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The Queen usually gets uh at 7 a.m. and has a cup of tea reading “The Sporting life”. Then she takes a bath.
Half an hour later the Queen comes into her dressing room to get dressed. She always selects her dresses herself but a personal maid helps the Queen with her dresses.
At 8 o’clock the Queen has breakfast with Prince Philip in the private Royal dining room. As they eat they usually listen to the 8 o’clock news and look through morning newspapers. The Queen starts with the “Times’, then comes the “Daily Telegraph”, followed by the “Daily Mirror”.
The first important business meetings are usually with the Queen’s Private Secretary, and they start at 9.30 a.m. After that the Queen studies various papers and government documents.
At this point the Queen’s standard morning programme is over, and each day is filled with lots of different events. She meets important visitors, takes part in different charitable activities, visits hospitals, schools, museums, makes speeches and shakes hundreds of hands.
Each year, at the end of October or beginning of November, there is a State Opening of Parliament. The carriage takes the Queen to the Houses of Parliament, where she reads her Speech from the Throne.
Another traditional ceremony takes place on the Thursday before Easter Sunday. The Queen gives out “Maundy money” to citizens who have done something good for the country. The tradition is almost seven hundred years old.
Every summer the Queen gives three or more Royal garden parties at Buckingham Palace. About 8000 guests come to each party. They drink about 27 000 cups of tea and eat nearly 20 000 sandwiches and 20000 pieces of cake.
Определите, является ли утверждение: The personal maid of the Queen always chooses the dresses for her.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: The Queen often takes part in different charitable activities
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Определите, является ли утверждение: The Buckingham Palace keeper comes to see the Queen about the Palace matters at 8.55.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: The Queen usually gets up at 7 o’clock.
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Ответьте на вопрос: What ceremonies does the Queen traditionally take part in?
She meets important visitors.
She does charitable activities
She reads her Speech from the Throne during the State opening of the Parliament, gives Royal garden parties and “Maundy money”
The Queen has breakfast with Prince Philip in the private Royal dining room.
Определите основную идею текста
The Queen always does what she wants.
The Queen’s day is always full of events.
The Queen’s day is very like to any Brit’s day.
The Queen has many servants.
The University of Cambridge
The University of Cambridge, located in Cambridge, England, is the second-oldest university in the English-speaking world, with a reputation as one of the world's most prestigious universities. Early records indicate that the university grew out of an association of scholars in the city of Cambridge, probably formed in 1209 by scholars escaping from Oxford after a fight with local townsmen.
Nowadays it is one of the world's oldest universities and leading academic centres, and a self-governed community of scholars. Cambridge comprises 31 Colleges and over 150 departments, faculties, schools and other institutions. A college is where students live, eat and socialize. It is also the place where students receive small group teaching sessions, known as supervisions.
Each college is an independent institution with its own property and income. The colleges appoint their own staff and are responsible for selecting students, in accordance with University regulations. The teaching of students is shared between the Colleges and University departments. As Cambridge approaches its 800th anniversary, it is not surprising that the way in which the University governs itself can appear complex.
Определите, является ли утверждение: The University of Cambridge is the oldest university in the English-speaking world
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Определите, является ли утверждение: The colleges have a right to appoint their own staff and to select students.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: The universities of Oxford and Cambridge are often jointly referred to as Oxbridge.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: Cambridge University has research departments and teaching faculties in most academic disciplines.
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Ответьте на вопрос: How can you define a college?
A college is a small university.
A college is where students eat and socialize.
The colleges appoint their own staff.
A college is an independent institution with its own property and income
Определите основную идею текста
Cambridge University is one of the world's oldest universities and leading academic centres, and a self-governed community of scholars.
Cambridge University grew out of an association of scholars.
Cambridge University approaches its 800th anniversary
Cambridge comprises 31 Colleges and over 150 departments, faculties, schools and other institutions.
New year in Russia.
Unlike the Western countries, where Christmas is the main winter holiday, in Russia the New Year Eve is considered the most waited for and popular holiday. There are many particular Russian traditions linked to that holiday.
First of all, it is the Grandfather Frost or “Ded Moroz” who is accompanied by the Snow Maiden or “Snegurochka”. The Grandfather Frost looks very much like Santa Clause. The Grandfather Frost comes into every Russian family and brings gifts to all children with the help of the Snow Maiden. For New Year, kids decorate New Year’s trees. Very often these trees are decorated with homemade toys.
Russian Christmas is celebrated on the eve of the 7th of January, that is two weeks later than in the Western countries. This difference is due to the Russian religious tradition which uses the old Julian calendar. According to the tradition, the whole Russian family gathers to have a special Christmas meal. When the first star appears, people greet each other with this phrase: “Christ is born!” However, many of us are glad to celebrate Christmas two times, on the 25th of December with the rest of the world and on the 7th January! Moreover, due to the difference in the currently used calendar and the traditional calendar of the Orthodox Church, we can celebrate two holidays of New Year! We even have a special name for the second New Year holiday which is very confusing for foreigners —The Old New Year.
Определите, является ли утверждение: Russian Christmas is celebrated two weeks later than in the Western countries.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: The main religious festival comes in spring and is called Easter.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: Russians usually celebrate three holidays of New Year!
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Определите, является ли утверждение: Russians kids decorate New Year’s trees only with homemade toys.
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Ответьте на вопрос: Why do many Russians celebrate Christmas and New Year twice?
They gather to have a special Christmas meal.
It is possible due to the difference in the currently used calendar and the traditional calendar of the Orthodox Church
The Grandfather Frost comes into every Russian family
They have a special name for the second New Year holiday - The Old New Year.
Определите основную идею текста The Grandfather Frost comes into every Russian family
There are many particular Russian traditions linked to the New Year Eve.
Christmas is the main winter holiday in Russia.
Russian Christmas is celebrated on the eve of the 7th of January.
The Assumption Cathedral
The Assumption Cathedral was erected in 1475-1479 by Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti. Working on the cathedral, Aristotle Fioravanti managed both to repeat the main points of the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir and to combine them with the Renaissance’s idea of architectural space.
For four centuries the Assumption Cathedral had been the main church of Russia. Here Great Princes were crowned for reigning and local princes swore fealty. Here inaugurations of Tsars and coronations of Emperors were held. The Assumption Cathedral was the place to inaugurate Bishops, Metropolitans and Patriarchs, to read off statements, to hold church services before military campaigns and in case of victory. Besides, heads of the Russian Orthodox Church were buried in the Assumption Cathedral.
Nowadays, the cathedral houses old murals and a unique collection of icons. It is one of the most frequented museums of the Moscow Kremlin. Since 1990, regular services have been recommenced.
Определите, является ли утверждение: Aristotle Fioravanti tried to combine the main points of the Assumption Cathedral in Wladimir with his own ideas.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: Nowadays, the Assumption cathedral is a museum.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: Great Princes and Tsars were buried in the Assumption Cathedral.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: All the stages of the main state cathedral’s construction were described in chronicles in details.
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Ответьте на вопрос: What was the role of the Assumption cathedral in Russian history?
It was the place to inaugurate Bishops, Metropolitans and Patriarchs.
The cathedral housed a unique collection of icons.
It repeated the main points of the Assumption Cathedral of Vladimir.
The cathedral was erected by Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti.
Определите основную идею текста
Since 1990, regular services have been recommenced.
For many centuries the Assumption Cathedral had been the main church of Russia, and nowadays it is one of the most frequented museums of the Moscow Kremlin.
The Assumption Cathedral combines the Renaissance’s and Baroque’s ideas.
The Assumption Cathedral was a place for inaugurations of Tsars and coronations of Emperors.
British and American Families
British and American families are small. In fact the populations of both Britain and the USA have stopped growing. The typical family has a father, a mother and two children. Grandparents come to visit, but do not usually live with their children.
Most people get married between the ages of 20 and 23 but many marriages end in divorce. This means that both countries have a large number of "single parent families", one father or mother looking after their children alone.
The typical British family has a car, a colour TV set, a washing machine, and a cat or dog as well. They start the day at about 7 o'clock, have breakfast at 8 and are off to work by 8.30 . More and more women now go out to work as well as men. The children have lunch at school at about 12.30, and come home at 4 in the afternoon. Their parents are usually home by 6 o'clock, and the family eats together at 6.30 or 7. In the evenings, father may go to the pub for a drink, or stay at home and watch TV with the others. Children go to bed early, at about 8 o'clock, two or three hours before their parents.
The typical American family has more money than a British family. Many have two or three cars, large modern kitchens and more electrical goods. They eat more meat and spend more on clothes. But their daily programme is nearly the same. Like British children, American children eat lunch at school, come home mid-afternoon, and go to bed earlier than their parents.
Определите, является ли утверждение: British grandmothers usually don’t live with their children.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: "Single parent family” is a nonsense in USA.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: In fact the number of the populations of both Britain and the USA is now 20% more than 10 years ago.
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Определите, является ли утверждение: The typical British family has a pet.
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Ответьте на вопрос: When do the children go to bed in a typical British family?
They go to bed about 10 o’clock p.m.
The children usually go to bed two or three hours before their parents.
The children go to bed at the same time as their parents do.
Children go to bed early, at about 9 o'clock
Определите основную идею текста
The typical British and American family are very similar.
Most people get married between the ages of 20 and 23
The typical British family has a father, a mother and two children.
British and American women nowadays go out to work as well as men.
DIABETES
1. Classification and Pathogenesis. Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome with disordered metabolism and inappropriate hyperglycemia due to either a deficiency of insulin secretion or to a combination of insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion to compensate. Type 1 diabetes is due to pancreatic islet В cell destruction predominantly by an autoimmune process, and these patients are prone to ketoacidosis. Type 2 diabetes is the more prevalent form and results from insulin resistance with a defect in compensatory insulin secretion.
2. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus. This form of diabetes is immune-mediated in over 90% of cases and idiopathic in less than 10%. The rate of pancreatic В cell destruction is quite variable, being rapid in some individuals and slow in others. Type 1 diabetes is usually associated with ketosis in its untreated state. It occurs at any age but most age and again at around puberty. It is a catabolic disorder in which circulating insulin is virtually absent, plasma glucagon is elevated, and the pancreatic В cells fail to respond to all insulinogenic stimuli.
Immune-mediated type 1 diabetes mellitus - Immune-mediated type 1 diabetes is believed to result from an infectious insult to persons whose immune system is genetically predisposed to develop a vigorous autoimmune response either against altered pancreatic В cell antigens or against molecules of the В cell resembling the viral protein (molecular mimicry). Extrinsic factors that affect В cell function include damage caused by viruses such as mumps or coxsackie B4 virus, by toxic chemical agents, or by destructive cytotoxins and antibodies released from sensitized immunocytes.
Idiopathic type 1 diabetes mellitus - Fewer than 10% of subjects have no evidence of pancreatic В cell autoimmunity to explain their insulinopenia and ketoacidosis. This subgroup has been classified as "idiopathic type 1 diabetes" and designated as "type IB." Although only a minority of patients with type 1 diabetes fall into this group, most of these are of Asian or African origin.
3. Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. This represents a heterogeneous group of conditions that used to occur predominantly in adults, but it is now more frequently encountered in children and adolescents. More than 90% of all diabetic persons in the United States are included under this classification. Circulating endogenous insulin is sufficient to prevent ketoacidosis but is inadequate to prevent hyperglycemia in the face of increased needs owing to tissue insensitivity. In most cases of this type of diabetes, the cause is unknown.
4. Tissue insensitivity to insulin has been noted in most type 2 patients irrespective of weight and has been attributed to several interrelated factors. These include a putative (and as yet undefined) genetic factor, which is aggravated in time by additional enhancers of insulin resistance such as aging, a sedentary lifestyle, and abdominal-visceral obesity. In addition, there is an accompanying deficiency in the response of pancreatic В cells to glucose. Both the tissue resistance to insulin and the impaired В cell response to glucose appear to be further aggravated by increased hyperglycemia (glucose toxicity), and both defects are ameliorated by treatment that reduces the hyperglycemia toward normal
Определите является данное утверждение: Type 1 diabetes occurs at any age but most commonly arises in young adults and adults.
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Определите является данное утверждение: The rate of pancreatic B cells destruction is quite variable, being rapid in some individuals and slow in others.
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пределите является данное утверждение: It was recently reported that about 4% of the West Africans with ketosis-prone diabetes are homozygous for a mutation in PAX-4 - a gene that essential for the development of pancreatic islets.
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Какой ответ соответствует данному вопросу: What kind of patients are prone to ketoacidosis?
diabetic persons in the United states
patients with Type 1 diabetes
patients with Type 2 diabetes
Определите главную идею текста:
almost everyone collects something at some period in his life
gardening is one of the oldest of man's hobbies
hobbies differ like tastes
both grown-ups and children are fond of playing different computer games
Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3,4) содержит следующую информацию: Type 2 diabetes results from insulin resistance.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию: Some factors include damage caused by viruses.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию: The tissue resistance to insulin is aggravated by increased hyperglycemia.
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IMMUNITY
1. It has never been more important for a physician to keep abreast of the latest developments in immunological investigation. It has also never been more difficult.
All animal species are equipped to defend themselves against aggressors. The study of the defence mechanisms of the body against such attack by foreign microorganisms or macromolecules is the science of immunology.
2. Man's first real insight into the nature of infectious diseases is known to have come only a hundred years ago. Luis Pasteur realized that bacteria caused diseases to develop. Among his many contributions to immunology, Pasteur showed protection against a particular disease to be conferred, either by past exposure to the disease or by immunization with cultures of the causative organism which had first been rendered harmless. In thus producing immunity by active immunization, Pasteur was, in fact, using the same principle as had been used nearly a century before by an English physician, Edward Jenner, who induced protection against smallpox by vaccination of human subjects with material from the lesions of cowpox. These observations led many workers to search for further ways to induce immunity against bacterial disease. It became obvious that certain factors in the serum of convalescent patients, known as antibodies, could, when injected, induce protection against bacterial disease.
3. At the same time as Pasteur, Elie Metchnikoff studied the interesting capacity of phagocytic cells to ingest and destroy all sorts of foreign material including bacteria.
Thus, well before the end of the nineteenth century the humoral i.e. antibodies, and cellular factors were realized to play a part in immunity to infection. During the next few decades, numerous methods were developed for the detection and measurement of antibody in serum.
Определите является данное утверждение: L. Pasteur used the same principle as had been used nearly a century before by an English physician Edward Jenner.
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Определите является данное утверждение: Elie Metchnikoff induced protection against smallpox by vaccination of human subjects with material from the lesions of cowpox.
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Определите является данное утверждение: The virus was first isolated in 1989 and reliable tests to screen for the virus were not available until 1992.
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Какой ответ соответствует данному вопросу: Who is the father of immunology?
Edward Jenner
Luis Pasteur
Elie Metchnikoff
Определите главную идею текста:
investigations in immunological sphere
the main cause of myocardial infraction
the formation of Biology as a science
the current achievements in the use of chemicals
Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: Antibodies induce protection against bacterial disease.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: Cellular factors play a part in immunity to infection.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: The science of immunology is the study of the defence mechanisms of the body against agressors.
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Hepatitis С
1. Hepatitis С is an infectious disease affecting the liver, caused by the hepatitis С virus (HCV). The infection is often asymptomatic, but once established, chronic infection can progress to scarring of the liver (fibrosis), and advanced scarring (cirrhosis). In some cases, those with cirrhosis will go on to develop liver failure or other complications of cirrhosis, including liver cancer.
2. The hepatitis С virus (HCV) is spread by blood-to-blood contact. Most people have few symptoms after the initial infection, yet the virus persists in the liver in about 80% of those infected. Persistent infection can be treated with medication, such as interferon and ribavirin, and currently over half are cured overall. Those who develop cirrhosis or liver cancer may require a liver transplant, although the virus generally recurs after transplantion.
3. An estimated 150-200 million people worldwide are infected with hepatitis C. Apart from humans, it only infects chimpanzees. No vaccine against hepatitis С is available. The existence of hepatitis С (originally "non-A non-B hepatitis") was postulated in the 1970s and proved conclusively in 1989. It is one of five known hepatitis viruses: A, B, C, D, and E
4. The diagnosis of "hepatitis C" is rarely made during the acute phase of the disease because the majority of people infected experience no symptoms during this phase of the disease. Those who do experience acute phase symptoms are rarely ill enough to seek medical attention. The diagnosis of chronic phase hepatitis С is also challenging due to the absence or lack of specificity of symptoms until advanced liver disease develops, which may not occur until decades into the disease.Chronic hepatitis С may be suspected on the basis of the medical history, a history of piercings or tattoos, unexplained symptoms, or abnormal liver enzymes or liver function tests found during routine blood testing. Occasionally, hepatitis С is diagnosed as a result of targeted screening such as blood donation
Определите является данное утверждение: Hepatitis C is often asymptomatic.
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Определите является данное утверждение: Hepatitis C is an infectious disease affecting the lungs and caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
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Определите является данное утверждение: HCV is not spread through casual contact such as hugging, kissing or sharing.
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Какой ответ соответствует данному вопросу: What complications can hepatitis C cause?
hyperglycemia
vitamin D deficiency
liver cancer
Определите главную идею текста:
transmission of hepatitis C
epidemiological situation in the world
symptoms and diagnosis of hepatitis C
HCV genotype testing
Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию: Chronic form of hepatitis C can progress to scarring of the liver and advanced scarring .
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию: The majority of people infected experience no symptoms during the acute phase of the disease.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3, 4) содержит следующую информацию: Persistent infection can be treated with interferon and ribavirin.
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Osteoporosis
Osteoporosis is a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. At osteoporosis the bone mineral density is reduced, bone microarchitecture is disrupted, and the amount and variety of non-collagenous proteins in bone is altered. The osteoporosis is especially extended at elderly women: after 60 years it every fourth suffers. The matter is that to menopause durability of bones is supported by an estrogen, and after it their level in an organism falls. An estrogen is antagonists (agents with opposite effect) a parathyroid gland hormone, or parathhormone which stimulates increase of concentration of calcium in blood. It occurs for the account of "washing away" of calcium from bones, hence deficiency of female sexual hormones leads to reduction of their durability, that is the probability of crisis at women of old age increases. Considering this influence - the risk of crisis increases, osteoporosis may significantly affect life expectancy and quality of life.
2. Osteoporosis can be prevented with lifestyle changes and sometimes medication. Lifestyle change includes preventing falls. Medication includes calcium, vitamin D, bisphosphonates and several others.
Osteoporosis itself has no specific symptoms; its main consequence is the increased risk of bone fractures. Osteoporotic fractures are those that occur in situations where healthy people would not normally break a bone; therefore they regard as fragility fractures. Typical fragility fractures occur in the vertebral column, rib, hip and wrist.
3. Risk factors for osteoporotic fracture can be divided into non-modifiable and (potentially) modifiable. In addition, there are specific diseases and infringement in which osteoporosis is a recognized complication. Medication use is theoretically modifiable, although in many cases the use of medication that increases osteoporosis risk is unavoidable.
Определите является данное утверждение: The most important risk factors for osteoporosis are advanced age and female sex.
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Определите является данное утверждение: Certain medications are associated with an increase in osteoporosis risk.
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Определите является данное утверждение: Osteoporosis itself has a lot of specific symptoms.
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Какой ответ соответствует данному вопросу: What is osteoporosis?
a syndrome with disordered metabolism connected with a deficiency of insulin
a disease of bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture
an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Определите главную идею текста:
estrogen replacement therapy remains a good treatment
signs, symptoms and risk factors of osteoporosis
methods of prevention of osteoporosis
the diagnosis of osteoporosis
Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: Osteoporotic fractures occur in situations where healthy people would not normally break a bone.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: In many cases the use of medication is unavoidable.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: An estrogen is parathhormone which stimulates increase of concentration of calcium in blood.
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TUBERCULOSIS
1. Tuberculosis is a common and often deadly infectious disease caused by mycobacteria, in humans mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs (as pulmonary ТВ) but can also affect the central nervous system, the lymphatic system, the circulatory system, the genitourinary system, the gastrointestinal system, bones, joints, and even the skin.
2. The classic symptoms of tuberculosis are a chronic cough with blood-tinged sputum, fever, night sweats, and weight loss. Infection of other organs causes a wide range of symptoms. The diagnosis relies on radiology (commonly chest X-rays), a tuberculin skin test, blood tests, as well as microscopic examination and microbiological culture of bodily fluids. Tuberculosis treatment is difficult and requires long courses of multiple antibiotics. Contacts are also screened and treated if necessary. Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in (extensively) multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis. Prevention relies on screening programs and vaccination, usually with Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG vaccine).
3. Tuberculosis is spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit. One-third of the world's current population has been infected with M. tuberculosis, and new infections occur at a rate of one per second. However, most of these cases will not develop the full-blown disease; asymptomatic, latent infection is most common. About one in ten of these latent infections will eventually progress to active disease, which, if left untreated, kills more than half of its victims. The proportion of people in the general population who become sick with tuberculosis each year is stable or falling worldwide but, because of population growth, the absolute number of new cases is still increasing. In 2004, mortality and morbidity statistics included 14.6 million chronic active cases, 8.9 million new cases, and 1.6 million deaths, mostly in developing countries. In addition, a rising number of people in the developed world are contracting tuberculosis because their immune systems are compromised by immunosuppressive drugs, substance abuse, or AIDS.
Определите является данное утверждение: Other mycobacteria such as Mycobacterium bovis, Mycobacterium africanum can cause tuberculosis.
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Определите является данное утверждение: Antibiotic resistance is a growing problem in multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis.
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Определите является данное утверждение: Tuberculosis usually attacks the central nervous system.
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Какой ответ соответствует данному вопросу: What does the infection of other organs cause?
a wide range of symptoms
the granulomatous inflammatory condition
dissemination of the mycobacteria
Определите главную идею текста:
bacterial species
symptoms and transmission of tuberculosis
pathogenesis of tuberculosis
treatment of tuberculosis
Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: About one in ten of latent infections will eventually progress to active disease.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: This infection can affect the lymphatic system, bones and other systems.
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Укажите, какой из абзацев текста (1, 2, 3) содержит следующую информацию: Methods of prevention relies on screening programs and vaccination.
1
2
3