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Заняття 1
Тема: “Present simple and present continuous”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новими граматичними структурами "Present simple and present continuous"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
PRESENT SIMPLE
Form
|
+ |
I/We/You/They He/She/It |
live lives |
in Glasgow. |
|
|
- |
I/We/You/They He/She/It |
do not (don’t) live does not (doesn’t) live |
||
|
? |
Do Does |
I/we/you/they he/she/it |
live |
in Glasgow? |
|
Short answers |
Yes, I/we/you/they do. No, I/we/you/they do not (don’t) Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it does not (doesn’t). |
Wh- questions
Where do I/we/you/they live?
When does he/she/it eat?
Time expressions
sometimes, often, usually, never, every day/week/morning, a lot, always
Word order with time expressions
Time expressions can go at the beginning or end of sentences. However, in present simple sentences the time expression usually goes before the main verb in a sentence:
I usually go swimming on Sundays.
We don't usually have breakfast together.
Does she usually catch the bus home?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Form
|
+ |
I He/She/It We/You/They |
am (’m) waiting is (’s) waiting are (’re) waiting |
for Tom. |
|
- |
I He/She/It We/You/They |
am not (’m not) waiting is not (’s not) waiting are not (’re not) waiting |
|
|
? |
Am I Is he/she/it Are we/you/they |
waiting for Tom? |
|
|
Short answers |
Yes, I am./ No, I am (’m) not. Yes, he/she/it is./ No, he/she/it is not (isn’t). Yes, we/you/they are./ No, we/you/they are not (aren’t). |
Time expressions
at the moment, now, today, this week/summer/morning/evening/afternoon
Заняття 2
Тема: “Using of present simple and present continuous. Questions and question words”
Мета:
1 Систематизувати знання студентів за темою "Present simple and continuous"
2 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Questions and question words".
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
PRESENT SIMPLE AND PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Use of the present simple
Use the present simple to talk about:
He plays football every Sunday morning.
My mother doesn't speak German.
Use of the present continuous
Use the present continuous to talk about:
The sun is shining. (= now, as I speak)
It isn't raining. (= at the moment)
I'm reading a fantastic book. (= in the present period, but not as I speak)
QUESTIONS AND QUESTION WORDS
Meaning of wh- question words:
Question word
What
Who
When
Where
How
Why
Which
How many (+ noun)
How much (+ noun)
How much (+ verb)
What time
What kind/sort/type of
to ask about:
things
people
times
places
the way you do something
reasons
things
a number
quantity
the cost of something
a precise time
the type
• what and which:
We use both to ask about things, but we only use which if the number of answers is limited:
What do you want to do tonight? ( = unlimited number of answers)
Which film do you want to see - the Brad Pitt one, or the horror film? (= limited number of answers)
• Word order in wh- questions:
After wh- question words, the auxiliary verb (or the verb to be) comes before the subject:
|
Question word(s) |
auxiliary or to be |
subject |
rest of sentence |
|
Where What time What |
do does is |
you your his |
come from? mother get home? name? |
Заняття 4
Тема: “Past simple”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Past simple"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
PAST SIMPLE
Form
|
Regular and irregular verbs |
|
|
+ |
They remembered the date. He bought a new watch. |
|
- |
They didn't remember the date. He didn't buy a new watch. |
|
? |
Did they remember the date? Did he buy a new watch? |
|
Short answers |
Yes, they did./ No, they didn't. Yes, he did./ No, he didn't. |
to be
|
to be |
|
|
+ |
I/He/She/It was hungry. We/You/They were hungry. |
|
- |
I/He/She/It was not (wasn't) hungry. We/You/They were not (weren't) hungry. |
|
? |
Was I/he/she/it hungry? Were we/you/they hungry? |
|
Short answers |
Yes, I/he/she/it was. No, I/he/she/it wasn't. Yes, we/you/they were. No, we/you/they weren't. |
Wh- questions
What did she have for lunch yesterday?
Why didn't you come to the party?
Spelling of regular verb forms
Add -ed to most regular verbs: watch watched
Verbs that end with -e, add only -d: live lived
Verbs that end in consonant + y, change -y to -i: marry married
Verbs with one syllable that end in a vowel + consonant, double the final consonant: stop stopped
Use
Use the past simple to talk about finished actions/events in the past:
I phoned her yesterday evening.
Time expressions
Use in with decades, years and months:
in the 1990s/1929/April
Use on with days
on Monday/21st May/your birthday
Use at with a specific time or a period of time:
at 11 o'clock/midnight/the weekend/Christmas
Other time expressions
yesterday (morning/afternoon), last (week/year), ten years ago, when she was little
Заняття 5
Тема: “Past simple and past continuous”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Past continuous"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Систематизувати знання студентів за темою "Past simple and continuous"
4 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
Form
|
+ |
I/He/She/It We/You/They |
was were |
working yesterday. |
|
- |
I/He/She/It We/You/They |
was not (wasn't) were not (weren't) |
|
|
? |
Was I/he/she/it Were we/you/they |
working yesterday? |
|
|
Short answers |
Yes, I/he/she/it was. No, I/he/she/it wasn't. Yes, we/you/they were. No, we/you/they weren't. |
|
Wh- questions |
Answers |
|
What were you doing at seven o'clock? Why were you crying when she came in? |
I was studying. I was sad. |
Use
Use the past continuous to talk about actions or events in progress at a time in the past:
I was watching TV at seven o'clock yesterday evening.
At that time, my parents were living in New York.
Past simple and past continuous
The past simple and the past continuous are sometimes used together.The past continuous is used for the action in progress (or the background action) and the past simple for the completed action. Sentences like this usually contain while or when.
While/When I was walking the dog, I dropped my keys.
I was watching the TV when the phone rang.
They got married in 1992, while they were living in New York.
Заняття 7
Тема: “Comparatives and superlatives. Злічувані та незлічувані іменники. Особливості використання слів too and enough”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новими граматичними структурами "Comparatives and superlatives. Злічувані та незлічувані іменники. Особливості використання слів too and enough"
2 Навчити утворювати ступені порівняння прикметників.
3 Навчити вживати граматичні структури в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES FORM
|
Adjectives |
Comparatives |
Superlatives |
|
|
One syllable |
long big |
longer bigger |
the longest the biggest |
|
Two or more syllables |
popular modern |
more popular more modern |
the most popular the most modern |
|
Ending in-y |
lazy friendly |
lazier friendlier |
the laziest the friendliest |
|
Irregular |
good bad far |
better worse further |
the best the worst the furthest |
Use of comparative adjectives
Use the comparative form of the adjective to compare two things, people or groups of things or people. When you make comparisons using the comparative form, add than after the adjective.
He is nicer than his sister.
Their house was more modern than ours.
We can also compare things using (not) as... as:
This essay isn't as good as your last one. (= your last one was better)
Notice!
as + adjective + as means that two things are the same:
Callum's as tall as his dad now. (= they are the same)
Use of superlative adjectives
Use the superlative form of the adjective when you want to compare more than two things, people or groups. When you make comparisons using the superlative form, add the before the adjective.
He was the nicest person in the school.
This is the most modern house in the street.
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Countable nouns are things we can count, for example one table, two tables. They can be singular or plural:
I like parties. I'm going to a party tonight.
Uncountable nouns are things we cannot count, for example water, rice, time. They have no plural form. We cannot use a/an with uncountable nouns:
I like rice. I'm going to buy some rice today.
TOO AND ENOUGH
Too means more than the right number/ amount. It is used before:
• adjectives
I think his trousers are too big.
• much (with uncountable nouns) and many (with countable nouns in the plural)
She wears too much make-up. (= her make-up doesn't look nice)
I've got too many things in my wardrobe. (= it's over-full)
Not... enough means less than the right amount. It is used before:
• adjectives
That jumper isn't long enough.
• uncountable and countable nouns
I didn't have enough time in the exam. (= I needed more time)
I haven't got enough winter clothes. (= I need more winter clothes)
Notice!
The word enough goes before nouns, but after adjectives:
We didn't have enough food.
This essay isn't good enough.
You can also use too/not enough followed by an infinitive with to:
My grandmother's too old to go skiing. (= she can't go skiing because she is too old)
The girl isn't old enough to drive a car. (= the girl can't drive a car because she's too young)
Заняття 9
Тема: “Wishes and intentions”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Wishes and intentions"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
WISHES AND INTENTIONS
going to, planning to
We often use going to + infinitive to describe future intentions, either in the near or distant future:
I'm going to have a party for my birthday this year.
I'm not going to get married.
In the same way we can use planning to + infinitive.
She's planning to study Law.
What are you planning to study?
Notice!
We don't need to repeat the verb go:
We're not going to go swimming on Saturday.
want to, would like to
Both verbs describe future wishes. They are followed by an infinitive:
Does she want to go to university?
They don't want to study abroad.
They'd (= would) like to travel next summer.
Would like to sounds more polite than want to so we often use it in invitations:
Would you like to come to my party next weekend?
Notice!
Would like to is often used in questions but it isn't used in the negative very much.
Заняття 10
Тема: “Gerunds and infinitives”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Gerunds and infinitives"
2 Ознайомити студентів з різницею у вживанні герундія та інфінітива.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
VERBS WITH GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES
Verbs with infinitives
Some verbs are followed by the infinitive. Common verbs that take the infinitive are:
|
agree decide forget expect help hope intend learn need plan refuse try want would love would like |
We agreed to meet at 8 p.m. He decided to apply for the job. She forgot to post the letter. They didn't expect to win. Can you help me to move it? I hope to find a good job. I intended to ask him, but I forgot. I learnt to use a computer. You need to know what you want. Marta is planning to change jobs. He refused to help them. I tried to do the exercise, but I couldn't. We want to go to the concert. I would love to meet a famous actor. I'd like to find a job in my town. |
We usually use the infinitive after adjectives, for example: interesting, difficult, easy.
It's very difficult to get a good job without any experience.
It's easy to travel abroad nowadays.
Verbs with gerunds
Some verbs are followed by the gerund. Common verbs that take the gerund are:
can't stand I can't stand getting up early.
dislike She dislikes studying at the weekend.
don't mind I don't mind starting on a low salary.
enjoy We enjoy doing sport
finish She finished writing the email.
give up He gave up asking her to go out with him.
hate I hate being cold.
like They like going to parties.
love Mattie loves shopping.
miss I miss seeing you every day.
stop He stopped reading his book.
spend time Amy spends a lot of time reading.
We usually use the gerund after prepositions, for example: at, about, by.
Are you worried about finding a job?
He learned English by listening to pop songs.
Notice!
Some verbs can be followed by the infinitive or gerund with no change of meaning, for example: start.
He started learning English when he was ten.
He started to learn English when he was ten.
Заняття 12
Тема: “Should/shouldn’t and must/mustn’t. Артиклі: означений, неозначений, нульовий.”
Мета:
1 Систематизувати знання студентів за темою "Артиклі: означений, неозначений, нульовий."
2 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Modal verbs: should/shouldn’t and must/mustn’t."
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
SHOULD, SHOULDN'T, MUST, MUSTN'T
Form
|
+ |
I/ You/He/She/It We/You/They |
must have a good night's sleep. should drink a lot of water. |
|
- |
I/ You/He/She/It We/You/They |
must not (mustn't) miss breakfast. should not (shouldn't) drive everywhere. |
|
? |
Should |
I/you/he/she/we/you/they exercise more? |
|
Short answers |
Yes, I/you/he/she/we/you/they should. No, I/you/he/she/we/you/they shouldn't. |
Wh- questions
What should I do?
Where should we park the car?
Use of should and must:
We use should/shouldn't + infinitive (without to) to say that something is a good or bad idea or to give and ask for advice:
Most people should do more exercise.
You shouldn't eat too much salt.
Should I take the exam again, do you think?
We use must/mustn't + infinitive (without to) to give strong advice or rules.
You must study harder to pass this exam.
Pupils mustn't run in the corridors.
Notice!
We don't often use must in questions, except when someone is asking themselves a question:
What must I do?
To ask about strong advice or rules we usually use have to:
Do you have to wear a school uniform?
A/AN OR THE?
We use a/an to talk about one of many.
Neil is a boy in my class at school. (= there are many boys)
We use the for things that are unique - there is only one of them.
The president of our country lives in the capital city. (= there is only one president and only one capital city)
We only use a/an to talk about things for the first time.
I bought a car a few weeks ago. (= the first time I talk about this car)
After that we use the.
I bought the car from my uncle.
a/an
We use a/an to:
• talk about jobs
My mum's an accountant, and my dad's a teacher.
Would you like a glass of water?
They have a lot of money.
three times a day, twice a week
the
We use the with:
• superlative adjectives
Jo is the best runner in our class.
• parts of the day
I hate getting up in the morning.
• these phrases
in the world, the whole thing/day/class
zero article Ø
We do not use articles:
Ø Footballers shouldn't eat big meals before matches.
I usually have Ø breakfast at school and Ø lunch at home.
go Ø home/to Ø school/to Ø work
Заняття 13
Тема: “Obligation and permission in the present”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Modal verbs: can/have to/be allowed to in the present"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION IN THE PRESENT
Form
|
+ |
I/He/She/It/We/You/They can go now. |
|
I/We/You/They have to go now. He/She/It has to go now. |
|
|
I am allowed to go now. He/She/It is allowed to go now. We/You/They are allowed to go now. |
|
|
_ |
I/He/She/It/We/You/They cannot (can't) go now. |
|
I/We/You/They do not (don't) have to go now. He/She/It does not (doesn't) have to go now. |
|
|
I am not ('m not) allowed to go now. He/She/It is not (isn't) allowed to go now. We/You/They are not (aren't) allowed to go now. |
|
Yes/No questions |
Short answers |
|
Can I/he/she/it/we/ you/they go now? |
Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they can. No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they can't. |
|
Do I/we/you/they have to go now? |
Yes, I/we/you/they do. No, I/we/you/they don't. |
|
Does he/she/it have to go now? |
Yes, he/she/it does. No, he/she/it doesn't. |
|
Am I allowed to go now? |
Yes, you are. /No, you are not. |
|
Is he/she/it allowed to go now? |
Yes, he/she/it is. No, he/she/it isn't. |
|
Are we/you/they allowed to go now? |
Yes, we/you/they are. No, we/you/they aren't. |
Wh- questions
Who can I invite to my party?
How much money are you allowed to spend?
Use of can/can't/have to/don't have to, be allowed to/not allowed to:
You can keep it if you want.
You can't smoke in restaurants in this country.
My grandma has to have an operation next week.
Daisy doesn't have to study French this year.
• Use to be allowed to + verb to say that something is permitted.
We're allowed to leave school early today.
• Use to not be allowed to + verb to say that something is not permitted.
You aren't allowed to take these books home.
Заняття 14
Тема: “Obligation and permission in the past”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Modal verbs: can/have to/be allowed to in the past"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
OBLIGATION AND PERMISSION IN THE PAST
Form
|
+ |
I/He/She/It/We/You/They could stay. |
|
I/He/She/It/We/You/They had to stay. |
|
|
I/He/She/It was allowed to stay. We/You/They were allowed to stay. |
|
|
_ |
I/He/She/It/We/You/They could not (couldn't) stay. |
|
I/He/She/It/We/You/They did not (didn't) have to stay. |
|
|
I/He/She/It was not (wasn't) allowed to stay. We/You/They were not (weren't) allowed to stay. |
|
Yes/No questions |
Short answers |
|
Could I/he/she/it we/you/they stay? |
Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they could. No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they couldn't. |
|
Did I /we/you/they have to stay? |
Yes, I /we/you/they did. No, I /we/you/they didn't. |
|
Was I /he/she/it allowed to stay? |
Yes, I /he/she/it was. No, I /he/she/it wasn't. |
|
Were we/you/they allowed to stay? |
Yes, we/you/they were. No, we/you/they weren't. |
Wh- questions
What subjects could your parents study?
What TV programmes were you allowed to watch when you were young?
Use of could/couldn't:
• Use could + verb to talk about things that were permitted in the past.
Children could play in the street when I was young.
• Use couldn't + verb to talk about things that were not permitted in the past.
I couldn't catch the train because I didn't have my train pass.
Use of had to/didn't have to:
• Use had to + verb to say that something was necessary in the past.
My dad had to go in the army for two years.
• Use didn't have to + verb to say something was not necessary in the past.
I didn't have to wait long for a bus.
Use of to be allowed to/not allowed to:
The children were allowed to stand at the front.
• Use wasn't/weren't allowed to + verb to say that something was not permitted in the past.
My sister wasn't allowed to wear her new mini skirt.
Заняття 1
Тема: “Future arrangements”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "The present continuous for future arrangements"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
FUTURE ARRANGEMENTS
Form
|
+ |
I We/You/They He/She/It |
am (’m) meeting are (’re) meeting is (’s) meeting |
Jo tonight. |
|
- |
I We/You/They He/She/It |
am not (’m not) meeting are not (’re not) meeting is not (’s not) meeting |
Jo tonight. |
|
? |
Am I Are we/you/they Is he/she/it |
meeting |
Jo tonight? |
Short answers
Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Yes, we/you/they are. / No, we/you/they aren’t.
Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isn’t.
Wh- questions
When are you meeting Jo?
Where are you meeting her?
Use of the present continuous for future arrangements
Use the present continuous to describe definite arrangements in the future.
They’re moving house next month.
Are you going out tonight?
We're not having a holiday next summer.
Notice!
We often give a time phrase to show that the arrangement is in the future.
Time expressions
tomorrow, tonight, this afternoon/winter/year, at the weekend, on Sunday/Wednesday, after breakfast, next Tuesday/week/month, in the next few weeks
Заняття 2
Тема: “Modal verbs: may, might and will”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Modal verbs: may, might and will"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
MAY, MIGHT AND WILL
Form
|
+ |
I/We/You/They/He/She/lt |
will (’ll) travel may/might travel |
more. |
|
- |
I/We/You/They/He/She/It |
will not (won’t) travel may/might not travel |
more. |
|
? |
Will I/we/you/they/he/she/it |
travel |
more? |
Short answers
Yes, I/we/you/they/he/she/it will.
No, I/we/you/they/he/she/it won't.
Wh- questions
When will they give me the money back?
What time will you be able to pick me up?
Use of will/won’t:
• Use will +verb if we think something is sure to happen.
Spain will be really hot in August.
Our team won't win this year.
The future form of can is will/won’t be able to + verb.
I’ll/won’t be able to tell you tomorrow.
The future form of must/have to is will have to + verb.
I'’ll have to invite Sam to the party.
Will + definitely or probably:
• Use will + definitely/probably to show how sure we feel.
definitely = very sure
I’ll definitely phone you tonight.
probably = quite sure
I probably won’t come.
Notice the different word order in affirmative and negative sentences:
I’ll definitely phone you tonight.
I probably won't phone you tonight.
Use of may/might:
• Use may/might + verb if we think something is possible in the future.
The traffic might be bad tomorrow.
Ellen may come out with us tonight.
Notice!
We don't usually form questions with may/might to talk about the future.
Заняття 4
Тема: “Present Perfect with ever and never”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Present Perfect with ever and never"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
PRESENT PERFECT WITH EVER AND NEVER
Form
|
+ |
I/We/You/They He/She/It |
have (’ve) met has (’s) met. |
the president. |
|
- |
I/We/You/They He/She/It |
have not (haven’t)met has not (hasn’t) met |
the president. |
|
? |
Have I/we/you/they Has he/she/it |
met |
the president? |
Short answers
Yes, I/we/you/they have./No, I/we/you/they haven't.
Yes, he/she/it has./No, he/she/it hasn't.
Wh- questions
How many questions has he answered?
Why have you eaten all my sweets?
We form the present perfect with have/has + past participle.
Regular past participles are formed with verb + ed.
visit visited play played
Have you ever played badminton?
Irregular past participles are all different.
meet met put put
Use of the present perfect
Use the present perfect to describe actions that happened in the past but are still important now. We do not say when the actions happened.
John's broken his arm so he can't play in the match. (= it is important because of the match, it isn't important when John broke his arm)
We often use ever and never to talk about past experiences with the present perfect.
Ever means at some time in the past but we don't know when. We only use it in questions.
Have you ever read any Shakespeare?
Never means at no time. We don't use it in questions.
My sister has never been abroad.
Notice!
go has two past participle forms - been and gone. We use been to say someone went to a place but is not there now.
We use gone to say someone is on their way to a place or is there at the moment.
John has been to France. (= John has visited France but he is not there now.)
John has gone to France. (= John is on his way to France OR John is in France now.)
Заняття 5
Тема: “Present Perfect with just, already and yet”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Present Perfect with just, already and yet"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
PRESENT PERFECT WITH JUST, ALREADY AND YET
Just, already and yet
We often use already, yet and just with the present perfect to show that a past action is important now.
Just
We use just to say that something happened a little time before now. It is usually used in affirmative sentences.
I’ve just seen Katrina.
Luca has just had some good news.
Already
We use already to say that something happened before the expected time.
Katie's only four, but she's already learnt to read.
I've already done my homework.
Yet
We use yet to say that something didn't happen in the past, but will probably happen in the future. Yet is usually used in negative sentences and in questions.
Caroline hasn't started driving lessons yet.
We haven't had dinner yet.
Have you finished your exams yet?
Has Will phoned you yet?
Заняття 8
Тема: “Relative clauses”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Relative clauses"
2 Ознайомити студентів з різницею у вживанні означувальних займенників: which, that, who, where.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
RELATIVE CLAUSES
We use relative clauses to put more information in a sentence. We can join two shorter sentences together, using a relative pronoun.
The Japanese have invented a robot. Itcan tidy your bedroom.
The Japanese have invented a robot which can tidy your bedroom.
I've got fifty pounds. My grandmother sent it for my birthday.
I've got fifty pounds that my grandmother sent for my birthday.
Relative pronouns: which, that, who, where
• Use which and that for things.
A lawnmower is a machine which/that cuts the grass.
Adam's got a really expensive phone which/that his uncle gave him.
• Use who and that for people.
A babysitter is someone who/that looks after kids.
That's the boy who/that Alice likes very much.
• Use where for places.
This is the house where I grew up.
At the weekend, we went to a shop where they sell cheap TVs.
Заняття 9
Тема: “First conditional”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "First conditional"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
FIRST CONDITIONAL
We use the first conditional to talk about a possible future situation. But after if we use the present tense, not the future.
Form
|
Condition |
Result |
|
If + present simple |
will/won’t + infinitive without to |
|
If I have time, If you don’t tell me, If Anna passes her exams, If he doesn't eat his lunch, If I help you with Maths, |
I will (’ll) call you tonight. I will (’ll) be upset. she will (’ll) start university in the autumn. he will not (won't) get any sweets. will you help me with English? |
If can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence. When we put the if clause first, we use a comma (,) to separate the two clauses.
If it’s sunny, we’ll have a picnic.
We’ll have a picnic if it’s sunny.
Future time clauses with when, before and after
We also use the present tense to talk about the future after time words like when, after and before.
I’ll get my sister's bedroom when she leaves home.
Before I go, I'’ll give you my phone number.
Vanessa will probably call after I go out.
Заняття 11
Тема: “Used to…”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Used to…"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
USED TO
Use
• Use used to to talk about states in the past that are not true now.
I used to be very shy when I was young. (= I’m not shy any more)
We used to have a dog. (= We haven’t got a dog now)
• We also use it to talk about things that happened regularly in the past, but have changed now.
Tom used to play football a lot but he stopped when he broke his leg.
When I was a child I used to cycle everywhere, but now I'm too lazy.
Form
|
+ |
I/He/She/It/We/ You/They |
used to work in the past. |
|
- |
I/He/She/It/We/ You/They |
didn't use to work in the past. |
|
? |
Did I/he/she/it/ we/you/they |
use to work in the past? |
Short answers
Yes, I/he/she/it/we/you/they did.
No, I/he/she/it/we/you/they didn't.
Wh- questions
Where did he use to go on holiday?
What films did you use to like when you were younger?
Notice!
We can always use the past simple instead of used to.
I used to be frightened of the dark when I was young.
(= I was frightened of the dark when I was young.)
There is no present form of used to.
Past: I used to ride a lot.
Present: I ride a lot.
Заняття 12
Тема: “Present Perfect with for and since”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою " Present Perfect with for and since "
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
PRESENT PERFECT WITH FOR AND SINCE
We use the present perfect to talk about an action that started in the past and continues into the present.
I’ve known Milly for ten years.
We’ve lived in this house since 2005.
Notice!
If the action is finished, we must use the past simple:
Shakespeare lived in London most of his life. (= he is dead so the action is finished)
I worked with Kerry between 2005 and 2007. (= this period is finished)
Compare this with the present perfect.
I’ve lived in London for five years. (= I still live in London)
I’ve worked with Kerry for ages. (= I still work with Kerry)
We often use for and since with unfinished past actions.
• We use for with periods of time.
Dan’s worked in the company for seventeen years.
I’ve been ill for a few days.
Other phrases that go with for:
for ten minutes, for three months, for hundreds of years, for a long time
• We use since with points in time.
I’ve been in this class since last September.
We’ve had this car since 2006.
Other phrases that go with since:
since 8.00, since yesterday, since last Friday, since 1998, since I was born
• We can also use phrases like all day, all week, all my life with the present perfect to describe unfinished actions:
I’ve lived in this town all my life.
My mum’s been really ill all week.
• We often ask questions with How long ...? and the present perfect.
How long have you known Tom?
How long has he lived here?
Заняття 14
Тема: “Present Simple Passive”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Present Simple Passive"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
PRESENT SIMPLE PASSIVE
Form
|
+ |
I We/You/They He/She/It |
am (’m) invited. are (’re) invited. is (’s) invited. |
|
- |
I We/You/They He/She/It |
am not (’m not) invited. are not (’re not) invited. is not (’s not) invited. |
|
? |
Am I Is he/she/it Are we/you/they |
invited? |
Short answers
Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Yes, he/she/it is. / No, he/she/it isn’t.
Yes, we/you/they are. /No, we/you/they aren’t.
Wh- questions
Where are these cars produced?
How often are newspapers delivered to your house?
Use
• We use the passive when it is not important who does the action, or we are not interested in who does it.
Thousands of people are expected to attend the concert. (= it doesn't matter who expects them)
These bags are made in Italy. (= it doesn't matter who makes them)
• We also often use the passive when it is obvious who does the action.
Lots of people are arrested at football matches. (= obviously the police arrest them)
I’m not invited to Joe's party. (= obviously Joe hasn't invited me)
• We can still say who does the action in passive sentences, using by
This car is made by Renault.
Thousands of people are killed by drunk drivers every year.
Заняття 15
Тема: “Past Simple and Present Perfect Passive”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Past Simple and Present Perfect Passive"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
PAST SIMPLE AND PRESENT PERFECT PASSIVE
Past simple passive
To form the past simple passive we use the verb to be in the past simple (was/were) + the past participle.
Form
|
+ |
I/He/She/It We/You/They |
was arrested. were arrested. |
|
- |
I/He/She/It We/You/They |
was not (wasn’t) arrested. were not (weren’t) arrested. |
|
? |
Was I/he/she/it Were we/you/ they |
invited? |
Short answers
Yes, I/he/she/it was. /No, I/he/she/it wasn’t.
Yes, we/you/they were. /No, we/you/they weren’t.
Wh- questions
When was the Internet invented?
Where was this programme recorded?
Present perfect passive
To form the present perfect passive we use the verb to be in the present perfect (have/has been) + the past participle.
Form
|
+ |
I/We/You/They He/She/It |
have been arrested. has been arrested. |
|
- |
I/We/You/They He/She/It |
have not (haven’t) been arrested. has not (hasn’t) been arrested. |
|
? |
Have I/we/you/they Has he/she/it |
been invited? |
Short answers
Yes, I/we/you/they have./No, I/we/you/they haven’t.
Yes, he/she/it has. /No, he/she/it hasn’t.
Wh- questions
Why haven't I been invited to Sara’s party?
Where have the criminals been taken?
Заняття 16
Тема: “Second conditional”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Second conditional"
2 Навчити утворювати стверджувальні, питальні та заперечні речення з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
SECOND CONDITIONAL
Form
We use the second conditional to describe imaginary situations and their results. We use if + past simple, and then to talk about the situation we are imagining, we use would/wouldn't + verb.
|
Condition |
Result |
|
If + past simple |
would + infinitive without to |
|
If I was famous, If John had a better job, If I didn't go to school, If you had the choice, |
I wouldn’t (= would not) worry about studying. he’d (= would) buy a sports car. I’d (= would) stay in bed until midday. would you study French instead of English? |
If can go at the beginning or in the middle of the sentence.
If people didn’t pay for music, artists wouldn't make records.
Artists wouldn't make records if people didn't pay for music.
Sometimes we use would on its own, without the if clause.
I’d lie about my age.
I wouldn't lie about my age.
Would you lie about your age?
Yes, I would./No, I wouldn’t.
Notice!
Compare the meaning of the first and the second conditional sentences.
The first conditional describes a real possibility in the future:
If I have enough money, I'll buy some new shoes on Saturday.
The second conditional describes an imaginary possibility:
If I had lots of money, I'd buy my own flat.
Заняття 17
Тема: “Reported requests and commands”
Мета:
1 Ознайомити студентів з новою граматичною структурою "Reported requests and commands"
2 Навчити утворювати наказові та питальні речення у непрямій мові з даною граматичною структурою.
3 Навчити вживати дану граматичну структуру в мовленні.
Список літератури
І. Основна
ІІ. Додаткова
REPORTED REQUESTS AND COMMANDS
Direct and reported speech
When we report what someone said we can give the person's exact words (direct speech):
'Go away', she said to him.
'Please can you pass me the sugar?' I asked her.
Or we can use a verb that describes what they said (reported speech):
She told him to go away.
I asked her to pass me the sugar.
Reported requests and commands
We report requests and commands using ask/tell + infinitive.
|
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
|
'Hurry up!' 1 said to my friends. 'Can you help me?'Ann asked him. |
I told my friends to hurry up. Ann asked him to help her |
Notice!
Remember word order in the negative form.
'Don't say a word.' He told her not to say a word.
Other reporting verbs
You can use other reporting verbs, for example, order or advise to show how or why the person spoke.
|
Direct speech |
Reported speech |
|
'Go to bed immediately!' 'I think you should apologise.' |
She ordered the children to go to bed immediately. He advised me toapologise. |
Notice!
These reporting verbs order and advise take a noun/ pronoun (the children, me) + infinitive (to go, to apologise).
He ordered the children to go back to the classroom.
She advised me to apologise to my friend.