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ДРУГИЙ СЕМЕСТР
Unit 17. Variety, Harmony, Emphasis, and Proportion
Різноманітність, гармонія, акцент і пропозиція
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
“Variety is the spice of life.” This saying means that a break from humdrum routines makes life more interesting.
This saying also applies to art. In this lesson, you will learn how variety and three other principles—harmony, emphasis, and proportion—add interest to artworks.
THE PRINCIPLE OF VARIETY
In art, variety is combining one or more elements of art to create interest. A splash of brilliant color will add zest to a painting that has mostly dull tones. A free-form shape adds pep to a work done with mostly geometric shapes. Study the unusual painting in Figure 17–1. What has the artist done to add variety?
Figure 17–1 James Rosenquist. Early in the Morning. 1963. Oil on canvas.
241.3 _ 142.2 cm (95 _ 56_). Virginia Museum of Fine Arts, Richmond, Virginia. Gift of Sydney and Frances Lewis.
THE PRINCIPLE OF HARMONY
Just as you can have too little of a good thing, you can also have too much. In art, an excess of variety can be offset by using the principle of harmony. Harmony means combining the elements of art to accent their similarities. Look again at the painting in Figure 17–1. This time, study its picture plane. This is the flat surface of a painting or drawing. Find the horizontal line that divides the upper and lower halves of the picture plane. It runs through the center of the comb. Do you recall the effect horizontal lines have on the viewer? What other lines has the artist used to bring harmony to this active painting?
THE PRINCIPLE OF EMPHASIS
To attract a viewer’s attention to an important part of a work, artists use emphasis.
Emphasis is making an element or an object in a work stand out. One way artists create emphasis is through contrast. Examine the sculpture in Figure 17–2. Notice how the artist uses contrasting bold colors to draw the viewer’s eye into and around the dancing figures. What object or element is emphasized in the work in Figure 17–1?
Figure 17–2 Miriam Schapiro. Anna and
David. 1987. Painted stainless
steel and aluminum. 10.6 _
9.4 _ .23 m (35_ _ 31_ _ 9_).
Steinbaum-Krauss Gallery,
New York, New York.
THE PRINCIPLE OF PROPORTION
As an art principle, proportion is how parts of a work relate to each other and to the whole. A large shape in a picture filled with smaller shapes would stand out because of the different proportions in size. Look once more at the sculpture in Figure 17–2. Notice how the larger-than-life size of the figures adds to their importance and interest.
Ex.2.Дайте відповіді на запитання:
How did the artist create variety and harmony in this painting?(Figure 17–1)
2. Why do you suppose the artist chose to use emphasis and proportion the way she did in this sculpture? (Figure 17–2)
Ex.3. Напишіть визначення дoподаних термінів:
Variety is…
Harmony means…
Emphasis is…
proportion is…
Домашнє завдання:
Ex.4. Вивчити визначення.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. Name two ways artists can achieve variety in their work.
2. How do artists achieve harmony?
3. Explain the principle of proportion.
Unit 18. Drawing
Малюнок
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Drawing is a visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium. Common instruments include graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax color pencils, crayons, charcoals, chalk, pastels, markers, stylus, or various metals like silverpoint. An artist who practices or works in drawing may be referred to as a draughtsman or draftsman.
A small amount of material is released onto the two dimensional medium which leaves a visible mark—the process is similar to that of painting. The most common support for drawing is paper, although other materials such as cardboard, plastic, leather, canvas and board, may be used. Temporary drawings may be made on a blackboard or whiteboard, or indeed almost anything. The medium has been a popular and fundamental means of public expression throughout human history. The relative ease of availability of basic drawing instruments makes drawing more universal than most other media.
Ex. 2. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex. 3. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
WHY ARTISTS DRAW
In baseball, a pitcher takes warm-up throws before facing a batter. Musicians warm up before a performance. Artists follow a similar approach by drawing. Drawing “limbers” up the artist’s eye. It helps develop visual perception (pur-sep-shun). This is an awareness of the elements of an environment by means of the senses. Perception is more than looking at an object. It is really “seeing” the object. It is studying how lines, shapes, forms, and colors blend to form the whole.
Some drawings are used to plan paintings or other large projects. This picture shows this type of drawing, or “study.”
Ex. 4. Дайте відповіді на питання:
Ex.5. Складіть діалог за даною темою.
Ex.6. Ознайомтесь з деякими визначеннями:
● Hatching. This is drawing thin lines all running in the same direction.
● Crosshatching. This is drawing crisscrossing lines.
● Blending. This is changing color value little by little.
● Stippling. This is creating dark values by means of a dot pattern.
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Підготувати переказ тексту.
Ex.7. Висловити свою думку щодо висловлювання: «Everybody can draw”
Питання для самоконтролю:
1.What is drawing?
2. What types of drawing do you know?
Unit 19. Painting
Живопис
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
When they hear the term art, many people think of paintings. This is not unreasonable when you consider that the first artists were painters. They produced their “artworks” on the walls of caves some 15,000 years ago. They made paint from crushed rocks mixed with animal fat or blood. Since that time, many new painting media have appeared. In this lesson, you will learn about some of these.
PAINT
Although paints have changed over the centuries, the way of making them has not.
Like paints used by early cave artists, those today contain three main ingredients:
● Pigment. Pigment is a finely ground powder that gives paint its color. The pigment that cave artists relied on came from minerals in rocks. Through the mid-1800s, artists continued to grind their own pigments.
●Binder. A binder is a liquid that holds together the grains of pigment. The binder
allows the pigment to stick to the surface. The liquid parts of eggs have long been
used as a paint binder.
● Solvent. A painter may also choose to use a solvent when working with paints.
This is a liquid used to control the thickness or thinness of the paint. Solvents are also used to clean paintbrushes and other applicators.
PAINTING MEDIA
As with drawing media, there are many different kinds of paint. Each has its own personality. Some paints that artists use are oil based. Others are made with plain water
Ex. 2. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex. 3. Заповніть пропуски:
Ex. 4. Складіть діалог за ситуацією: What is better painting or drawing?
Ex.5. Поставте 5 типів запитань до поданих речень:
1.We live in the age of integration and cooperation.
2.Nowadays it is impossible to imagine a nation that can exist without any ties with foreign countries.
3. The widespread dairy industry produces milk, eggs, and cheese.
4. We naturally wish to read scientific books.
5. I want to become a skilled worker.
6. Ukraine had the population about 52.2 millions and was the sixth biggest country of Europe at the moment of independence.
Ex.6. Поставте питання до поданих речень, починаючи зі слів в дужках:
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 7. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Oil-Based Paint
First used in the 1400s, oil paint remains a popular medium today. True to its name, oil paint uses linseed oil as its binder. Its solvent is turpentine.
One advantage of oil paint is that it dries slowly. This allows the artist to blend colors right on the canvas. The work in Figure 19–1 is an oil painting. Notice how
smoothly the colors blend together.
19–1
Water-Based Paint
19–2
The most popular of water-based painting media, watercolor, takes its name from its solvent, water. The binder is gum arabic. Watercolors give a transparent quality to paintings. Compare the watercolor in Figure 19–2 with the oil painting in Figure 19–1. What differences do you see?
Tempera, another water-based paint, comes in both powder and liquid form. Because tempera is not oil-based, it dries more quickly than oil paint. It is also more opaque than water-color.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What are the three main ingredients of paint?
2. What is the main difference between oil paint and tempera?
Unit 20. Modal verbs: can, may, must. Drawing a Still Life
Модальні дієслова can, may, must. Малювання натюрморту
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Still life is the art of drawing or painting inanimate objects such as fruit, flowers and household items which are usually arranged on a table or shelf. Artists create still life paintings for various reasons: to reflect the status of their owner, be it humble or haughty; for their symbolic meaning which reveals a hidden story or idea; to capture the natural beauty of transient object like a flower or fruit; or as a controlled structure to express the abstract elements of the visual elements.
Still Life art has existed in one form or another since the time of the Ancient Romans and Greeks. Although there are examples of Ancient Roman still life, mostly in the form of interior decoration, that have been preserved when Mount Vesuvius erupted in A.D.79, there are no examples from Ancient Greece. There is, however, a story from around this time in the book 'Historia Naturalis' (the only surviving history of ancient art) by the Roman writer Pliny who lived from AD 23-29. It tells us about a competition that took place about 400BC between two Greek painters Zeuxis and Parrhasius. Zeuxis created a painting of grapes which were so convincing that the birds flew around and tried to peck at them. In art, this kind of realistic painting is called a ‘trompe l’oeil’ (a French artistic term which means ‘trick of the eye’). Envious of his fellow artist’s display of skill, Parrhasius painted a ‘trompe l’oeil’ image of a curtain which appeared to conceal a painting about the Trojan War beneath it. On seeing his friend’s work, Zeuxis asked Parrhasius to pull back the curtain to reveal the rest of the painting. At that moment, Parrhasius claimed victory. Although Zeuxis had fooled the birds, Parrhasius had succeeded in fooling a fellow artist, an altogether more difficult task. Since the earliest times, Still Life has always been a subject that artists have used to show off their technical skills in painting.
However, as a subject in its own right, still life painting was considered to be a lower form of art. Some painters had achieved great skill in the realistic representation of objects, but it was not elevated to the status of a major art form until the work of Chardin emerged in the 18th century, followed by Cézanne in the 19th century and the Cubists in the 20th century.
Ex. 2. Доповніть речення:
Ex.3.Дайте відповіді на запитання:
1. What do you need to paint a still life?
2. What is easier to paint a still life or landscape?
Ex.4.Заповніть пропуски:
objects, oil pastels, technical skills, shapes and forms
1. Ordinary objects can become exciting … when an artist sees them.
2. You will demonstrate … effectively using a variety of art media and materials to produce a still life drawing.
3. Begin applying colors lightly with the… , building up color as you go
4. Choose background colors that will set off the … in the foreground.
Ex.5. Складіть діалог за даною темою.
Ex.6. Перекладіть речення, використовуючи модальні дієслова can, may, must.
Ви можете допомогти мені?
Вони не можуть залишитися дома самі.
Вона повинна йти в банк зараз.
Ти можеш повернутися додому до одинадцятої.
Вони можуть зрозуміти мене.
Ex.7. Вставте модальні дієслова may чи can:
1. … you see anything in this darkness?
2. You … go when you have finished your compositions.
3. What shall we go if the train is late? It…. be late, you know, after the terrible snowstorms we’ve had.
4. When … you come and see me?
5. … I come in?
6. Let me look at your exercises. I … be able to help you.
7. I … not swim, because until this year the doctor did not allow me to be more than two minutes in the water.
8. Do you think you … do this?
Домашнє завдання:
Ex.8. Вставте модальні дієслова must, may чи can:
1. …I come in?
2. you … not smoke here.
3. … you take your book? – I am afraid not: I need it.
4. He … not speak English yet.
5. I have very little time: I … go.
Ex.9. Опишіть картинку:
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What is still life?
2. What do you need to paint a still life?
Unit 21. Modal verbs: can, could. Pencil Portrait
Модальні дієслова can, could. Портрет олівцем
Ex. 1. Продивіться текст «Pencil Portrait» та випишіть незнайомі слова.
Ex. 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Pencil Portrait
Pencil Portrait of a Young Girl
Our Pencil Portrait lesson explains and illustrates the step by step drawing techniques involved in creating the above portrait of a young girl.
The general proportions of a head that we outlined on previous pages are ideal for drawing realistic heads from your imagination. They are also a good reference if you feel that you are making major errors in your portraits.
However, when you draw a portrait from life, a more accurate approach to drawing is needed. You need to record the subtle variations of the features which make that individual's face unique. Such an approach was used to build our pencil portrait above.
There are three basic stages in the creation of this image:
1. Using line drawing to organise the position, shape and proportion of the features.
2. Using softly shaded tone to create the form and texture of each feature.
3. Using larger areas of tone to unite all the elements of the portrait.
Establishing the basic features
Most artists make the greatest number of changes at the start of a drawing. Therefore it is important to draw lightly at first, as lightly drawn lines are easier to erase.
You begin a portrait with the eyes as they are the main focal point. Take care where you choose to position them on the page as this will affect the overall balance of the portrait. Mouse over the image above and you will see that right eye is situated on the vertical centre of the page. This is a strong compositional starting point for a three quarter view portrait.
The size and position of the other features are directly related to the scale and placement of the eyes.
If you get the correct relationship between the eyes, nose and mouth, you will end up with a good likeness.
Building the outline of the portrait
The next step is discover the size of the head by establishing the distances between the eyes and the top of the head and the eyes and the chin. Note that these measurements should be similar.
The main features are then framed by the outline of the face and hair, while the neck and shoulders form an angular support for the head. The hairline on the right side of the face creates a sweeping curve as it meets the neckline of the t-shirt. This movement builds a strong visual link between the head and shoulders.
At this stage, the drawing is no more than a set of carefully measured features that establish the final proportions of the portrait.
Building detail in line
The final stage of the line drawing in this portrait is to sketch some of the detail in the hair and the folds on the t-shirt.
The lines of detail in the hair should follow the direction and shape of the locks as they split into different strands. They should be drawn quickly and forcefully to give a natural rhythm and vitality to the shape of the hair.
The folds in the t-shirt help to emphasise the form and angle of the shoulders. They should be gentle and uncomplicated curves that do not distract your attention from the rest of the portrait.
Ex. 3. Складіть п’ять запитань до тексту «Pencil Portrait».
Ex. 4. Складіть діалог за даною темою.
Ex.5. Перекладіть речення, використовуючи модальні дієслова:
Ex. 6.Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами:
can, may, could
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex.7. Контрольне читання і переклад уривку тексту «Pencil Portrait».
Ex. 8. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами: can, may, could
1. Our football players ….. win the match but they lost it.
2. The pupils ….. go home.
3. “I ….. not hear a word”, said Madge.
4. You ….. give me a ring, if you needed me.
5. I ….. be present at the meeting.
6. You ….. both talk about Edward Driffield, but I shall be able to go away when I’m fed up with you.
7. Mother said to her son, “You …..go to the cinema.”
8. I ….. not find him. Nobody’ll ever tell me where he is.
9. I ….. not take this seriously; it was impossible.
10. They ….. not stand each other.
11. The doctor said to the sick man, “You ….. go out.”
12. So you ….. just imagine hoe embarrassing it all is.
13. It’s just a matter of how fast I ….. type.
14. But I ….. see Anna wasn’t really listening to my replies.
15. The girl said to her friend, “You ….. work in my room.”
Питання для самоконтролю:
Unit 22. Modal verbs: should, might. Painting Portrait
Модальні дієслова should, might. Портрет фарбою
Ex. 1. Продивіться текст «Painting Portrait» та випишіть незнайомі слова.
Ex. 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Painting Portrait
Portrait painting is a genre in painting, where the intent is to depict the visual appearance of the subject. Beside human beings, animals, pets and even inanimate objects can be chosen as the subject for a portrait. In addition to portrait painting, portraits can also be made in other media such as marble, bronze, ivory, wood, ceramic, etching, lithography, photography, even video and digital media.
The term 'portrait painting' can also describe the actual painted portrait. Portraitists create their work by commission, for public and private persons, or are inspired by admiration or affection for the subject. Portraits are often important state and family records, as well as remembrances. If an artist portrays him- or herself, the result is called a self-portrait.
Historically, portrait paintings have primarily memorialized the rich and powerful. Over time, however, it became more common for middle-class patrons to commission portraits of their families and colleagues. Today, the portrait painting is still commissioned by governments, corporations, groups, clubs, and individuals.
Ex. 3. Заповніть пропуски поданими нижче словами:
forgotten, easily, painted, pages, subject
It would be difficult to find a … that is more fascinating for painters than people. Peering out at us from the … of art history are the countless smiling, frowning, crying faces of people … in many different ways. Some are famous and … recognized, but a great many more are long … or may never have been identified.
Ex.4. Перекладіть речення українською мовою:
1.Being busy, Jack refused an invitation.
2. I could help him.
3. Could they have decided to move to England?
4. She must go to the bank tomorrow.
5. He shouldn’t have done it.
Ex. 5. Пригадайте правила вживання модального дієслова might та should:
Might це форма минулого часу дієслова may, та може вживатися для описання теперішнього часу.
Might - можливо, дуже вірогідно. It might rain in the evening.
Might – дуже ввічливе звертання. Might I ask you some questions.
Should – слід.
Ex. 6. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами: might, should
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex.7. Переказ тексту: Painting Portrait.
Ex. 8. Заповніть пропуски модальними дієсловами: might, should
Питання для самоконтролю:
Unit 23. Mona Lisa
Монна Ліза
Ex. 1. Продивіться текст «Mona Lisa» та випишіть незнайомі слова.
Ex. 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Mona Lisa by Leonardo da Vinci (the smile, painting meaning, analysis and interpretation).
Mona Lisa (also known as La Gioconda or La Joconde) is a portrait oil painting from the sixteenth century with the dimensions of 20 7/8" x 30", painted on poplar wood canvas. The picture was painted by the famous Italian painter Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci. A closer look at this painting reveals the astounding logical detail, profound meaning and exceptional technical artistic craftsmanship ability which is exactly what has given the Mona Lisa painting world-wide recognition.
How long did it take Leonardo da Vinci to paint the Mona Lisa?
Art critics agree that Mona Lisa is the most recognized portrait-painting in the world, perhaps, that has ever existed. An even more fascinating element of this theory is that the painting may not even have been considered to be finished by Leonardo himself, who might have claimed that he has never finished a single work in his entire life.. It can be argued whether any of Leonardo's paintings are finished, or not. But according to a Wikipedia article, Giorgio Vasario, a da Vinci's conteporary, after lingering over the painting for four years, Leonardo left it unfinished. If that's not enough, it is also reasonable to theorize about how long it has taken Da Vinci to paint Mona Lisa, but precise dating cannot be known. It is well-known, however, that the painting took several years to complete. Leonardo started painting it in 1503 or 1504 in Florence, Italy. Leonardo has continued to work on the painting after moving to France and finally finished it shortly until he died in 1519. This means that it can be speculated that Leonardo has worked on the painting for approximately 12 to 15 years. But that's a commonly false and mistaken assumption, because da Vinci did not spend all of that time painting it. A more specific and perhaps correct period of time that it took da Vinci to paint Mona Lisa is probably between 4 and 7 years, intermittently.
Why is Mona Lisa smiling mysteriously?
Why does the woman in this famous painting appears to be smiling? Why is it difficult to tell whether she is smiling or not? The answer lies in the creative ways Leonardo has chosen to paint this work. Sfumato is the painting technique, invented by Leonardo da Vinci. It can be described as using soft shadows to describe complex objects. As we focus our eyes on a picture painted in this fashion, our brain fails to make a conclusive representation of the object's shape.
The logical origin of this technique lies in the fact that many shadows painted on a human face, or body (any oval, rounded, or complex object) starts with a rough dark shadow, and as the paint travels over the surface of the object it is evenly dispersed into a translucent blur of shadow gradient at the edge of the object. Leonardo's adventurous and creative use of this technique is what makes the face, and in particular, the lips of Mona Lisa appear to be smiling, as the viewer's eyes and brain struggle to define a definite edge of the mouth.
Ex. 3. Складіть чотири запитання до тексту.
Ex. 4. Доповніть речення:
Ex. 5. Заповніть пропуски:
developed, expression, proportion, definitive
The definitive portrait painting?
Mona Lisa is sometimes thought of as the … portrait painting because it contains nearly all properties of the portrait-painting type. Moreover, Mona Lisa is considered to be the most famous painting in the world.
The painting's properties such as the … of the human and the human face are indeed extraordinary. This painting has been viewed by billions of people, many of whom agree, that by simply looking at it, the visual … creates the feeling of total completeness, as if all elements of the image were engineered and therefore are a product of a meticulous thinking process. This is not at all a surprise, if one is to consider that Leonardo da Vinci was also a thinker, inventor, engineer, mathematician, scientist, architect, sculptor, anatomist, geologist, botanist and writer. Despite the multitude of different … talents, however, Leonardo is primarily renowned as a painter.
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex.6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Who is Mona Lisa?
The painting's subject, a woman appearing to be seated may be mysterious. However, it is known that Leonardo used a real-life model for this painting. Mona Lisa is believed to be named for Lisa del Giocondo, a member of the Gheradini family of Florence and Tuscany and the wife of the wealthy Florentine silk merchant Francesco del Giocondo. The painting was commissioned for their new home and to celebrate the birth of their second son, Andrea.
The painting's title stems from a description by Lonardo's contemporary Giorgio Vasari in his biography of Leonardo published in 1550, 31 years after the artist's death. In this biography, he states: "Leonardo undertook to paint, for Francesco del Giocondo, the portrait of Mona Lisa, his wife...." (one version in Italian: Prese Lionardo a fare per Francesco del Giocondo il ritratto di mona Lisa sua moglie). In the Italian language, ma donna means my lady. Donna became madonna, and its obvious contraction: mona. Mona is thus a polite form of address, similar to Ma’am, Madam, or my lady in English. In modern Italian, the short form of madonna is usually spelled Monna, so the title is sometimes Monna Lisa, but it is rare in English and more common in Romance languages such as French and Italian.
At his death in 1525, Leonardo's assistant Salai owned the portrait named in his personal papers la Gioconda which had been bequeathed to him by the artist. Italian for jocund, happy or jovial, Gioconda was a nickname for the sitter, a pun on the feminine form of her married name Giocondo and her disposition. In French, the title La Joconde has the same double meaning.
Ex.7. Напишіть конспект вживання Participle I, Participle II.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. Who is Mona Lisa?
2. Why is Mona Lisa smiling mysteriously?
3. Як утворюється та коли вживається Participle I?
4. Як утворюється та коли вживається Participle ІI?
Unit 24. Participle I,II. Digital art
Дієприкметник І,ІІ. Цифрове мистецтво
Ex. 1. Продивіться текст «Digital art» та випишіть незнайомі слова.
Ex. 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Digital art is a general term for a range of artistic works and practices that use digital technology as an essential part of the creative and/or presentation process. Since the 1970s, various names have been used to describe the process including computer art and multimedia art, and digital art is itself placed under the larger umbrella term new media art.
The impact of digital technology has transformed activities such as painting, drawing and sculpture, while new forms, such as net art, digital installation art, and virtual reality, have become recognized artistic practices. More generally the term digital artist is used to describe an artist who makes use of digital technologies in the production of art. In an expanded sense, "digital art" is a term applied to contemporary art that uses the methods of mass production or digital media.
The techniques of digital art are used extensively by the mainstream media in advertisements, and by film-makers to produce special effects. Desktop publishing has had a huge impact on the publishing world, although that is more related to graphic design. It is possible that general acceptance of the value of digital art will progress in much the same way as the increased acceptance of electronically produced music over the last three decades.
Digital art can be purely computer-generated (such as fractals and algorithmic art) or taken from other sources, such as a scanned photograph or an image drawn using vector graphics software using a mouse or graphics tablet. Though technically the term may be applied to art done using other media or processes and merely scanned in, it is usually reserved for art that has been non-trivially modified by a computing process (such as a computer program, microcontroller or any electronic system capable of interpreting an input to create an output); digitized text data and raw audio and video recordings are not usually considered digital art in themselves, but can be part of the larger project of computer art and information art. Artworks are considered digital painting when created in similar fashion to non-digital paintings but using software on a computer platform and digitally outputting the resulting image as painted on canvas.
Andy Warhol created digital art with the help of Amiga, Inc. in July 1985 when he publicly introduced at Lincoln Center Amiga paint software.
Ex. 3. Складіть план тексту.
Ex. 4. Доповніть речення:
Ex.5. Підкресліть Participle I ,II та перекладіть речення:
1. Look at the girl standing at the door.
2. A broken cup lay on the table.
3. All the questions discussed at our meetings last month have now been decided.
4. We’ve got all kinds of agricultural machines made abroad.
5. Money gives us a useful means of measuring the value of things.
Ex. 5. Розкрийте дужки вживаючи Participle I або Participle II:
1. (Achieving/ Achieved) progress was a result of the work of many scientists.
2. (Requiring/ Required) living standard was achieved in the country last year.
3. My room is a mess: I really must get it (tidying/ tidied) up.
4. I would stay at home after such a (tiring/ tired) day.
5. Can you smell something (burning/ burned)?
6. He opened the letter with (shaking/shaken) finger.
7. Deeply (shocking/ shocked) I left them.
8. When (answering/ answered) your question yesterday I forgot this fact.
9. I didn’t enjoy the party because I was (boring/ bored) there.
10. She didn’t pay any attention to the (ringing/ rung) telephone.
11. Didn’t you think your hair needs (cutting/ cut)?
12. Can you think of the name of an animal (beginning/begun) with “B”.
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Вивчить новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex. 7. Вивчіть визначення Digital art.
Ex.8. Оберіть вірну форму Participle I наведену в дужках:
6. Nick looked at the moon (coming/ having come) up over the hills.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What is digital art?
2. Як утворюється та коли вживається Participle I?
3. Як утворюється та коли вживається Participle ІI?
Unit 25. Ceramics
Закріплення попередніх знань. Кераміка
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та запам’ятайте наступні слова та вирази:
clay - глина
harden – ставати твердим, тверднути
heat – жара, спека
craft - ремесло
disseminate – розповсюджувати, поширювати
refinement -1очищення, рафінування; 2) удосконалення 3) витонченість , вишуканість, добірність
translucent -1) що просвічує 2) напівпрозорий
imparted -1) наділяти, надавати 2) передавати
baking - випікання
permeating -1) проникати, проходити крізь, просочувати 2) поширюватися ( among,
through, into)
ground down – розмелювати(ся)
kiln – піч (сушильна, випалювальна)
ware - вироби
china ware — фарфор, порцеляна
delft ware — фаянсовий посуд
expedient – доцільний, придатний, вигідний, доречний
glaze – глазур, полива, глянс
sustained – тривалий, безперервний
fuel – паливо, пальне
staple – основний, головний
pottery -1) гончарні вироби 2) гончарна справа 3) гончарна майстерня
supplanted – вижити, витіснити
sazardous – ризикований, небезпечний
flux –флюс, плавень
Ex. 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Ceramics
The potter shapes things in clay and then hardens them by heat. The craft is one of the oldest and most widely disseminated in the world. Clay is used for architectural and industrial purposes as well as for the domestic ones of cooking, eating, pharmacy, etc. All of these uses are comprehended in the word 'ceramics', and derived from the ancient Greek .
Clays are seldom found in a pure state, and need a great deal of refinement and manipulation before they can be used. Most clays also need to be mixed with fluxes and other ingredients to give plasticity or stability, colour or whiteness or translucency. Few of the necessary ingredients are commonly found in one place.
The potter's wheel is the basic tool of the trade. It was used in the Near East before 3000 b.c. The shape imparted to the clay is made permanent by baking, or 'firing1. To prevent liquids permeating the ware, and to keep it cleaner, it has generally been found expedient to apply a glaze. The heat for firing the pottery must be controlled and sustained.
The kiln was invented in the Middle East, some 6,000 years ago. For fuel primitive man used whatever came to hand. Wood has been the staple fuel for developed pottery, being supplanted by coal, gas, etc., only in the last two centuries. In general the greater the heat the more compact and tough is the 'body1 of the ware. But firing is a very hazardous process unless it is perfectly understood and controlled, as even-beginner knows. Baked clay cannot be re-formed; it can only be ground down.
Ex. 3. Поставте п’ять запитань до тексту.
Ex. 4. Вставте пропущенні слова:
refinement, re-formed,controlled, understood, disseminated, baking, invented, hazardous, manipulation, domestic, staple, firing, pottery, ingredients, craft, imparted, eating
1. The ______is one of the oldest and most widely ________in the world.
2. Clay is used for architectural and industrial purposes as well as for the _______ones of cooking, ______, pharmacy, etc.
3. Clays are seldom found in a pure state, and need a great deal of _________ and _________ before they can be used.
4. Few of the necessary ________ are commonly found in one place.
5. The shape __________ to the clay is made permanent by _________, or 'firing1.
6. The heat for _________the pottery must be _________ and sustained.
7. The kiln was ________ in the Middle East, some 6,000 years ago.
8. Wood has been the ________ fuel for developed _________, being supplanted by coal, gas, etc., only in the last two centuries.
9. But firing is a very _________process unless it is perfectly _________and controlled, as even-beginner knows.
10. Baked clay cannot be________; it can only be ground down.
Ex. 5. Поєднайте слова з лівого стовпчика з їх перекладом:
a. ризикований
b. піч
c. пальне
d. фарфор
e. флюс
f. основний
g. глина
h. витіснити
i. вироби
j. ремесло
Ex. 6. Відмітьте в яких реченнях допущенні помилки:
Ex. 7. Складіть власний діалог за темою уроку.
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex. 8. Перекажіть текст “Ceramics”
Ex.9. Підкресліть Participle I ,II та перекладіть речення:
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What is Ceramics?
2. Як утворюється та коли вживається Participle I?
3. Як утворюється та коли вживається Participle ІI?
Unit 26. Sculpture
Скульптура
Ex. 1. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст та випишіть незнайомі слова:
Sculpture is three-dimensional artwork created by shaping or combining hard materials - typically stone - or marble, metal, glass, or wood. Softer ("plastic") materials can also be used, such as clay, textiles, plastics, polymers and softer metals.
The term has been extended to works including sound, text and light.
Found objects may be presented as sculptures. Materials may be worked by removal such as carving; or they may be assembled such as by welding , hardened such as by firing, or molded or cast. Surface decoration such as paint may be applied. Sculpture has been described as one of the plastic arts because it can involve the use of materials that can be moulded or modulated.
Sculpture is an important form of public art. A collection of sculpture in a garden setting may be referred to as a sculpture garden.
Ex. 2. Доповніть речення:
Ex. 3. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст та випишіть незнайомі слова:
People often ask how to make a sculpture.
I make all my sculptures first in clay because it's easy to use and the process allows for constant alteration - great for me, since I rarely know what the sculpture will be like before I start.
I can rapidly add and subtract clay from a piece when necessary. When the sculpture is finished I dry it out and fire it, but that's just how I make a sculpture. It isn't essential, as a mould for casting can be taken from wet clay just as well. Once cast, all of the details of the surface of the ceramic sculpture are reproduced in the bronze.
Bag of clay
This is how the clay arrives. It's great if the bag is intact and the clay is still soft and malleable. It must be kept damp or it will be unworkable and crack. As soon as I begin work it has to stay mostly covered to prevent drying out.
Wodges of clay
As soon as the clay comes out of the bag it needs to be rolled and pummelled to make it fresh, elastic and workable. I do this simply by giving each hand-sized wodge a good squeeze, then I make a pile and wonder how to make a sculpture with these wodges.
The sculpture begins
From the wodges I tend to make very simple sausages and form them into a doll shape - very simply. Here, the torso and legs have begun and I need to decide where to put the arms. This is fun! They could go anywhere... anything could go anywhere!
The arms are in place
Now the clay must be left to dry a little so that it has a bit more strength. Any part can still easily be moved because there is no armature (a metal frame used inside the clay, which is how to make a sculpture stronger) to get in the way. As soon as it has firmed up, I'll be able to decide what to do next and whether any big changes are needed.
Back - the arms and legs are on
Now the limbs are roughly attached in an approximate position. The clay is very soft and needs to settle and toughen up before more work can be done.
Filling and rounding the larger forms
I am feeling ok about where the various parts are. Drawing
a line along the centre of the figure is how to make a sculpture
feel balanced. I can wait till later to decide what the small forms
like hands, face and breasts should be doing.
Back - filling out
I reposition the sausages a bit and fill out the forms with more clay. The head needs repositioning and I do this by adding and taking away rather than pushing. The centre line helps me position the arms correctly.
Ex. 4. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex. 5. Складіть діалог за темою заняття.
Ex. 6. Прочитайте та перекладіть подані нижче речення звертаючи увагу на дієприкметник:
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1,3. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex. 7. Розкажіть про скульптуру яка вам подобається.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What is Sculpture?
Unit 27. Art criticism
Художня критика
Ex. 1. Прочитайте та перекладіть подані нижче слова:
aesthetic qualities
design qualities
literal qualities
expressive qualities
Ex. 2. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Art critics have their own methods of studying works of art. They use these methods to learn as much as possible from artworks representing a variety of styles and techniques. They carefully examine these works, searching for aesthetic qualities, the qualities that can increase their understanding of the works and serve as the criteria on which their judgments are based. Identifying and assessing these aesthetic qualities enables art critics to make judgments and to defend those judgments with intelligent reasons. In the pages that follow, you will learn that the aesthetic qualities include the literal, design, and expressive qualities.
The methods used by art critics to identify these qualities often involve four operations: description, analysis, interpretation, and judgment. Learning how these operations are used will help you develop your own skills in examining and discussing works of art. These examinations and discussions will help you make your own personal decisions about those works and greatly increase your enjoyment of them.
Ex. 3. Заповніть пропуски:
Ex. 4. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст пісні:
«Yesterday» (Original lyrics by The Beatles):
Yesterday,
All my troubles seemed so far away
Now it looks as though they're here to stay
Oh, I believe in yesterday
Suddenly,
I'm not half the man I used to be
There's a shadow hanging over me
Oh, yesterday came suddenly
Why she had to go I don't know,
She wouldn't say
I said something wrong,
Now I long for yesterday
Yesterday,
Love was such an easy game to play
Now I need a place to hide away
Oh, I believe in yesterday
Why she had to go I don't know,
She wouldn't say
I said something wrong,
Now I long for yesterday
Yesterday,
Love was such an easy game to play
Now I need a place to hide away
Oh, I believe in yesterday
Ex. 5. Знайдіть 10 слів в яких допущенні помилки:
Knives, shelfs, roofs, hives, tomatos, pianos, carrots, potatoes, video, loafs, thiefs, handkerchieves, leafs, deer, postmans, woman-doctors, heroes, safes, oxes, mothers-in-law.
Ex. 6. Виберіть вірно написаний варіант:
a) makeing b) making
2. to live
a) liveing b) living
3. to play
a) playing b) plaing
4. to run
a) runing b) running
5. to lie
a) lieing b)lying c) liying
6. to care
a) careing b) caring
Ex. 7. Поставте подвоєння літер де це необхідно:
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex. 8. Поставте подвоєння літер де це необхідно:
Ex. 9. Перекладіть вашу улюблену пісню з англійської мови на українську.
Питання для самоконтролю:
Unit 28. Art of Long Ago. Egypt.
Давне мистецтво. Єгипет.
Ex. 1. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст та випишіть незнайомі слова:
No artist works completely alone. Artists of each age, rather, study and learn from works created in ages past. The same may be said of art historians. These are people who study art of different ages and cultures. Like art critics, art historians examine and analyze art. Unlike critics, art historians are not content
to look only at artworks. Their job is to look beyond them. They record milestones in art and changes in the way artists work.
In this chapter, you will journey back through the ages. You will learn about
some of these milestones and changes. Your journey will begin with a look at art of earlier times.
Ex. 2. Складіть два запитання до тексту.
Ex. 3. Заповніть пропуски:
milestones, content, study
Ex. 4. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст та випишіть незнайомі слова:
ART OF ANCIENT EGYPT
Have you ever followed a brook or stream to its source? If we follow the long, twisting “stream” of art history to its source, we end up on the banks of an actual river. That river is the Nile. The time is 5,000 years ago. The place is Egypt. Powerful kings called pharaohs ruled. Farming and trade thrived. So did art.
Rules of the Egyptian Artist
The Egyptians built mighty temples and monuments. It was with an eye toward decorating these structures that much of their art was created. Study the relief carving in Figure 28–1. This work probably once graced a pharaoh’s tomb. The subject is the Egyptian god of learning. The figure has a human body and the head of a bird, specifically an ibis.
This long-beaked creature was one of many animals the Egyptians worshiped. They believed the ibis possessed special powers. Did you notice anything unusual about the way the figure is shown? Some body parts, including the head and arms, appear as they would if they were viewed from the side. Others, such as the shoulders, are shown as if they are seen from the front. This odd mix-and-match might seem at first to be a mistake. In fact, it is common to Egyptian art. It reflects certain strict rules Egyptian artists were forced to follow. The rules required that each body part be shown from its most familiar angle. What parts besides those
mentioned above are shown as side views? Which are treated as views from the front?
\
Ex. 5. Дайте відповідь на запитання:
Look at the subject of this sculpture. What does it reveal about the Egyptians’ system of beliefs?
Ex. 6. Доповніть речення:
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1,4. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex. 7. Розкажіть про мистецтво в Єгипті.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What is the job of an art historian?
2. Why did Egyptian artists always show the human figure in the same unusual way?
Unit 29. ART OF ANCIENT GREECE
Мистецтво давньої Греції
Ex. 1. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст та випишіть незнайомі слова:
ART OF ANCIENT GREECE
While Egypt was still at its peak, another great empire took root some 500 miles to the north. This was Greece. Greece reached its peak during the fifth and fourth centuries B.C. This was a time known as the Golden Age. It was called the Golden Age because it produced influential writers and thinkers. It produced important political leaders. It also produced great artists.
Greek Vases
One of the most powerful leaders and influential thinkers of the Golden Age was a man named Pericles (pehr-ih-kleez). Pericles loved beauty and preached its importance. The aesthetic ideals Pericles held sacred may be seen in everything the Greeks created. Beauty can be found in the perfectly proportioned temples of the period. It is reflected in the idealized sculptures of gods and athletes. It also appears in carefully designed vases such as the one in Figure 29–1. Examine this art object. Vases like this are examples of applied art. This is art made to be useful as well as visually pleasing. Applied art is usually seen in contrast with fine art, or art made to be enjoyed visually, not used. In this program, you will see many examples of each type of art.
Like other Greek vases, this one is remarkable for the beauty of its form. It is equally noteworthy for the quality of the painting that decorates it. The painting was done by Exekias (ex-zee-kee-uhs), the most famous of Greek vase painters. It shows a chariot led by a team of four spirited horses. Notice the air of excitement in the work. What art elements contribute to this feeling? What principles of art are used to organize them?
29-1
Ex. 2. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex. 3. Доповніть речення:
Ex. 4. Прочитайте уривок тексту та заповніть пропуски:
Metal vessels
production, important, hundreds, vessels
Especially during the Geometric and Archaic phases, the production of large metal 1)… was an important expression of Greek creativity, and an important stage in the development of bronzeworking techniques, such as casting and repousse hammering. Early sanctuaries, especially Olympia, yielded many 2)… of such vessels, deposited as votives. During the orientalising period, such tripods were frequently decorated with figural protomes, in the shape of griffins, sphinxes and other fantastic creatures. Although large metal vessels became less 3)… during the Archaic and Classical periods, their 4)… did not cease entirely. The Vix crater is a famous example dating to circa 530 BC.
Ex. 5. Складіть діалог за даною темою.
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex. 6. Розкажіть про архітектуру древньої Греції.
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. When did ancient Greece reach its peak? When and by whom was it conquered?
Unit 30. Art of the Middle Ages and Renaissance
Мистецтво середніх віків і Ренесансу
Ex. 1. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст та випишіть незнайомі слова:
Empires, as you have learned, come and go. Rome was no exception. In the fifth century, this great empire suffered the fate that had earlier claimed Egypt, Greece, and the Indus River valley civilization. The period following Rome’s collapse was one of chaos. Today we know this time in history as the Middle Ages. It lasted some one thousand years.
ART OF THE MIDDLE AGES
After Rome fell, some of its great temples and palaces were torn down. The stone was carried off and used to build fortresses. These were built to keep invaders out. In time, structures of this type led to a new form of architecture. Architecture is the art of planning and creating buildings.
Castle Building
You probably recognize the structure in Figure 31–1. It is a castle. This is a fort like dwelling with high walls and towers. Many castles were further protected by moats and drawbridges. Guards stationed in the towers would sound the alarm when enemies approached.
Study the castle in Figure 31–1. Do you think the architect’s main concern was safety or comfort?
31-1
Cathedral Building
31-2
Just before Rome fell, Christianity spread throughout much of Europe. During the Middle Ages, the Church remained the single strongest force.
By around 1300, a new type of building began to appear. This type of structure is shown in Figure 31–2. It was a special type of church known as a cathedral (kuh-thee-druhl).
Compare the cathedral in this picture with the castle in Figure 31–1. The cathedral has graceful, upwardly soaring lines.
Ex. 2. Складіть чотири запитання до тексту.
Ex. 3. Заповніть пропуски:
Ex. 4. Складіть діалог за даною темою.
Ex. 5. Поставте подані нижче речення в заперечній та запитальній формі:
Домашнє завдання:
Ex. 1. Вивчити новий лексичний матеріал.
Ex. 6. Прочитайте та перекладіть текст:
Renaissance Painting
The Renaissance was a time of great discoveries in art as well. Painters achieved a level of realism never before imagined by using perspective to give depth and shading to provide three-dimensionality. This realism is evident in the painting in
Figure 31–3. The work was done sometime after the Renaissance. Notice the attention to detail. Every fold in the woman’s clothing is faithfully recorded. So is the glint in her eye. Look at her expression. What do you suppose she is thinking about as she pauses from playing her violin?
Питання для самоконтролю:
1. What is meant by the term Middle Ages?
2. What changes occurred in art during the Renaissance?
Unit 31. Контрольний зріз знань.
Unit 32. Art of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Мистецтво Дев'ятнадцятого і Двадцятого Століття
Ex. 1. Прочитайте, перекладіть текст та випишіть незнайомі слова:
Seen against the long tapestry of art history, the last 100 years are but a stitch. Yet, during the twentieth century, more changes have taken place in art than in all the centuries before. In this lesson, you will learn about some of these changes.
ART OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY
In the centuries following the Renaissance, the pursuit of realism continued. Artists produced pictures that showed solid figures moving naturally in space. They created works in which sunlight poured through windows, glinting off glass goblets and other shiny surfaces.
Their brushes captured the look and feel of warm skin, cold metal, and soft velvet. Toward the end of the 1800s, the search for realism took a new direction. One group of French painters in particular “saw the light.”
They left their dark studios and went to paint outdoors. They worked feverishly, using all their energies to capture the fleeting effects of sunlight on objects. This group became known, at first jokingly, as the Impressionists.
ART OF THE TWENTIETH CENTURY
You have learned that the Impressionists were seeking new ways to capture realistic appearances in their art. However, the search for realism was nothing new. Roman sculptors and Renaissance painters sought the same goal. Strands in the fabric of art history, it seems, loop back on themselves. One strand that came full circle in the twentieth century is the use of symbolism in art. You learned about symbolism in the lessons on Egyptian art earlier in this chapter. A heavy reliance on symbols became a feature of a twentieth-century art movement known as Surrealism.
Ex. 2. Складіть три запитання до тексту.
Ex. 3. Заповніть пропуски:
Питання для самоконтролю:
What was the aim of the Impressionists?
What was the goal of the Surrealists?
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