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An Honourable Profession
A In our country housing construction is being carried out on a large scale. Hundreds of factories producing prefab panels are being con stantly built. The successful fulfillment of housing plans in our country is a practicable realization of the industrialized building methods and the development of a large quantity of prefab ferroconcrete panels and parts. The work of a builder is no longer backbreaking and complicated.
Builders, as we know, assemble a house from prefabricated units which are delivered to the construction site. A welder then welds the units to hold them in place. A great variety of materials are nowadays used by builders. Students of building institutes study the existing ma terials. When they become full-fledged builders they develop new build ing materials and building methods.
A qualified building worker must now be able to read a technical drawing; he must know the scale and the specifications. If you want "to contribute to the beauty of a town or city, if you want to leave a memory of yourself in the history of that town or city, come to a construction site and learn the trade of a builder. And be sure to enter a Technical University or Institute.
B The building profession attracts many numbers of young men and women nowadays. It is an honourable profession.
Builders construct and reconstruct residential and industrial build ings, bridges, schools, palaces of culture, museums, theatres, kindergartens and hospitals. They build tunnels, canals, power stations, dams and reservoirs. They also construct aqueducts to store and transport water for populated areas and to irrigate desert lands. The distribution of water in irrigated areas is based on annual plans. Very many irrigation systems have been built and are being built and modernized- Hundreds of dams, reservoirs, locks, and pumping stations have been erected on the rivers of our country by our hydro technicians.
The person entering this honourable profession must have a scientif ic attitude, imagination, initiative and good judgment, obtained by experience and serious work.
Civil engineers and architects have a common aim-to provide people with all modern conveniences, such as running water, gas, elec tricity, central heating. While a sanitary engineer protects the quality of water by treating and purifying this water when it is used for do mestic purposes, an architect is a person who designs buildings. An ar chitect must receive a great deal of scientific training connected with his profession. He must know mathematics, as well as many facts con cerning materials-for example what loads different materials may safely carry-so that there will be no danger of his building falling down. Architects must need some knowledge of sculpture, painting, design, mechanical engineering, geography, city planning, etc. The structure an architect creates should give us pleasure, a sense of beauty.
C The efforts of an engineer, who designs a project, and the constructor, who builds the project, are directed toward the same goal, namely, the creation of something which will serve the purpose for which it is built. Construction is the ultimate objective of a design. The application of engineering fundamentals and analyses to construction activities may reveal methods of improving the quality, while at the same time reducing the costs of construction.
An engineer is engaged to prepare the plans and specifications and usually to supervise the construction of the project. It is the duty of the engineer to design the project which will most nearly satisfy the needs of the occupant at the lowest practical cost.
The engineer should study every major item to determine if it is possible to reduce the cost of the project. It may be possible to change a design, modify the requirements for construction, or revise portions of the specifications in such a manner that the cost of the project will be reduced without sacrificing its essential value. An engineer who practices this philosophy is rendering a real service to his client. Thus, it seems evident that an engineer-should be reasonably familiar with construction methods and costs if he is to design a project that is to be constructed at the lowest practical cost.
D The cost of a project is influenced by the requirements of the design and the specifications. Prior to completing the final design the engineer should give careful consideration to the methods and equipment which may be used to construct the project. Requirements which increase the cost without producing commensurate benefits should be eliminated. The ultimate decisions of the engineer should be based on a reasonable knowledge of construction methods and costs.
The following are indicative of methods which an engineer may use to reduce the costs of construction:
1. Design concrete structures with as many duplicate members as practical in order to permit the reuse of forms without rebuilding.
2. Simplify the design of the structure where possible.
3. Design for the use of cost-saving equipment and methods.
4. Eliminate unnecessary special construction requirements.
5. Design to reduce the required labor to a minimum.
6. Specify a quality of workmanship that is consistent with the quality of the project.
7. Furnish adequate foundation information where possible.
8. Refrain from requiring the contractor to assume the responsi bility for information that should be furnished by the engineer or for adequacy of design.
9. Use local materials when they are satisfactory.
10. Use standardized specifications, with which the contractors are familiar, where possible.