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27. Multicultural identity in different cultures
Various modern cultural studies and social theories have investigated cultural identity. In recent decades, a new form of identification has emerged which breaks down the understanding of the individual as a coherent whole subject into a collection of various cultural identifiers. These cultural identifiers may be the result of various conditions including: location, gender, race, history, nationality, language, sexuality, religious beliefs, ethnicity, aesthetics, and even food. The divisions between cultures can be very fine in some parts of the world, especially places such as Canada or the United States, where the population is ethnically diverse and social unity is based primarily on common social values and beliefs.
As a "historical reservoir", culture is an important factor in shaping identity.Some critics of cultural identity argue that the preservation of cultural identity, being based upon difference, is a divisive force in society, and that cosmopolitanism gives individuals a greater sense of shared citizenship. When considering practical association in international society, states may share an inherent part of their 'make up' that gives common ground and an alternative means of identifying with each other.Nations provide the framework for culture identities called external cultural reality, which influences the unique internal cultural realities of the individuals within the nation.
Also of interest is the interplay between cultural identity and new media.
Rather than necessarily representing an individual's interaction within a certain group, cultural identity may be defined by the social network of people imitating and following the social norms as presented by the media. Accordingly, instead of learning behaviour and knowledge from cultural/religious groups, individuals may be learning these social norms from the media to build on their cultural identity.
A range of cultural complexities structure the way individuals operate with the cultural realities in their lives. Nation is a large factor of the cultural complexity, as it constructs the foundation for individual’s identity but it may contrast with ones cultural reality. Cultural identities are influenced by several different factors such as ones religion, ancestry, skin colour, language, class, education, profession, skill, family and political attitudes. These factors contribute to the development of ones identity.
29.Basic principles of intercultural identity in intercultural communication.
Cultural identity is a ubiquitous concept in intercultural communication and across
social science disciplines. Cultural identity has occupied a central place in social sciences, particularly in
communication and social psychology. A substantial amount of work has addressed
issues of cultural identity directly or indirectly, offering a wide array of views on cultural identity in intercultural contexts, and how it should be best investigated.
Given the inseparability of the personal and the social in an individual’s identity,
cultural identity has been approached at both levels. Cultural anthropologists
(e.g., Nash, 1989) typically view culture and ethnicity as a kind of temporal
continuity or common tradition linking its members to a common future, which is
behavior, norms, beliefs, myths, and values, as well as the forms and practices of
social institutions. In sociological research, culture is commonly treated as a social
category that is an element of ethnicity, defined by membership that is differentiated
from other groups by a set of objective characteristics, qualities, or conditions such
as national and/or geographical origin, language, religion, and race. This is the way,
for instance, sociologists such as Glazer and Moynihan (1975) investigated
the phenomenon of ‘‘ethnic stratification’’ in the United States.
Psychological studies, on the other hand, typically approach cultural identity in
terms of ‘‘the subjective orientation of an individual toward his or her ethnic origins’’
(Alba, 1990, p. 25). Terms such as cultural identity, ethnolinguistic identity, or
ethnic identification are often exchangeably used to replace ethnicity per se in most
social psychological studies of intergroup behavior. From the perspective of the
influential social identity theory (Tajfel, 1974, 1978; Tajfel & Turner, 1986), cultural
identity is seen as ‘‘that part of an individual’s self-concept which derives from his
knowledge of his membership in a social group (or groups) together with the
value and emotional significance attached to that membership’’ (Tajfel, 1978, p. 63).
The social identity theory and many experimental studies based on this theory
(e.g., Brewer & Miller, 1988) further illuminate the interplay of the two dimensions
of personhood, the personal and the social. That is, identification with a social group
is rooted in the basic human tendency of cognitive categorization, and
the membership in, and identification with, an ethnic group renders the individual
an emotionally significant aspect of the individual’s self-concept.