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What is GIS?
GIS (Geographic Information Systems) is one of the fastest growing software applications in the world. GIS is not one program and different types of GIS serve different purposes: a GIS that tracks and schedules freight on a route network is different from an environmental GIS. More than 80% of data collected can be linked to a location on the earth’s surface, so it is not surprising that GIS and mobile services are taking off. GIS really puts geography on the map!
There are three elements to any GIS: a digital map, data located on the map, and a software application (GIS) that links the two together. A simple school GIS provides display and search facilities for mapped data. More sophisticated commercial GIS functions include spatial querying and analysis, buffering and spatial modelling. Trainees should be given the opportunity to explore ‘school’ and commercial GIS to decide which would be most suitable to incorporate into different lessons and to understand a progression in the use of GIS.
How does GIS fit into the geography curriculum?
GIS is ideal to introduce into the geography curriculum as it provides techniques and opportunities to further pupils’ geographical learning by:
The majority of the geographical skills in the programmes of study at KS3 may be enhanced by the use of digital maps and GIS. Traditional geographical skills take on a new dimension when adapted to a digital context.
Table 1: Geographical Skills and GIS
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Geographical skills may be extended into the use of digital mapping and GIS. The list illustrates how skills gained using more traditional methods may be transferred to digital mapping and GIS. |
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Use an extended geographical vocabulary
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Select and use appropriate fieldwork techniques and instruments
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Use maps and plans at a range of scales, including Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 maps
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Select and use secondary sources of evidence: aerial photographs, satellite images, ICT sources
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Draw maps and plans at a variety of scales, using symbols, keys and scales... |
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GIS explores raster and vector maps:
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Present data at points, lines and areas (closed polygons) on maps using the functions of a GI.
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Table 2: How the enquiry approach to learning in geography at KS3 and the KS3 strategy is aided by GIS
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Geography programme of study KS3 |
KS3 strategy |
How GIS helps |
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Ask geographical questions to identify issues |
Ask questions, predict and hypothesise |
Enables spatial data to be collected, organised and investigated to show patterns and relationships |
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Suggest appropriate sequences of investigations |
Find, organise and use information that is fit for the purpose |
Provides a framework within which to collect data in tables linked to points, lines and areas on maps |
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Collect, record and present evidence |
Seek patterns and relationships |
Allows information to be selected and presented on maps quickly and easily to identify spatial patterns and relationships |
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Communicate in ways appropriate to the task and audience |
Present and communicate findings in a variety of ways |
Resulting maps may be used in reports and presentations to different audiences |
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Based on: Geography National Curriculum Programme of Study for England and Wales. DfES 2000 |
Based on: KS3 Strategy - Framework for teaching ICT capability - Using ICT across the curriculum. DfES 2002 |