deal (of), a good deal (of), a lot (of), lots (of), plenty (of).
Example
We've got plenty of time.
У нас много времени.
Местоимения few и little (мало) редко употребляются в утвердительных предложениях при неофициальных беседах. То же значение (мало) передают обычно при помощи отрицательных конструкций not many, not much.
Example
He is a man of few words.
Он немногословный человек.
I haven't got much work to do today.
У меня сегодня мало работы.
He didn't live many years in Africa.
Он не жил в Африке много лет.
При прибавлении одного из таких слов, как very (очень), rather (довольно), too (слишком), so (столь, столько), местоимения few и little могут употребляться в утвердительной форме.
Example
He read very few books by Dickens.
Он прочитал очень мало книг Диккенса.
Местоимения few и little могут употребляться с неопределенным артиклем, обозначая наличие некоторого, часто весьма незначительного, количества чего-нибудь.
Example
We are going away for a few days.
Мы уезжаем на несколько дней.
She knows a little Chinese.
Она знает немного китайский язык.
We've got a little time left.
У нас еще есть немного времени.
Если перед местоимениями few и little стоит определенный артикль the, то в этом случае эти местоимения передают значение "то небольшое количество".
Example
He has used the few English dictionaries he has.
Он использовал те немногие английские словари, что у него есть.
We've nearly run of instant coffee, Jane.
The little we've got left will be drunk tomorrow morning.
У нас почти не осталось растворимого кофе, Джейн.
То небольшое количество, что осталось, будет выпито завтра утром.
Местоимения each и every означают каждый, всякий.
Местоимение each употребляется, когда речь идет об ограниченном числе лиц (предметов), перед исчисляемым существительным в единственном числе, самостоятельно без последующего существительного.
Example
Each employee at our office has got an English-Russian and a Russian-English dictionary.
У каждого работника нашего офиса есть англо-русский и русско-английский словарь.
All the guests arrived, each bringing a souvenir.
Все гости прибыли, каждый принес подарок.
Please listen closer what suggestions will be given from each side.
Пожалуйста, внимательно послушайте, какие предложения будут поданы от каждой стороны.
Местоимение each без последующего существительного употребляется с предлогом родительного падежа of.
Example
each of us
каждый из нас
each of the managers
каждый из (этих) менеджеров, управляющих
each of the trainees
каждый из (этих) стажеров
Местоимение every не может употребляться без последующего существительного. Оно ставится перед исчисляемым существительным единственного числа и при этом исключает применение артикля.
Example
every day
каждый день
every second day
через день
every third day
через два дня
Местоимение every образует в сочетании с -body, -thing, -one и -where производные: everybody (каждый (человек), все); everything (всё); everyone (каждый, всякий (человек), все); everywhere (везде, всюду); everywhen (во всякое время, во все времена).
Когда эти производные являются в предложении подлежащими, глагол-сказуемое при них стоит в III лице единственного числа.
Example
Everybody knows that when we are ill, we call the doctor.
Все знают, что когда мы больны (болеем), мы вызываем врача.
Please tell me everything about it.
Пожалуйста, расскажите мне всё об этом.
I think you can't say that it hurts everywhere, can you?
Я думаю, вы не можете сказать что у вас болит везде, не так ли?
Местоимение all имеет значение все с исчисляемыми существительными во множественном числе и весь, вся, всё с неисчисляемыми существительными.
Артикль, притяжательные и указательные местоимения употребляются после местоимения all.
Example
All the trainees were present at the conference.
Все стажеры присутствовали на совещании.
He spent all his money.
Он израсходовал все свои деньги.
После all может стоять как неопределенный, так и определенный артикль в зависимости от того, подразумевается ли определенность или неопределенность предмета (согласно общему правилу употребления артикля).
Example
Mr. Jones looked through all the faxes the secretary gave him.
М-р Джоунз просмотрел все (все те) факсы, которые дала ему секретарь.
All financial documents must be signed by Chief Accountant.
Все (всякие, любые) финансовые документы должны быть подписаны главным бухгалтером.
В единственном числе перед исчисляемыми существительными вместо all употребляется the whole.
Example
The whole square was full of people.
Вся площадь была заполнена народом.
С указаниями времени может употребляться как all, так и the whole.
Example
all the day = the whole day
all the night = the whole night
all the week = the whole week
all the year = the whole year
All может употребляться в предложении как самостоятельное слово в значении всё, все, выступая в роли подлежащего, именной части сказуемого или дополнения.
Example
All agreed. Все согласились.
That's all. Вот и всё.
All is lost. Всё пропало.
All is ready. Всё готово.
All are present. Все присутствуют.
They lost their all. Они потеряли всё.
Best of all. Лучше всего.
Most of all. Больше всего.
All употребляется в сочетании с предлогом of и личным местоимением во множественном числе в объектном падеже.
Example
all of us – все мы (мы все)
all of you – все вы (вы все)
all of them – все они (они все)
Перед all также могут стоять личные местоимения во множественном числе.
Example
They all live in various cities and towns of the country.
Все они живут в различных городах страны.
We all live together.
Мы все живем вместе.
Местоимение both означает оба, и тот и другой. Оно употребляется с существительным и местоимением во множественном числе в функции определения; при том после both перед существительным может стоять артикль либо притяжательное местоимение.
Example
Both mу cousins are very fond of music.
Мои обе двоюродные сестры очень любят музыку.
Both the tankers were built in Holland.
Оба этих танкера были построены в Голландии.
Местоимение both может употребляться и без последующего существительного либо местоимения.
Example
The secretary brought Mr. Jones two letters. He read both.
Секретарь принесла м-ру Джоунзу два письма; он прочел оба.
Если both выполняет функцию подлежащего в предложении, то глагол-сказуемое стоит после него во множественном числе.
Both может употребляться с последующим предлогом of.
Example
both of them = they both
они оба
Местоимение other имеет значение другой, другие; оно употребляется перед существительными как единственного, так и множественного числа. Перед other может стоять определенный или неопределенный артикль.
Example
There were two letters on Mr. Jones desk. One was from Continental Computers and the other letter was from Anglo Exports.
На письменном столе м-ра Джоунза лежали два письма. Одно было от компании "Континентл Компьютерз", а другое – от "Англо-Экспортс".
I've got four catalogues. One is on the desk, the other catalogues are in the safe.
У меня есть четыре каталога. Один каталог (лежит) на письменном столе, другие – в сейфе.
There are English, German and other dictionaries on my desk.
На моем столе лежат английские, немецкие и другие словари.
Неопределенный артикль an пишется с местоимением other слитно; another имеет дополнительное значение еще один.
Example
They offered him another job.
Они предложили ему другую работу.
I don't like this vest-pocket calculator. Will you show me another calculator, please.
Мне не нравится этот карманный калькулятор. Пожалуйста, покажите мне другой калькулятор.
"Another cuppa?" (= "Another cup of tea?") "Yes, please."
"Еще одну чашечку чаю?" – "Да, пожалуйста (принесите)."
Местоимение other может употребляться без последующего имени существительного и вместо существительного, имея при том форму как единственного, так и множественного числа.
Вместо имени существительного в единственном числе с неопределенным артиклем употребляется another (другой), вместо существительного в единственном числе с определенным артиклем – the other (другой); во множественном числе соответственно употребляются формы без артикля – others (другие) и с определенным артиклем the – the others (другие).
Example
I have seen new models of this firm at the exhibition. Some of them are excellent, but others are obsolete.
Я видел новые модели этой фирмы на выставке. Некоторые из них отличные, другие же устарелые.
Here are only two catalogues. Where are the others?
Здесь только два каталога. Где другие?
Today a far greater emphasis is laid on training highly qualified specialists in electronics, automatic control systems, and many others.
Сегодня гораздо большее значение придается подготовке высококвалифицированных специалистов по электронике, системам автоматического управления и многих других.
Неопределенным местоимением one употребляется в следующих случаях:
1) играет роль подлежащего в предложениях;
Example
One must admit.
Следует признать.
One should be taken into consideration.
Следует принять во внимание.
One never knows what may happen.
Никогда не знаешь, что может случиться.
One can find various toilet articles (tooth paste, shaving cream, shampoo, toothbrushes, etc.) on the shelf in the bathroom.
На полке в ванной можно найти различные туалетные принадлежности (зубную пасту, крем для бритья, шампунь, зубные щетки и т.п.).
2) может иметь значение некто, некий, кто-то;
Example
One MacKelly.
Некто МакКелли.
One came running.
Кто-то вбежал.
3) как слово-заместитель во избежание повторения раньше упомянутого имени существительного в единственном числе. Во множественном числе после прилагательных употребляется ones, а в значении те – the ones.
Example
I liked this computer more than that one.
Мне понравился этот компьютер больше, чем тот.
This computer is less expensive than the one we saw at the exhibition last week.
Этот компьютер менее дорогой, чем тот, который мы видели на выставке на прошлой неделе.
I have lost my pens and have to buy new ones.
Я потерял свои карандаши и вынужден покупать новые.
При замене ранее упомянутого имени существительного после местоимений this, that, which, the other и another неопределенное местоимение one может опускаться.
Example
This computer is better than that one.
This computer is better than that.
Этот компьютер лучше того.
Don't buy these pine-apples; buy those ones.
Don't buy these pine-apples; buy those.
Не покупай эти ананасы, купи те.
"Which (one) would you like?" "That one."("That.")
"Какой вы желаете?" – "Тот (этот)."
Неопределенное местоимение one часто употребляется в притяжательной форме.
Example
One must do one's duty.
Нужно выполнять свой долг.
One sees others people's faults sooner than one's own.
Ошибки других людей видишь скорее, чем свои.
Неопределенное местоимение either употребляется со значением тот или другой, каждый из двух, любой из двух, один из двух.
Example
There were bus stops at either end of the street.
В начале и в конце улицы есть автобусные остановки.
You can do it either way.
Вы можете выполнить это и тем и другим способом (и так и так).
Если either употребляется в качестве местоимения-существительного, то после него часто стоит предлог of.
Example
If you take either of the two routes you'll get to your office in half-an-hour.
Если вы пойдете по любому из двух маршрутов, вы доберетесь до вашей работы через полчаса.
I've got two new reference-books. You may take either of them.
У меня есть два новых справочника. Вы можете взять любой из них.
Either употребляется перед исчисляемым именем существительным в единственном числе.
Example
Will you come to my place on Thursday or Friday, please.
Either day is OK.
Пожалуйста, приходите ко мне в гости в четверг или пятницу.
Любой день (из этих двух) подходит.
После существительного с неопределенным местоимением either глагол ставится в единственном числе.
Example
Either view is tenable.
Каждый из двух взглядов разумен.
Either of their parents visits them on Sundays.
Каждый из их родителей навещает их по воскресеньям.
Отрицательной формой неопределенного местоимения either является местоимение neither, имеющее значение ни тот, ни другой; никто, ничто.
Example
We couldn't accept neither offers.
Мы не могли принять ни того, ни другого коммерческого предложения.
Neither computer was exactly what we wanted.
Ни тот, ни другой компьютер не был в точности тем, что мы хотели.
Neither of these models were exactly what we wanted.
Ни та, ни другая модель не была в точности тем, что мы хотели.
Neither of you is right.
Ни один из вас не прав.
Neither of them wanted to sign the contract.
Ни один из них не хотел подписывать контракт.
Местоимение neither может употребляться и как отдельное слово.
Example
"Which dictionary would you like to take?" "Neither".
"Какой словарь вы бы хотели взять?" – "Никакой."
ГЛАГОЛЫ
ВИДО-ВРЕМЕННЫЕ ФОРМЫ ГЛАГОЛА
В английском языке имеется два залога: активный (действительный) и пассивный (страдательный).
Активный залог образуется смысловым глаголом в соответствующей видо-временной форме:
The economist settled the problem.
Экономист решил проблему.
Пассивный (страдательный залог образуется вспомогательным глаголом to be в соответствующей видо-временной форме и причастием прошедшего времени (Past Participle) смыслового глагола:
The problem was settled by the economist.
Проблема была решена экономистом.
The problem was settled with a new method.
Проблема была решена новым методом.
В действительном залоге изъявительного наклонения существует система глагольных времен, включающая четыре группы:
1. Группа простых времен (the Indefinite Tenses):
настоящее простое время (the Present Indefinite Tense),
прошедшее простое время (the Past Indefinite Tense),
будущее простое время (the Future Indefinite Tense).
2. Группа продолженных времен (the Continuous Tenses):
настоящее продолженное время (the Present Continuous Tense),
прошедшее продолженное время (the Past Continuous Tense),
будущее продолженное время (the Future Continuous Tense).
3. Группа совершенных времен (the Perfect Tenses):
настоящее совершенное время (the Present Perfect Tense),
прошедшее совершенное время (the Past Perfect Tense),
будущее совершенное время (the Future Perfect Tense).
4. Группа совершенно-продолженных времен (the Perfect Continuous Tenses):
настоящее совершенно-продолженное время (the Present Perfect Continuous Tense),
прошедшее совершенно-продолженное время (the Past Perfect Continuous Tense),
будущее совершенно-продолженное время (the Future Perfect Continuous Tense).
Кроме перечисленных 12 глагольных времен в действительном залоге изъявительного наклонения существуют еще четыре глагольных времени – формы так называемого "будущего времени в прошедшем" (the Future in the Past Tense), которые выражают будущее не по отношению к моменту речи, а к прошедшему моменту, т.е. для выражения будущего действия, которое упоминалось в прошедшем.
В страдательном залоге изъявительного наклонения существуют:
1. Группа простых времен (the Indefinite Tenses):
настоящее простое время (the Present Indefinite Tense),
прошедшее простое время (the Past Indefinite Tense),
будущее простое время (the Future Indefinite Tense).
2. Группа продолженных времен (the Continuous Tenses):
настоящее продолженное время (the Present Continuous Tense),
прошедшее продолженное время (the Past Continuous Tense),
3. Группа совершенных времен (the Perfect Tenses):
настоящее совершенное время (the Present Perfect Tense),
прошедшее совершенное время (the Past Perfect Tense),
будущее совершенное время (the Future Perfect Tense).
Кроме того, существуют две формы "будущего времени в прошедшем" (the Future in the Past Tense): Indefinite и Perfect.
Видо-временные формы правильных глаголов на примере глагола to work в активном залоге
|
Indefinite |
Perfect |
Contitious |
Perfect Continious |
|
|
Present |
I work |
I have worked |
I am working |
I have been working |
|
Past |
I worked |
I had worked |
I was working |
I had been working |
|
Future |
I shall work |
I shall have wirked |
I shall be working |
I shall have ben working |
|
Future in the Past |
I should work |
I should have worked |
I should be working |
I should have been working |
Видо-временные формы правильных глаголов на примере глагола to ask в пассивном залоге
|
Indefinite |
Perfect |
Contitious |
Perfect Continious |
|
|
Present |
I am asked |
I have been asked |
I am being asked |
|
|
Past |
I was asked |
I had been asked |
I was being asked |
|
|
Future |
I shall be asked |
I shall have been asked |
|
|
|
Future in the Past |
I should be asked |
I should have been asked |
|
|
Случаи применения видо-временных форм глаголов
|
Indefinite |
Perfect |
Contitious |
Perfect Continious |
|
|
Present |
1. Общеизвестные факты, неопровержимые истины: |
1. Действие, совершенное в прошлом, но имеющее значение в настоящем |
1. Действие, происходяшие в момент речи. |
Действие, начавшееся до настоящего момента, длившееся в течение некоторого периода времени и продолжающееся в момент речи или закончившееся непосредственно перед моментом речи |
|
Past |
1. Постоянное действие в прошлом |
Действие, закончившееся к определенному моменту в прошлом, обозначенному предлогом by или другим действием |
1. Действие, совершавшееся в определенный момент в прошлом, обозначенный временем или другим (одновременным) действием |
Действие, начавшееся раньше другого действия в прошлом и длившееся в течение некоторого периода времени прежде чем было завершено или прервано |
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Future |
1. Постоянное действие в будущем |
Действие, которое закончится к определенному моменту в прошлом, обозначенному предлогом by или другим действием |
Действие, которое будет совершаться в определенный момент в будущем, обозначенный временем или другим (одновременным) действием |
Действие, которое начнется в будущем раньше другого действия в будущем и будет длиться в течение некоторого периода времени прежде чем было завершено или прервано |
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Future in the Past |
Действие, которое будет происходить в будушем, описанное с точки зрения прошлого |
Действие, которое закончится к определенному моменту в прошлом, описанное с точки зрения прошлого |
Действие, которое будет происходить в определенный момент в будушем, описанное с точки зрения прошлого |
Описанное с точки зрения прошлого действие, которое начнется в будущем раньше другого действия в будущем и будет длиться в течение некоторого периода времени прежде чем было завершено или прервано |
СОГЛАСОВАНИЕ ВРЕМЕН
1. Если сказуемое главного предложения стоит в настоящем или будущем времени, в придаточном предложении может использоваться любая видо-временная форма глагола, требуемая по смыслу:
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He sais that |
he study economics |
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he will study economics |
he has studied economics since 1996 |
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he studied economics |
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he has been studying economics for half an hour |
2. Если сказуемое главного предложения стоит в прошедшем времени, в придаточном предложении настоящее время заменяется прошедшим временем той же группы, а будущие времена – подходящей по смыслу группой времени Future in the Past.
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He sad that |
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he studied economics |
he would study economics |
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he had studied economics since 1996 |
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he had been studying economics for half an hour |
Примечания:
Если речь идет об общеизвестных истинах, иногда допускается использование в придаточных предложениях настоящее время:
He argued that the Earth is spinning round.
Он доказал, что Земля вертится.
МОДАЛЬНЫЕ ГЛАГОЛЫ
Модальность – это грамматическая категория, которая выражает отношение говорящего к содержанию высказывания и отношение содержания высказывания к действительности такими языковыми средствами, как интонация, вводные (модальные) слова, формы наклонения глагола (изъявительное, повелительное, сослагательное), а также модальные глаголы.
Модальные глаголы – это глаголы, передающие не действие, а отношение к какому-либо действию (способность, возможность, необходимость совершения действия); они не употребляются самостоятельно, а только в сочетании с неопределенной формой (инфинитивом) главного (смыслового) глагола.
У модальных глаголов нет неличных форм (инфинитива, причастия и герундия). Перед модальными глаголами не употребляется частица to, являющаяся формальным признаком инфинитива.
Модальные глаголы образуют настоящее время без изменения формы (в III лице единственного числа настоящего времени они не принимают окончания -s): одна и та же форма употребляется во всех лицах единственного и множественного числа.
Инфинитив, следующий за модальным глаголом, употребляется без частицы to.
Модальные глаголы не имеют повелительного наклонения.
Вопросительная форма модальных глаголов образуется без вспомогательного глагола.
При образовании отрицательных предложений отрицательная частица not употребляется непосредственно после модального глагола.
Модальные глаголы считаются недостаточными, так как у них нет всех форм, которые имеют другие глаголы.
Важнейшими модальными глаголами являются can, may и must.
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Глагол |
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Значение |
Пример |
Can |
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выражает физическую возможность или способность совершить действие и переводится на русский язык: могу, умею. |
I can dance |
May |
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выражает разрешение и переводится: могу, имею разрешение. |
You may go home |
Must |
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Основной модальный глагол |
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Can |
May |
must |
Эквивалент |
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Настоящее время |
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Прошедшее время |
Будущее время |
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could |
– |
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Must |
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Модальные глаголы |
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Значения |
Пример |
May |
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Предположение, возможность |
He may be home now |
Must |
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Уверенность, значительная степень вероятности |
She must remember that |
Might |
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Неуверенное предположение, малая вероятность |
You might do it by yourself |
Can’t |
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Indefinite |
Perfect |
Continuos |
May |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
He may work there |
He may have worked there before |
He may be working now |
Must |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
She must dance well |
She must have danced as a professional |
She must be dancing with him in the hall |
Might |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
It might thrill you |
It might have thrilled you so |
It might be thrilling you |
Can’t |
|
Неличная форма глагола |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Пример использования |
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||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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|
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|
|
|
|
Функция герундия |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Пример |
Подлежащее |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Travelling on the London underground presents few difficulties for visitors. |
Предложное дополнение |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
There are many ways of getting about town in a large city today. |
Прямое дополнение |
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
I like driving a car. |
Именная часть составного сказуемого |
|
Indefenite |
Perfect |
Active |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Doing |
Having done |
Passive |
|
Verb |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Participle I |
Participle II |
To do |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Doing |
Done |
To except |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Excepting |
Excepted |
To get |
|
Функция |
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
Пример |
Подлежащее |
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To learn a foreign language is very important. |
Именная часть составного сказуемого |
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To know her is to love her |
Дополнение |
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I want you to be here |
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Indefenite |
Continious |
Perfect |
Perfect Continious |
Active |
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To write |
To be writing |
To have written |
To have been writing |
Passive |
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Тип |
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Особенности |
Пример |
1) условные предложения с реальными (выполнимыми) условиями, относящимися к настоящему, прошедшему или будущему времени; |
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Условные предложения I типа – сложноподчиненные предложения с придаточным предложением реального условия. Главное предложение в них выражает действие, относящееся к будущему, настоящему или прошедшему времени, а придаточное – вполне осуществимое условие того действия. Чаще других встречаются предложения, в которых действие относится к будущему времени: в них глагол главного предложения стоит в будущем времени, а в придаточном предложении – в одной из форм настоящего времени. |
If you don't receive all pages of this fax, please contact us at the telephone number below. |
2) условные предложения, выражающие предположения, содержащие маловероятные (малореальные) условия, относящиеся к настоящему или будущему времени; |
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Условные предложения II типа относятся к настоящему или будущему времени. В придаточном предложении условия во всех лицах единственного и множественного числа употребляется форма were глагола to be либо форма глагола, совпадающая с прошедшим простым временем, а в главном предложении – сочетание "should + неопределенная форма глагола-сказуемого (без частицы to)" (для I лица единственного и множественного числа) либо "would + неопределенная форма глагола-сказуемого без частицы to)" (для II и III лица единственного и множественного числа). |
If I had a radio-set, I should set my watch by radio-time signal. |
3) условные предложения с нереальными (невыполнимыми) условиями, относящимися к прошедшему времени. |
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Положительная степень |
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Сравнительная |
Превосходная |
Good |
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Better |
Best |
Bad |
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Worse |
worst |
Little |
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Less |
Least |
Old ( по возрасту) |
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Elder |
eldest |
Far |
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Положительная степень |
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Сравнительная |
Превосходная |
Well |
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Better |
best |
Badly |
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|
Worse |
worst |
Much/many |
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|
More |
most |
Little |
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|
Less |
least |
Far |
|
A |
|
|
Abbreviation n |
|
|
сокращение, аббревиатура |
ability n |
|
способность, умение |
Above |
|
вышеупомянутый |
above all |
|
кроме всего прочего |
absurd n |
|
абсурд |
abundance n |
|
изобилие |
accept v |
|
принимать, соглашаться, признавать |
acclaim v |
|
бурно аплодировать |
account n |
|
счет, отчетность, доклад |
accustom v |
|
приучать |
achieve v |
|
достигать, добиваться |
acquire v |
|
приобретать, получать, достигать |
acquisition n |
|
приобретение, овладение |
advert n |
|
объявление |
(advertisement) |
|
affectionately adv |
|
|
нежно, ласково |
aid n |
|
помощь, содействие, поддержка |
AIDS prevention |
|
предупреждение СПИДа |
ale n |
|
эль, пиво |
alone predict |
|
один, единственный, одинокий |
although cj |
|
хотя, несмотря на то, что |
amateur n |
|
любитель, непрофессионал |
Amazing |
|
удивительный, поразительный |
amongst prep |
|
между, среди |
ancestor n |
|
предок |
ancient a |
|
древний |
animate v |
|
вдохновлять, воодушевлять |
annual a |
|
ежегодный |
anxious a |
|
озабоченный, стремящийся |
appropriate a |
|
подходящий, уместный, присущий |
approval n |
|
одобрение, визирование, санкция |
architect n |
|
архитектор |
arrive v |
|
прибывать, приезжать |
arrogant a |
|
высокомерный, надменный, наглый |
as concerns |
|
что касается |
assassin n |
|
наемный убийца |
assess v |
|
определять размер, оценивать |
assist in |
|
принимать участие |
assist v |
|
помогать, содействовать |
at least |
|
по меньшей мере, во всяком случае |
attachment n |
|
привязанность, преданность |
attend v |
|
посещать, присутствовать |
attitude n |
|
позиция, отношение, положение |
authority n |
|
власть, администрация |
automation n |
|
автоматизация |
|
|
B |
|
|
back down v |
|
|
отступать, ретироваться |
basis (bases) n |
|
основание, базис |
beam n |
|
балка |
bear v |
|
поддерживать, выносить, терпеть |
beefy vocation |
|
предназначение для мускулов |
beermat n |
|
подставка |
behaviour n |
|
поведение, поступки |
bench n |
|
скамья |
bid (bid, bidden) v |
|
приказывать, просить |
bit n |
|
кусочек, частица |
a little bit |
|
немного, чуть-чуть |
board n |
|
правление, совет, коллегия |
border n |
|
граница |
borrow v |
|
занимать, заимствовать |
bracket n |
|
кронштейн, держатель |
brain n |
|
мозг, рассудок, разум |
break up |
|
разбивать |
broaden v |
|
расширять, расширяться |
bubble n |
|
пузырь |
burden v |
|
нагружать, обременять |
business matter w.c. |
|
деловой вопрос |
|
|
C |
|
|
caliber n |
|
|
достоинство |
captivating a |
|
пленительный, очаровательный |
catering n |
|
обслуживание обедов, свадеб |
cause v |
|
причинять, вызывать |
certain a |
|
определенный |
chairman n |
|
председатель |
chat n |
|
беседа, болтовня |
to have a chat |
|
поговорить, побеседовать |
charitable a |
|
милосердный, щедрый, отзывчивый |
chef n |
|
шеф-повар |
cherish v |
|
лелеять, нежно любить |
Cherished |
|
заветный |
chop n |
|
отбивная котлета |
chores n (pl) |
|
работа по дому, уборка |
civility n |
|
вежливость, корректность |
claim n |
|
претензия |
claim v |
|
требовать, претендовать, заявлять |
clap on v |
|
бросить |
clutter v |
|
приводить в беспорядок |
coat v |
|
покрывать |
comics n |
|
комиксы |
commonly adv |
|
общеизвестно, часто |
communal a |
|
общественный, коммунальный |
compatriot n |
|
соотечественник |
compel v |
|
заставлять, принуждать |
Competitive a |
|
соперничающий, конкурирующий |
complain v |
|
жаловаться |
complete v |
|
заканчивать, завершать |
completely adv |
|
совершенно, полностью |
Complicated a |
|
сложный |
conceive v |
|
понимать, представлять себе |
concern v |
|
касаться, затрагивать, беспокоить |
Conciliation n |
|
примирение |
confirm v |
|
подтверждать |
Confusingly adv |
|
запутано, смущающе |
consciousness n |
|
сознание |
consequent a |
|
последующий |
consider v |
|
рассматривать, считать |
considerable a |
|
значительный, большой, важный |
a considerable degree |
|
значительная степень |
consideration n |
|
Внимание |
Conspicuous a |
|
видимый, заметный, выдающийся |
consumption n |
|
потребление, расход |
contemporary a |
|
современный |
content n |
|
содержимое, содержание |
contest n |
|
соревнование, борьба, спор |
contradict v |
|
противоречить, опровергать |
Convenience n |
|
удобство |
convert v |
|
превращать, конвертировать |
cope v |
|
справляться |
counter n |
|
прилавок |
courtyard n |
|
двор (при доме) |
cousin n |
|
двоюродный брат /сестра |
cover v |
|
покрывать, пройти, предусматривать |
creator n |
|
создатель, разработчик |
crèche n |
|
(детские) ясли |
creep (crept, crept) v |
|
ползать, передвигаться |
crisp a |
|
твёрдый, жёсткий |
crucial a |
|
решающий, ключевой, критический |
crumbly a |
|
рыхлая |
cuisine n |
|
кухня, кулинарное искусство |
cunning a |
|
лукавый, хитрый |
curriculum vita |
|
биография |
|
|
D |
|
|
deal n |
|
|
сделка, соглашение |
decent a |
|
приличный, скромный, пристойный |
defend v |
|
защищать, охранять |
degree n |
|
ступень, степень, положение, ранг |
deliver v |
|
передавать, вручать, представлять |
demand n |
|
спрос |
deprecate v |
|
протестовать, возражать |
desire n |
|
желание, страсть |
detached a |
|
отдельный |
development n |
|
развитие, рост, разработка |
differ v |
|
отличаться, расходиться во мнении |
Differentiate v |
|
отличать, различать |
discernible a |
|
заметный |
disease n |
|
заболевание, диагноз |
disgust n |
|
отвращение, омерзение |
dismiss v |
|
отпускать, увольнять, переставать думать |
disorder n |
|
беспорядок |
distinguish n |
|
различать, отличать |
divide v |
|
делить, разделять |
divorce v |
|
разводиться |
dodge n |
|
обман, уловка |
during prep |
|
в продолжение, в течение, во время |
|
|
E |
|
|
earn v |
|
|
зарабатывать, заслуживать |
easy matter |
|
простое дело |
effort n |
|
усилие |
employee n |
|
рабочий, служащий, работающий по найму |
employment n |
|
работа, занятие, наём (на работу) |
emulator n |
|
соперник, последователь |
endow v |
|
обеспечит доход/ содержание, давать в дар |
enemy n |
|
враг |
enforce (the) laws w.c. |
|
насаждать законность, проводить законы в жизнь |
engage v |
|
нанимать, заниматься |
enjoy v |
|
наслаждаться, пользоваться, обладать |
enough a |
|
достаточный |
ensure v |
|
обеспечивать, гарантировать, страховать |
enter v |
|
входить, поступать |
enterprise n |
|
предприятие, предприимчивость, инициатива |
entire a |
|
полный, целый |
entitle v |
|
озаглавливать, давать право |
equally adv |
|
поровну, одинаково |
era n |
|
эра, эпоха |
essential а |
|
непременный, обязательный, существенный |
establish v |
|
основывать, создавать, устраивать |
establishment n |
|
установление, создание, учреждение |
estimate v |
|
оценивать, подсчитывать |
every bit of |
|
все |
evil n |
|
зло |
exactly a |
|
точно |
exceed v |
|
переходить границы, превышать, превосходить |
excellence n |
|
совершенство, мастерство, превосходство |
exist v |
|
существовать |
expansive a |
|
обширный |
experience n |
|
опыт |
extreme n |
|
крайность, чрезмерность |
extremely adv |
|
крайне, чрезвычайно, в высшей степени |
|
|
F |
|
|
fade v |
|
|
увядать |
fair a |
|
справедливый, порядочный |
Faithfulness n |
|
верность, честность |
fan т |
|
поклонник, почитатель, фанат |
favour v |
|
благоприятствовать, относиться благосклонно |
fence off v |
|
отгораживать |
fill up v |
|
заполнять, наполнять |
fireplace n |
|
камин |
fix v |
|
устанавливать, определять |
flourish v |
|
преуспевать, процветать |
fluid a |
|
текучий, жидкий |
follow v |
|
следовать, идти (за) |
for certain |
|
наверняка |
forbid v (forbade, forbidden) |
|
запрещать, не давать сделать |
force v |
|
заставлять, принуждать |
fortune n |
|
счастье, удача, богатство, состояние |
fowl n |
|
домашняя птица |
frankly adv |
|
прямо, открыто, откровенно |
frequent a |
|
обычный, постоянный |
frontier n |
|
граница, предел, новые возможности |
|
|
G |
|
|
gain v |
|
|
получать, приобретать |
get back v |
|
возвращаться |
graduate n |
|
выпускник учебного заведения |
grant n |
|
дар, субсидия, стипендия |
greet v |
|
приветствовать |
grumble v |
|
ворчать, жаловаться |
|
|
H |
|
|
Hairdressing n |
|
|
парикмахерское дело |
half-sister n |
|
единокровная или единоутробная сестра |
ham n |
|
ветчина, окорок |
hangover n |
|
разг. похмелье |
haste n |
|
спешка |
hermit n |
|
отшельник, пустынник, странник |
hesitation n |
|
колебание, нерешительность, сомнение |
hide (hid, hidden) v |
|
прятать, прятаться |
hint n |
|
намек |
holy grail |
|
(миф.) Чаша Грааля |
host adv |
|
множество |
hot-buttered toast-house |
|
дом, в котором готовятся на продажу подрумяненные ломтики хлеба с маслом |
however adv |
|
тем не менее, однако, несмотря на это |
hurricane n |
|
ураган |
|
|
I |
|
|
identify v |
|
|
отождествлять, опознавать |
identity n |
|
тождественность |
imagine v |
|
воображать, представлять себе |
immediate a |
|
ближайший, немедленный, непосредственный |
Immediately adv |
|
немедленно, тотчас |
importance n |
|
значение, важность, значительность |
in order to |
|
для того, чтобы |
in this respect |
|
в этом отношении |
in turn |
|
в свою очередь, по очереди |
inconvenience n |
|
неудобство, беспокойство |
incredibly adv |
|
неправдоподобно, невероятно |
indelible a |
|
неизгладимый |
indispensable a |
|
совершенно необходимый |
inevitable a |
|
неизбежный, неотвратимый |
inferiority n |
|
более низкое качество |
inflexible a |
|
негибкий, непреклонный |
inhabitant n |
|
житель |
initial a |
|
начальная, заглавная |
inn n |
|
гостиница |
inseparable a |
|
неотделимый, неразлучный |
install v |
|
устраивать, устанавливать |
instantly adv |
|
тотчас, немедленно |
instead adv |
|
вместо, взамен |
institution n |
|
учреждение |
intend v |
|
намереваться, собираться, подразумевать |
interpreter n |
|
переводчик, интерпретатор |
introduce v |
|
вводить, внедрять, устанавливать |
invitation n |
|
приглашение |
irritate v |
|
раздражать, сердить |
issue n |
|
выпуск, предмет спора |
item n |
|
предмет, вещь |
|
|
J |
|
|
justify v |
|
|
объяснять, оправдывать |
|
|
K |
|
|
keen a |
|
|
резкий, сильный, острый |
to be keen |
|
сильно желать, стремиться сделать что-то |
keep in touch |
|
поддерживать контакт, связь |
|
|
L |
|
|
lavish a |
|
|
щедрый, расточительный |
law n |
|
закон, право, профессия юриста |
layout n |
|
расположение, планировка |
literacy n |
|
грамотность |
litigation n |
|
судебный процесс, тяжба |
loan n |
|
ссуда, заём |
lodging n |
|
ночлег, квартира |
log n |
|
бревно, полено |
lurid |
|
огненный, яркий |
luxury n |
|
роскошь |
|
|
M |
|
|
mainstay n |
|
|
опора, поддержка |
major a |
|
больший, важный, значительный |
make a stand w.c. |
|
встать на защиту |
Manufacture n |
|
производство, изготовление |
matter n |
|
дело, вопрос, сущность, предмет |
meadow n |
|
луг |
meaningful a |
|
значительный |
merge v |
|
сливать, соединять(ся) |
mind n |
|
ум, рассудок, память |
absence of mind |
|
забывчивость, рассеянность |
moor n |
|
вересковая пустошь |
mortgage n |
|
ипотека, закладная |
mother tongue w.c. |
|
родной язык |
mount v |
|
закреплять, монтировать |
mow n |
|
косить (газон) |
mug n |
|
кружка |
mutual aid |
|
взаимопомощь |
|
|
N |
|
|
native a |
|
|
родной |
native speaker |
|
носитель языка |
necessary a |
|
необходимый, нужный, вынужденный |
nephew n |
|
племянник |
niece n |
|
племянница |
noble a |
|
благородный, знатный |
note v |
|
замечать, записывать |
noticeable a |
|
заметный, достойный внимания |
numerous а |
|
многочисленный |
nursery n |
|
(детские) ясли |
nursing n |
|
профессия среднего медицинского образования |
|
|
O |
|
|
observe v |
|
|
наблюдать, замечать, соблюдать |
obvious a |
|
очевидный |
obviously adv |
|
явно, очевидно, безусловно |
occupation n |
|
занятие, вид деятельности, профессия |
occupy v |
|
занимать (место) |
offend v |
|
обижать, оскорблять, нарушать |
on the one hand |
|
с одной стороны |
Opportunity n |
|
удобный случай, возможность, перспектива |
ordeal n |
|
тяжелое испытание |
Order |
|
порядок, последовательность |
outburst n |
|
взрыв, вспышка |
outsider n |
|
посторонний человек, не член (организации) |
overlook v |
|
выходить на |
overseas a |
|
заграничный, заморский |
oversimplify v |
|
чрезмерно упрощать |
own n |
|
собственность, принадлежность |
on one’s own |
|
самостоятельно, независимо |
|
|
P |
|
|
particularly adv |
|
|
особенно |
partnership n |
|
товарищество, партнерство |
pass n |
|
проход, путь, переход |
peculiarity n |
|
особенность, характерная черта |
personal a |
|
личный |
picky a |
|
разборчивый, капризный, придирчивый |
plot n |
|
участок |
plot of land |
|
участок земли |
pocket v |
|
класть в карман, присваивать |
point n |
|
точка, пункт, вопрос |
point of view |
|
точка зрения |
pointless a |
|
бессмысленный |
polish v |
|
полировать |
polite a |
|
вежливый |
pore v |
|
изучать, размышлять |
post n |
|
столб |
precisely adv |
|
точно |
prediction n |
|
предсказание, прогноз, пророчество |
previously adv |
|
предварительно |
pride n |
|
гордость |
primarily adv |
|
в первую очередь, главным образом |
primary a |
|
первоначальный, первичный |
private a |
|
частный, личный, отдельный |
promote v |
|
продвигать, повышать по службе |
property n |
|
собственность |
propose v |
|
предлагать, делать предложение |
protract v |
|
медлить, затягивать, тянуть |
provide v |
|
снабжать, обеспечивать, предоставлять |
province n |
|
провинция |
pseudonym n |
|
псевдоним |
psychology n |
|
психология, психика |
puny a |
|
слабый |
purchase n |
|
покупка |
pure-bred a |
|
чистокровный, породистый |
push v |
|
толкать, подталкивать |
|
|
Q |
|
|
quip n |
|
|
саркастическое замечание, колкость |
|
|
R |
|
|
raise v |
|
|
воспитывать, растить |
rally v |
|
воссоединять(ся), приходить на помощь |
range n |
|
серия, ряд, сфера |
rare a |
|
редкий, негустой, неплотный |
react v |
|
реагировать |
realize v |
|
осуществлять, выполнять, осознавать, представлять себе |
reason n |
|
причина |
recipe n |
|
рецепт |
reflection n |
|
отражение |
refrain v |
|
удерживать, сдерживать |
Refreshment n |
|
закуски, буфет |
reign v |
|
царить, господствовать |
relate to v |
|
иметь отношение к |
relation n |
|
отношение, связь, зависимость |
remain v |
|
оставаться, пребывать |
remark n |
|
замечание, примечание, ссылка |
renowned a |
|
знаменитый, прославленный |
rent v |
|
арендовать, сдавать в аренду |
replace v |
|
заменять |
Replacement n |
|
замена, замещение |
representative n |
|
представитель |
require v |
|
требовать, приказывать, испытывать необходимость |
Requirement n |
|
требование, потребность |
research n |
|
исследование, изучение, поиски |
resign v |
|
вновь подписывать |
resist v |
|
сопротивляться, устоять |
resolutely adv |
|
твердо, решительно |
respect n |
|
уважение, внимание, отношение |
restraint n |
|
сдержанность, строгость |
resume v |
|
возобновлять, продолжать (после перерыва) |
retain v |
|
удерживать, сохранять |
retire v |
|
удаляться, уходить, ложиться спать |
rhetorical a |
|
риторический |
right n |
|
право |
rinse v |
|
полоскать, ополосуться |
rise n |
|
подъём, рост |
rise v |
|
вставать, подниматься, возрождать |
rival v |
|
конкурировать, соперничать |
rival n |
|
конкурент, соперник |
roar v |
|
реветь, грохотать |
routine n |
|
установленный порядок |
rubbish n |
|
хлам, мусор, чепуха, вздор |
rule v |
|
править, управлять |
rush n |
|
напор, наплыв |
|
|
S |
|
|
sauce n |
|
|
приправа, подливка |
sawdust n |
|
опилки |
science n |
|
наука |
scientific a |
|
научный |
self-governance n |
|
самоуправление |
semi-formal a |
|
полуофициальный |
sense n |
|
чувство, смысл, значение |
set off v |
|
отправиться (в путь) |
settle v |
|
поселяться, заселять |
settlement n |
|
заселение, поселение |
share v |
|
делить, разделять, пользоваться совместно |
share in a firm |
|
быть акционером фирмы |
share the room with somebody |
|
жить совместно в одной комнате |
we share everything |
|
у нас все общее |
sharp a |
|
острый |
shout v |
|
кричать, выкрикивать |
sign n |
|
вывеска, знак |
sign up v |
|
записаться (в армию), поступить на работу |
significant a |
|
показательный, важный, значительный |
silent a |
|
молчаливый |
sip n |
|
маленький глоток |
size n |
|
размер, величина, объем |
skill n |
|
мастерство, опыт, умение |
skilled a |
|
опытный, умелый, квалифицированный |
sleeper n |
|
соня, что-то получившее широкое признание |
slightly adv |
|
слегка, немного |
small matter |
|
пустяки |
soccer n |
|
футбол |
software n |
|
программное обеспечение |
solitude n |
|
одиночество, уединение |
source n |
|
источник |
spinster n |
|
юр.незамужняя женщина |
spoil (spoilt, spoiled) v |
|
портить(ся) |
sprinkle v |
|
разбрасывать |
squat n |
|
упор присев |
stagger v |
|
шататься, идти шатаясь |
stairwell n |
|
лестничный проём |
state n |
|
состояние, положение, государство |
steak n |
|
бифштекс |
stepbrother (sister) n |
|
сводный брат / сестра |
stock market |
|
фондовая биржа |
storey n |
|
этаж, ярус |
stout n |
|
крепкий портер |
stove n |
|
печь, кухонная плита |
strict a |
|
точный, строгий, требовательный |
subject n |
|
предмет, тема, объект |
success n |
|
успех, удача, процветание |
succession n |
|
последовательность, непрерывный ряд |
sufficient a |
|
достаточный |
suit v |
|
подходить, устраивать |
supply n |
|
запас |
supporter n |
|
сторонник, глава семьи, кормилец |
supremacy n |
|
верховная власть |
swap v |
|
(разговорное) обмениваться |
|
|
T |
|
|
take for granted |
|
|
брать/принимать как должное |
take into consideration |
|
принимать во внимание, учитывать |
tap n |
|
пробка, затычка |
target n |
|
цель |
tax n |
|
налог, сбор, пошлина |
temporary a |
|
временный |
term n |
|
срок, период времени |
thick a |
|
густой, насыщенный, сильный |
throat n |
|
горло, гортань, горловина |
throne n |
|
трон, королевская власть |
tie n |
|
связь, шнур, узел, петля |
tile n |
|
черепица, кафель |
tire v |
|
утомлять |
to the top of one’s bent w.c. |
|
вволю, вдоволь |
total a |
|
всеобщий |
tough a |
|
жесткий, крепкий, грубый |
trade n |
|
торговля |
train v |
|
воспитывать, обучать, готовить |
trait n |
|
особенность, свойство |
trample v |
|
топтать |
tribe n |
|
род, племя |
trick n |
|
хитрость, шалость, трюк, глупость |
turn into v |
|
превратить |
tutor n |
|
руководитель группы студентов, домашний учитель, репетитор |
type v |
|
печатать, набирать на компьютере |
|
|
U |
|
|
uncharted a |
|
|
неисследованный |
uncomplicated a |
|
простой |
unconstrained a |
|
непринуждённый |
underline v |
|
подчеркивать |
Undoubtedly adv |
|
несомненно |
unified a |
|
объединённый |
unique a |
|
единственный в своём роде, уникальный |
untrue a |
|
неправда |
unveil v |
|
раскрывать, разоблачать |
upbringing n |
|
воспитание |
uproot v |
|
вырывать с корнем, искоренять |
|
|
V |
|
|
value n |
|
|
стоимость, цена |
various a |
|
различный, разнообразный |
viable a |
|
конкурентоспособный, осуществлённый |
vigilant a |
|
бдительный, неусыпный |
vigorously adv |
|
сильно, решительно, энергично |
|
|
W |
|
|
wait a bit |
|
|
подожди немного |
wares n |
|
продукты производства |
washbasin n |
|
умывальная раковина |
weakness n |
|
слабость |
wealth n |
|
богатство, материальные ценности |
weep v |
|
плакать, течь, капать |
whistle n |
|
свист, свисток |
widely adv |
|
широко, значительно |
win (won, won) v |
|
выигрывать, побеждать |
Wrought a |
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