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КИЇВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ

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МІНІСТЕРСТВО ОСВІТИ І НАУКИ, МОЛОДІ ТА СПОРТУ УКРАЇНИ

НАЦІОНАЛЬНИЙ ТЕХНІЧНИЙ УНІВЕРСИТЕТ УКРАЇНИ "КИЇВСЬКИЙ ПОЛІТЕХНІЧНИЙ ІНСТИТУТ"

АНГЛІЙСЬКА МОВА ЗАГАЛЬНОТЕХНІЧНОГО СПРЯМУВАННЯ

Частина І

НАВЧАЛЬНИЙ ПОСІБНИК ДЛЯ СТУДЕНТІВ І КУРСУ

ФІЗИКО-ТЕХНІЧНОГО ІНСТИТУТУ

(електронне видання)

ENGLISH FOR THE I-ST YEAR STUDENTS

OF THE INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS AND TECHNOLOGY

PART I

Рекомендовано Методичною радою НТУУ "КПІ"

Київ 2012

Англійська мова загальнотехнічного спрямуваня. Частина І. = English for the I-st year students of the Institute of Physics and Technology. Part I. : навч. посіб. для студентів І курсу Фізико-технічного інституту / Синекоп О.С., Ярмоленко О.А., Медкова О.М. – К. : НТУУ "КПІ", – 2012. – 275 с.

Гриф надано Методичною радою НТУУ "КПІ"

(Протокол № __ від ....2012 р.)

Автори:

Синекоп О.С., Ярмоленко О.А., Медкова О.М.

Відповідальний

редактор:

Конопленко Людмила Олександрівна

Рецензенти:

Асоянц П.Г., к.т.н., професор кафедри інформаційних технологій Київського національного лінгвістичного університету

Струтинська О.В., к.пед.н., доцент кафедри теоретчних основ інформатики Інституту інформатики Національного педагогічного університету імені М.П. Драгоманова

Козьміна Н.А., старший викладач кафедри англійської мови технічного спрямування №1 факультету лінгвістики НТУУ «КПІ»

Корбут О.Г., старший викладач кафедри англійської мови технічного спрямування №2 факультету лінгвістики НТУУ «КПІ»

У навчальному посібнику представлені дев'ять англомовних оригінальних текстів з розробленим методичним забезпеченням у рамках загально технічної тематики. Зокрема, студентам запропонована така тематика, як навчання в університеті, англійська мова і наука, тестування IQ, галузі точних наук.

Навчальний посібник призначений для студентів першого курсу Фізико-технічного інституту рівня володіння мовою − незалежний користувач (B1 − просунутий).

Розроблений навчальний посібник сприятиме систематизації іншомовного навчального матеріалу, формуванню навичок, розвитку і вдосконаленню вмінь у аудіюванні, читанні, говорінні, письмі та перекладі; підвищенню ефективності організації навчання іноземної мови у аудиторний і позааудиторний час, а також поглибленню знань у рамках загальнотехнічних дисциплін.

CONTENTS

[1]
FOREWORD

[2] ??UNIT 2: ?mperial English: the Language of Science.

[3] ???????? ???????????????????

[4]
UNIT 4: IQ testing

[5] ???????? The Principal Elements of the Nature of ?cience: Dispelling the Myths??

[6] ?

[7] ???????? ???????????????????

[8] ?

[9] ?

[10] ?

[11] ?

[12]
UNIT 7: Mathematics − the Language of Science.?

[13] ??

[14] ???????????????????????????????????????

[15] ????????????????????????????

[16] ???????

[17] ???????

[18] ???????

[19] UNIT 4

[20] ???????

[21] ???????

[22] ???????

[23] ???????

[24] ???????

[25] ??????????????????????????

[26]
Appendix 3: Irregular Verbs

[27]
Appendix 4: Abbreviations and Shortenings

[28]
Appendix 5: Mathematical Symbols and Expressions

[29]
Appendix 6: Measurement

[30]
Appendix 7: English language − around the world

[31]
Mini-Dictionary

[32] UNIT 1

[33] UNIT 2

[34] UNIT 3

[35] UNIT 4

[36] UNIT 5

[37] UNIT 6

[38]
UNIT 7

[39] UNIT 8

[40] UNIT 9

[41]
Possible Phrases for Conversational Practice

[42] ?????????????????

[43] ??????

[44] UNIT ??

[45] ????????

[46] ?

[47] ????????

[48]
UNIT ??

[49] ????????

[50] ????????

[51] ?????????

[52] ???????

[53] ?????????

[54] ????????????

FOREWORD

English for the first-year students of the Institute of Physics and Technology aims to help learners improve their competence in communication skills. This is achieved in various ways, as the material is flexible in design. It can be used by the first-year-students of the Institute of Physics and Technology, the intermediate stage.

Underlying the material is the conviction that students will learn more readily and efficiently if they are actively and personally involved in their language lessons. Thus, throughout the units, the learners are encouraged to express their own opinion on questions concerning many aspects of science and technology and to discuss and evaluate the role they play in society.

The course includes listening, speaking, reading, writing and problem-solving sections. The material is designed to be used either in the classroom or by the student working alone.

English for the first-year students of the Institute of Physics and Technology covers nine topics: "Our University", "Imperial English: the Language of Science", "The Mind Machine", "IQ Testing", "The Principal Elements of the Nature of Science: Dispelling the Myths", "Beauty in Science", "Mathematics − the Language of Science", "Recreational Mathematics", "The Dawn of Atomic Physics".

While developing the material we have shared a great deal of fun with students, colleagues and friends. We thank them all for their participation, advice and comments, and hope that you will share the fun we had working on the course.

Authors

UNIT 1: University.

Education begins a gentleman, conversation completes him.

Dr. Thomas Fuller

Comment on the picture.

Do you agree or disagree with the quotations? Discuss them in pairs.
"Education is what survives when what has been learned has been forgotten." B.F. Skinner
"Education is a state-controlled manufactory of echoes." Norman Douglas
"Education is the process of casting false pearls before real swine." Irwin Edman
"Men are born ignorant, not stupid; they are made stupid by education." Bertrand Russell
"He who can, does. He who cannot, teaches." George Bernard Shaw
"Teachers are people who start things they never see finished, and for which they never get thanks until it is too late." Max Leon Forman
"The principal goal of education is to create men who are capable of doing new things, not simply of repeating what other generations have done." Jean Piaget
"You cannot teach a man anything; you can only help him find it within himself." Galileo Galilei
Discuss the following questions in small groups or pairs.
What institute do you study at?
What specialists does your institute train?
Are there any workshops and laboratories in the National Technical University in Ukraine "Kyiv Polytechnic Institute" (NTUU "KPI")?
What kind of research work can you carry out at our university?
Do you regularly attend lectures and seminars?
How long does the academic term last?
When are the classes over?
Why do you go to these places: a library, a dean’s office, a gym, a hostel, a students’ canteen, an assembly hall?
Test yourself. Are you attentive?

There are some portraits and memorial plates on the walls of buildings and monuments on the territory of the University to the prominent people who studied or worked at the KPI. Do you know their names? Tell your groupmates about them.
What classrooms, labs, faculties’ offices, departments can you find in the main building?
How many storeys has the library got?

READING

a) Underline the stressed sound in each word as in the example. Practise reading.

mechanical, technological, chemical, glorify, speciality, specialization, engine, consecration, leisure, knowledge, physical, engineering, enthusiasm, metallurgist

b) Practise reading the following figures paying attention to the comma: 70%; 374; 1,000; 21; 15,000; 150,000; 2,000; 2,650,000; 1989−2012 (years).

Read the article "Our University" and answer the questions.
When was the KPI founded?
How long does training of full-time students / tuition by correspondence last?
When was the KPI founded? How many faculties were there at the KPI at that time? Name these faculties.
Who was the first rector? What field of science did he work in?
What institutes were founded on the KPI basis?
What famous people studied and worked at the KPI?
What research tendencies are particularly interesting for university students and scientists?
What new faculties were formed and with what purpose?
How do student spend their leisure?
Find 7 phrases with the adjectives in the text.

Example: prominent people

The National Technical University of Ukraine

“The Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”.

The National Technical University of Ukraine “Kiev Polytechnic Institute” (NTUU”KPI”) is one of the oldest and biggest higher educational institutions in Ukraine. It is well known not only in our country but abroad as well.

The University is situated not far from the centre of the city in a beautiful shady park. At present the number of students in the NTUU ”KPI” exceeds 50000. They obtain qualifications on 68 specialities and 70 specializations. There are more than 20 faculties and institutes in the KPI. Among them there is the Institute of Physics and Technology where I study.

The University’s graduates work at numerous enterprises and research institutions all over the country and abroad.

The teaching staff of our institute consists of highly qualified teachers, professors and scientists. 70% of them have scientific degrees. Among them there are academicians and corresponding members of the Academy of Sciences, professors, merited scientists.

Training of full-time students lasts 5 years and 6 months, of tuition by correspondence − 5 years 10 months. About 9000 students are accommodated in 21 hostels, 3 of them are at the disposal of married students. So, almost all non-Kyiv students are provided with hostel facilities.

The Institute was founded in 1898. It had only four departments: mechanical, chemical, agricultural and civil engineering ones. The first enrolment constituted 360 students.

The first rector of the Institute was Professor V.L. Kirpichov, an outstanding scientist in the field of mechanics and strength of materials.

Some Institutes were organized on the KPI basis. Among them are: the Civil Engineering Institute, the Technological Institute of Light and Food Industry, the Institute of Civil Aviation, the Automobile and Road Building Institute, the Agricultural Institute (now Agricultural Academy) and others. In 1934−1944 the KPI was called the Industrial Institute.

A large number of prominent people worked and studied at the KPI: E.O. Paton, the founder of electric welding; M.L. Konovalov, a well-known chemist; L.P. Bardin, the greatest metallurgist in the country; A.M. Liulka, the chief of aeroplane engines and S.P. Korolyov, the great designer of spaceships. President of the First Examining Board in chemical faculty was D.I. Mendeleyev.

Scientists of the University are engaged in researching up-to-date trends of the contemporary development of the human society:

monitoring and protection of environment;
liquidation of consequences of nuclear and technological disasters;
development of up-to-date technologies;
information networks and development of information telecommunications technologies;
aircraft and space technologies;
problems of energy saving and development of energy saving technologies;
exploration and use of human resources and others.

A number of new economic and humanitarian faculties − Management and Marketing, Social Sciences and Law, Linguistics – were formed in addition to traditional technical faculties. They revealed opportunities for young people to obtain besides technical specialities, the second higher education in humanities or economics and to become a qualified interpreter or manager. The KPI education meets the standards of the world-known universities at a reasonable tuition fee. The University has its Preparatory School where foreign entrants, within 10-month course study Ukrainian, Russian, English, Mathematics, Physics, Biology and other subjects in the scope that is necessary for further mastering of the university program.

The most active international scientific and technological co-operation is carried out by the chairs of the University with the partners from Poland, Germany, Bulgaria, Denmark, Lebanon, etc. Lately, the relations with China, the USA, Italy, Vietnam, Spain have become more active. The University carries out the student’s exchange program according to the agreements on collaboration.

The University has at its disposal a disease-prevention centre for employers and students. Our University also takes care of students' leisure. A well-organized leisure is a very important factor in bringing up young specialists.

Knowledge square became the centre of the whole NTUU ”KPI” complex. It is about 105x100 m. Meetings, festivals, consecration into students take place there.

There are many sport grounds, a football field, volleyball and basketball courts at students' disposal. Many students go in for different kinds of sports according to their liking. It helps them keep their body healthy and strong.

Look through the list of words and phrases and check if you know their Ukrainian equivalents. Use the Mini-Dictionary (UNIT 1) if necessary.

higher educational institution	to be situated
well-known	all over the country
to exceed	to obtain qualification
graduate	abroad
enterprise	research
teaching staff	to consist of
to train	academician
tuition by correspondence	to be founded
civil engineering	electric welding
consequences	tuition fee
to carry out	chairs
exchange program	agreements on collaboration
disease-prevention center	to take care of students' leisure
consecration into students	at the disposal

Explain the meaning of the words and phrases.

tuition by correspondence, exchange programs, to obtain qualification, world-known, monitoring, prominent, development, tuition fee

Match the words with their definitions.

1	specialty	a	something that logically or naturally follows from an action or condition
2	department	b	reflecting the latest information or changes
3	outstanding	c	a distinct, usually specialized division of a large organization
4	up-to-date	d	a special pursuit, occupation, aptitude, or skill
5	consequence	e	prominent, remarkable, or striking

Fill in the words from the list below. Use each word only once. Translate the collocations into Ukrainian.

obtain, up-to-date, consequences, disposal, enterprises, protection, educational, information, research, prominent

1	........ of environment	6	liquidation of ..........
2	...... networks	7	numerous .......
3	........ trends	8	...... institutions
4	........ people	9	higher ....... institutions
5	at the ..... of married students	10	to ....... qualifications

Arrange the following words according to

similar meaning: well-known, to be located, collaboration, scientist, difficulty, to celebrate, to constitute, department, tuition, to be accommodated, to carry out, famous, teaching, to be situated, to mark, hardship, faculty, cooperation, scholar, to be settled, to fulfil(l), to form;
opposite meaning: daytime (studying), single, foreign, full-time student, to be connected, extra-mural, home, married, work, to be separated, leisure.

Match the words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1	to graduate from	a	навчати
2	enterprise	b	перевищувати
3	teaching staff	c	за кордоном
4	to exceed	d	тривати
5	abroad	e	інженерно-будівельний
6	to train	f	викладацький склад
7	to last	g	профілакторій
8	at the disposal	h	закінчувати (вуз)
9	civil engineering	i	у розпорядженні
10	desease-prevention centre	j	підприємство

Fill the cells in the table with the words derived from the given ones.

Verb	Noun
graduate	........, .........
design	........., .........., .........
conclude	............
agree	.............
organize	............
measure	............., ..............

Fill in the word derived from the word in bold.

The system of higher 1) _____ (educate) in the United States differs from its counterparts in Europe in certain ways. In the United States, there is a nationwide assumption that students who have completed secondary 2) _____ (schooling) should have at least two years of university education. Hence, a great number of "junior 3) ______ (college)" and "community colleges" have sprung up to provide two years of undergraduate study, in contrast to the 4) _____ (tradition) universities and colleges, where a majority of students complete four years of postgraduate study for a degree and where substantial numbers go on for one to three years of study in a “graduate school.” Universities that provide four-year 5) _____ (studying) courses are either privately funded foundations or are state or city foundations that 6) _____ (dependent) heavily on the government for 7) _______ (finance) support. 8) _______ (Privacy) universities and colleges depend largely on tuition charges levied on students.

Fill in the gaps with appropriate words from the list below.

chairs, graduates, engage, enrolment, increased, guides

The first … of the institute amounted to 360 students.
In 1903 due to the growth of education the contingent of the KPI … by 1050 students.
The first assistant professors who held the … well known scientists.
The most talented … of the KPI become their colleagues and train highly qualified specialists.
Today there are many assistant professors in the University who … in research work alongside teaching.
The teachers publish a great number of textbooks, scientific manuscripts and method …
Underline the correct word.
She usually feels shy/nervous before the exam.
Do you prefer working with other students or alone/lonely?
The timetable was very useful/convenient for students.
I prefer self-made/homemade souvenirs.
Students are looking for half-time/part-time job.
The teacher of English learned/taught me to speak fluently.
Unfortunately, Peter missed/failed in his final exams.
The professor was absolutely upset/furious and lost her temper.
Your homework is full of careless/naughty mistakes.
She always gets good points/marks in English.
Jack is not very interesting/interested in Physics.
Playing computer games is my friend’s favorite leisure/pastime.
After a long academic year with exams I’m completely exhausting/exhausted.
Fill in the blanks with prepositions wherever necessary.
Training of tuition … correspondence lasts 5 years.
Nobody … our group failed … English.
We’ll take our exams … maths … this year.
The teaching staff of the KPI consist … highly qualified teachers.
… them there are Academicians, Professors.
The students obtain qualification … 68 specialties at the University.
Paraphrase the following phrases using

a) an apostrophe ('): the life of students, the scientific work of these teachers, the computer of my friend, a dictionary of a student, a hostel of the University, some laboratories of the faculty, the office of the dean, a lecture of this professor.

b) .... of .....: this author’s idea, a department timetable, the teachers’ room, the colleges curriculum, somebody’s books, my classmate’s credit book, Great Britain’s universities, a reader’s subscription.

Compose sentences matching phrases from three columns.

There is

There are

There will be

There was

There were

Will there be

Were there

Was there

Are there

Is there

not any

“freshmen” in the assembly-hall.
4 departments at the KPI 1898.
too much information in one text I’ve read.
a piece of news and two advertisements.
few students participating in the conference.
a lot of prominent people who worked and studied at our university.
college clubs for students at that time.
scientific labs in the 12 th century.
final exams in English at the end of the term.
vocations lasting for a fortnight this year.

Translate the sentences into English using the construction “there is/are…”, “there was/were…”, “there will be…”. Mind the order of words.
В нашому університеті приблизно 50000 студентів.
У Великобританії 45 університетів.
Скільки студентів буде в вашій групі?
Чи були дівчата в його групі?
Концертний зал університету має 1750 місць.
Минулого року в усіх гуртожитках КПІ було близько 9000 студентів.
Comment on the pictures using linking words: firstly/first of all, secondly, thirdly, after this/that, then, next, finally. Use only the Present Simple.

Choose the correct answer.
Oxford's museums and collections provide/are providing an important resource for scholars around the world, and welcome visits from members of the public.
Oxford academics discuss/are discussing their research at the moment.
Oxford Science Park is having/has a variety of commercial offices and laboratory property to let/rent, some occupied by single companies and some multi-tenanted.
The students do/are doing their experiments now.
University Museum of Natural History houses/is housing the University's scientific collections of zoological, entomological, palaeontological and mineral specimens.
More than nine million tourists, attracted by the University, visit/are visiting Oxford each year, spending Ј589 million and supporting 13,700 jobs.
English courses are starting/start on Monday at 10:00 am.
Please aren't making/don't make so much noise. He is studying/studies English.
Describe the picture. Use the Present Simple and the Present Continuous.

Use “make” or “do” with the words below. Then make up a story about students' life using as many phrases from the list as possible.

Help:

We use the verb "do"

when someone performs an action, activity or task;
when referring to work of any kind;
when speaking about things in general (in other words, to describe an action without saying exactly what the action is).

We use the verb "make"

for constructing, building or creating;
when referring to preparing food of any kind (!Note − these activities usually create something that you can touch.).

… my best
… a decision
… an appointment
… a fortune
… an examination
… a promise
… progress
…an experiment
… friends
…somebody a favor

… certain
… a difference
… Maths
… a bad impression
… good
… a mistake
… some work
… a suggestion
… business
… a phone call

Translate into Ukrainian.
Our University dates as far as 1898.
There is no doubt that our students reflect credit on the establishment.
Highly qualified teachers and professors conduct classes in a wide range of obligatory and optional subjects for freshmen.
Students have to carry out some practical and experimental work under the supervision of teachers in the up-to-date labs well-supplied with all the necessary equipment.
The system of higher education in Ukraine embraces two educational purposes: first, it gives special technical education, and second, it selects the most able and gives them more advanced education.

SPEAKING

Remember your first day at the University and tell your groupmate a story.

For example, you can start “My first day at the University was ...” / “When I entered the hostel I felt ...”

Complete the story or make up your own.

Let me tell you about my first day at the University and my impression of it. At first it was all so confusing and new. There are new customs and words to be learnt and, of course, new rules and regulations. But remembering that I was not the only “freshman” ( as a first-year student is called) I cheered up and very soon made friends. There are about 50000 students at the KPI, so, naturally, it is crowded.

I share a room at the hostel with two guys. We share some interests and get on together well.

In small groups or pairs discuss the following questions.

What principles do school graduates follow when they choose a course of studies?

What are the main advantages of the Institute of Physics and Technology?
Do the faculties of the KPI differ greatly? What is the difference?
What do you usually do if you can’t get down to concentrated work?
Do you think the impact of a lecture is greater than that of a book? Why?
Are you aware of the new methods for fast reading? If so, describe them.
What is the best technique of revision?
How can a student avoid a last-minute rush or late-night sitting before the exam? What do you think about “surge study”?
Judging from your experience as a learner, how important is the encouraging tone of the examiner?
What is your attitude to the common practice of “cramming” before the examination?
Read some information about Higher Education in Great Britain and America (see Further Reading, UNIT 1). Then in pairs ask and answer questions based on this text.
Work in pairs. What would you say in the following situations?
Your groupmate has failed in exams.
Your friend asks you some advice on what university to enter.
Someone asks you which place at the university to have a snack.
You are a teacher. A student isn’t ready with the task in time.
You have been enrolled at a language school or courses. You are required to pay the fees today, but you can’t.
Someone has eaten your dinner at the hostel.
Comment on the following jokes, and retell them. Don't use the direct speech.

ESSENTIAL HELP

Teacher (looking over Students work). – “I don’t understand how it’s possible for a single person to make so many mistakes!”

Student (proudly) – “It isn’t a single person. My best friend helped me.”

HE THINKS WE ARE LISTENING

− “ Our economics prof talks to himself. Does yours?”

− “ Yes, but he doesn’t realize it. He thinks we are listening”.

THE LESS THE BETTER

The more we study, the more we know.

The more we know, the more we forget.

The more we forget, the less we know.

The less we know, the less we forget.

The less we forget, the more we know.

So, why study?

WHAT IS A SYNONYM?

Teacher – “Robert, what is a synonym?”

Student – “It’s a word you use in place of another when you cannot spell the other one.”

NOTHING TO BE DONE

Student – “But I don’t think I deserve an absolute zero.”

Professor – “Neither do I, but it is the lowest mark that I am allowed to give.”

You are a student of the KPI. Make up a story about exams using the suggested words and phrases from the Mini-Dictionary (UNIT 1).
Give the Ukrainian equivalents of the following proverbs and sayings (5 of the suggested) and comment on them.

A fool man can ask more questions in an hour than a wise man can answer in seven years.
Don’t teach a fish to swim.
Repetition is the mother of learning.
No pains – no gains.
Live and learn.
It’s never too late to learn.
Knowledge is power.
Better untaught than ill-taught.
All things are difficult before they are easy.
Money spent on the brain is never spent in vain.
One good head is better than a hundred strong hands.
To teach the dog to bark.
Too much knowledge makes the head bald.

To know everything is to know nothing.
Zeal without knowledge is a runway horse.
Where there is a will there is a way.
Nothing is impossible to a willing heart.
What we do willingly is easy.
First think then speak.
There is no rule without an exception.
Soon learnt – soon forgotten.
Little knowledge is a dangerous thing.
Like teacher, like pupil.
He who makes no mistakes, makes nothing.
He that knows nothing, doubts nothing.

LISTENING

You are going to listen to some information about studies and degrees in Great Britain. Listen and answer the questions.
How old are the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge?
How many students in percentage are taking scientific and technological studies?
What is the term of studying at Britain’s Universities?
What kind of work does academic staff devote time to?
Choose the correct variant.
The number of Britain’s Universities is:

a) about a hundred

b) forty

c) fifty

d) forty-five

Most of the universities in G.B. were founded:

a) in the twelfth century

b) in the fifteenth century

c) in the seventeenth century

d) in the nineteenth century

About half of all the students of full-time universities in Britain are taking courses:

a) in medicine

b) in arts and social studies

c) in agriculture forestry, architecture, veterinary.

d) science and technology

Listen again and complete the phrases.
Courses in sciences are offered ..............…
The Universities concentrate on technology although they .........…
Further study or research is required at the modern universities for ….................
University’s teaching combines …................

WRITING

You've decided to place an announcement on the Internet. Write short announcements for the situations described below.

You need to rent the cheapest room for a year;
You want to get a part-time job;
You want to find two students to share a flat.
You've decided to write a letter (100 words):
to a good friend describing your first impression of the group;
to your parents asking to send you some money;
to the dean’s office explaining the reason why you missed your classes.

Read the text "From the History of the National Technical University of Ukraine “The Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”" and make a mind map to it. Share your mind map with a partner. Explain how the circles are related to each other.

MIND MAPPING

To make a mind map, use a whole sheet of paper, and write your topic in the middle, with a circle around it. Then put the next idea in a circle above or below your topic, and connect the circles with lines. The lines show that the two ideas are related.

PROBLEM-SOLVING

?????????????????????????????????????????????

??UNIT 2: ?mperial English: the Language of Science.

?????????????????????????????????????

Samuel Johnson

WARM-UP?

Ca???????????

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE − AROUND THE WORLD

If you have any difficulties, see Appendix 7.

Look at the picture and read notes. What question is raised?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
"???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????"??Abigail Adams
"?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????language you're an American." Author Unknown
"The English language is nobody's special property. It is the property of the imagination: it is the property of the language itself." Derek Walcott
"Words, too, have genuine substance − mass and weight and ?????????????????"??Tim O'Brien, Tomcat in Love
"??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????"??Mark Amidon
"??????????????????????"??Author Unknown
"?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????"??Oliver Wendell Holmes?
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?READING?

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Answer the following questions.?
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1?	???????????	a	??????????????????????????
2?	?????????	b	????????????????????????
3?	????????????????	c	besides?
4?	?????????	d	?????????????????????????
5?	??????????	e	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	?????????	??	to link or connect in the mind or imagination?
??	????????????	??	lack of physical or intellectual ability or qualifications?
??	?????????????	??	happening or arising without apparent external cause?
??	?????????????	??	general acceptance or use?
???	?????????	??	communication of thoughts and feelings through a system of arbitrary signals, such as voice sounds, gestures, or written symbols?

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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1?	?????????????????????????????????	??	????????????????????????????
??	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	??????????????????????
??	??????????????????????????????????	??	?????????????
??	????????????????????????????????	??	????????????????????
??	???????????????????????????????????	???	????????????????????????

1?	???????????	a	невблаганно
2	to master	b	рішуче
3	to recall	c	оволодівати
4	inexorably	d	провести
5	to hold	e	згадувати
6	to attend	f	переміщати
7	to shift	g	бездоганний
8	immaculate	h	стікатися
9	to flock	i	відвідувати

Fill the cells in the table with the words??????????????????????????????

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????answers.

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№	How long	Since
1	listen to this lecture	8:30
2	study quantum mechanics	last term
3	look for information about connection of science and language	9:00
4	write a report on mechanics	July

Underline the correct word in bold.
We haven't done our????????????????????
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Choose the correct answer.?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????_________.
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? follows?

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Modern English, sometimes described as 1) ____ first global lingua franca, is the dominant language or in some instances even 2) _____ required international language of 3) _____ communications, science, information technology, business, seafaring, aviation, entertainment, radio and diplomacy. Its spread beyond 4) _____ British Isles began with 5) _____ growth of 6) _____ British Empire, and by the late 19th century its reach was truly global. Following British colonisationfrom 7) ____ 16th to 19th centuries, it became the dominant language in 8) _____ United States, 9) ___ Canada, 10) _____ Australia and 11) _____ New Zealand. 12) _____ growing economic and cultural influence of the US and its status as a global superpower since 13) ____ World War II have significantly accelerated the language's spread across the planet. 14) _____ English replaced German as the dominant language of science Nobel Prize laureates during 15) ____ second half of 16) ____ 20th century. English equalled and may have surpassed 17) ____ French as the dominant language of diplomacy during the last half of 18) ____ 19th century.

Translate into English.
Сьогодні англійська є мовою глобальної економіки та бізнесового середовища.
Вчені, які хотіли зрозуміти квантову механіку у 1920 роках, вимушені були вивчати німецьку мову.
Студенти закінчують навчання, беруть участь у конференціях з колегами з інших країн і виявляють власну мовну некомпетентність.
Ми більше не турбуємось з приводу вивчення іншої мови.
До Великої Вітчизняної війни більшість наукових робіт вчені друкували німецькою, французською або англійською.
Поширення англійської світом пов’язане з політичним та економічним впливом англомовних націй.
Володіти англійською означає те ж саме, що вміти користуватися комп’ютером, мобільним телефоном і керувати машиною.
Англійська мова є мовою міжнародного спілкування.
Edit the English translation (B).
Однією з міжнародних мов є англійська. Більше того, англійська є мовою міжнаціонального спілкування для всього людства.

Значення англійської мови в сучасному світі важко переоцінити. Адже не можна ж не зважати на вибір більше 1 мільярда людей, які її використовують. І якщо для половини з них вона є рідною, то близько 600 мільйонів вибрали саме її як іноземну. Безумовно, діапазон поширення англійської мови в сучасному світі настільки великий, що ця мова не може бути ідентичною у різних областях. Незважаючи на різноманітні її варіанти і наявність специфічних особливостей для кожної національності, англійська мова залишається лідером на нашій земній кулі.

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????
"Light and matter are both single entities, and the apparent duality? arises in the limitations of our language. It is not surprising that our language should be incapable of describing the processes occurring within the atoms, for, as has been remarked, it was invented to describe the experiences of daily life, and these consist only of processes involving exceedingly large numbers of atoms. Furthermore, it is very difficult to modify our language so that it will be able to describe these atomic processes, for words can only describe things of which we can form mental pictures, and this ability, too, is a result of daily experience. Fortunately, mathematics is not subject to this limitation, and it has been possible to invent a mathematical scheme − the quantum theory − which seems entirely adequate for the treatment of atomic processes; for visualisation, however, we must content ourselves with two incomplete analogies − the wave picture and the corpuscular picture." Werner Heisenberg
"Світло і матерія, як окремих компаній, а також очевидною подвійність виникає обмеженість нашої мови. Це не дивно, що наша мова має бути нездатним опису процесів, що відбуваються всередині атомів, бо, як уже зазначалося, він був винайдений, щоб описати досвід повсякденного життя, і вони складаються тільки з процесів надзвичайно великого числа атомів. Крім того, дуже важко змінити нашу мову, так що він зможе описати ці атомні процеси, слова не можуть описати тільки те, про що ми можемо створити уявні картини, і ця здатність, теж є результатом повсякденного досвіду. На щастя, математика не підлягає це обмеження, і це вдалося придумати математичну схему − квантова теорія − що видається цілком адекватною для лікування атомних процесів, для візуалізації, проте, ми повинні обмежитися двома неповними аналогів − хвильову картину і корпускулярні картини." Вернер Гейзенберг

SPEAKING

You argue with your friends that English is an imperial language and it will be dominant next 10 years. Your friends don't agree with you. Give your reasons.
Work in small groups. Match the phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents. Look at the phrases and explain in what context the word "language" can be used.

??????????????????????

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????????????????

1	a technical language	a	жива мова
2	an artificial language	b	міжнародна мова
3	a programming language	c	універсальна мова
4	a world language	d	державна мова
5	a living language	e	штучна мова
6	a foreign language	f	офіційна мова
7	a dead/an extinct language	g	аналітична мова
8	a universal language	h	спеціальна мова
9	a national language	i	мертва мова
10	an analytic language	j	іноземна мова
11	a formal language	k	комп'ютерна мова

Can Esperanto be used for scientific purposes? Give your reasons.
Work in small groups. The students of your group have found out??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????five events that shaped the history of English. Use the Internet resources.????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????

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Alexander conquered most of ?????????????
Monasteries had ?????????????? scrolls??
Arabic is also ???????????????????
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WRITING

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?????????????????????????????????????????
English is a widely distributed language originating in .........
English is currently the primary language of several .............
It is extensively used as a second language and as an ........ language in many other countries.
English is the most widely taught and understood language in the world, and sometimes is described as a ....... .........
Although Modern Standard Chinese has more mother-tongue speakers (approximately 700 million), .......... is unquestionably used by more people as a second or foreign language, putting the total number of English-......... worldwide at well over one billion.
An estimated 354 million people speak English as their first ........ Estimates about second language speakers of English vary greatly between 150 million and 1.5 .........
It has been ........... of the official languages of the United Nations since its founding in 1945.?

????????????????

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???????? ???????????????????

The mind is like a parachute − it works only when it is open.

Frank Zappa

WARM-UP

Comment on the pictures.

????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????
"If the human brain were so simple that we could understand it, we would be so simple that we couldn’t." Emerson M. Pugh
"What a distressing contrast there is between the radiant intelligence of the child and the feeble mentality of the average adult." Sigmund Freud
"The human brain starts working the moment you are born and never stops until you stand up to speak in public." Author Unknown
"The difference between intelligence and education is this: intelligence will make you a good living." Charles F. Kettering
"Character is higher than intellect." Ralph Waldo Emerson ?
"Beauty without intelligence is a masterpiece painted on a napkin." Author Unknown
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READING

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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
A nonmetallic element that exists in its free form as a colorless, odorless gas and makes up about 21 percent of the Earth's atmosphere. It is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust and occurs in many compounds, including water, carbon dioxide, and iron ore.
The spiral galaxy that contains our solar system. Made up of an estimated two hundred billion stars or more, it is seen from Earth as an irregular band of hazy light across the night sky.
He was a?novelist, short story writer, and playwright. His novel "Fathers and Sons" is regarded as one of the major works of 19th-century fiction.
The mental faculty of retaining and recalling past experience based on the mental processes of learning, retention, recall, and recognition.?
He is a poet − a latter-day successor to Homer, Virgil, Dante, and Shakespeare. In "Leaves of Grass" (1855), he celebrated democracy, nature, love, and friendship.
Answer the following questions.

Are brains of very clever people physically different from those of ord??????????????
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?	?	?	?	?	?

?????

???

The brain needs ten times as much blood as other organs of the body, as it can't store glucose for?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? different chair. An extreme but useful exercise is to read something upside down − you can actually feel your brain at work.

Look through the list of words and phrases and check if you know their Ukrainian equivalents. Use the Mini-Dictionary (UNIT 3) if ???????????

??6

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1?	??????	a	????????????????????????????????????????????
2?	?????	b	???????????????????????????????????????
3?	???????????	c	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
4?	????????	d	precisely determined?
5?	??????	e	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	????????????	??	to state to be true, especially when open to question; assert or maintain?
??	????????	??	to act in response to or under the influence of a stimulus or prompting?
??	?????????	??	a set of customary and often mechanically performed procedures or activities?
??	?????????	??	the capacity to acquire and apply knowledge?
???	?????????????	??	the act or process of consuming?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????o??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
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??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??

1?	??????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	???????????????????????
??	????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	???????????????
??	????????????????????????	??	???????????????????????
??	??????????????????	??	??????????????????
??	?????????????????????????????????????	???	?????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? the task easier.

include (c), men (m), women (f), great (i), difficult (c), spoken (v), create (p)

Match the words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1	speed	a	містити
2	calculations	b	викрутка
3	to contain	c	становить, складає
4	screwdriver	d	швидкість
5	to make up	e	обчислення
6	to read upside down	f	глибоко сформовані звички
7	deeply formed habits	g	конкурувати
8	memory associations	h	складні розрахунки
9	to compete	i	читати догори ногами
10	complicated calculations	j	асоціації пам'яті

Fill the cells in the table with the words derived from the given ones.

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Many people are trying to compare computers with the human 1) _____ (brainy), but they do not not understand what the 2) ______ (compare) involves. As for computers, their 3) ______ (functional) is known. They have been designed by scientists and engineers, and all aspects of 4) _______ (computerization) architecture and functions have been 5) _______ (rigorous) recorded by the designers. Anyone who wishes to spend the time can acquire the necessary 6) _______ (informative). By contrast, little is known about the functions, 7) _____ (connect), functional architecture, and internal mechanisms of human brains. Scientific knowledge in this area is inadequate, and most brain experts tacitly assume that the brain and the computer have 8) _____ (similarity) processes and functions. Humans have designed and implemented computers in 9) ______ (logic) ways that make sense, and there is no reason for the brain to be organized any other way. Thus, our expectation and 10) _______ (understand) of the world steer our cognition toward the familiar.?

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Verb	Noun	Adjective
relate	..................., relation	relational, ....................
...................	....................	continuing, ....................
fix	fix, .????????????????????? ???????	?????????? ??????????????????? ?
??????????????????????	?????????????????????? ???????????? ??????????????????????	???????????????????
??????????	??????????????????????? ????????????????????????????	???????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
of / natural / in / intelligence / Nature / brain / way / produces / the / a.
brain / a / Science / of / is / product / the.
functions / have / Neuroscientists / explain / the / worldwide / trying / human / to / decades / the / been / cognitive / of / brain / for.
???????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	Your brain needs	??	??????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	???????????????????????????????????????????	??	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	?????????????????????????????
??	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	???????????? testing?
??	??????????????????????????????????????????????	??	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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? have proposed?

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? has been?

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? is not?

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???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????visual mechanisms of reading. ?
Mark already ............ ????????some works of famous scientists about this problem. ?
He ............ ??????? this problem since last year. ?
At the moment Mark ............ ??????? a paper to analyse known approaches. ?
He already .......... ??????? for five pages.?
Mark ............ ??????? this paper since Monday.?
????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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??	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Friedrich Nietzsche
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Mario Rocco
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Samuel Johnson
??????????????????????????????????????????????????Jonathan Swift
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Mark Twain
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Seneca
"If you wish to forget anything on the spot, make ..... note that this thing is to be remembered." Edgar Allan Poe?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????computer science − established not merely because they are well understood, but because they 8) ..... fact are products of human engineering. An examination of what this usage means and whether it is correct reveals a great deal about the history and present state 9) ..... artificial intelligence research. And it highlights the aspirations of some of the luminaries of AI − researchers, writers, and advocates 10) .... whom the metaphor of mind-as-machine is dogma rather than discipline.

Edit the Ukrainian tr???????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ederal agents' jobs easier. The technology would allow hours of footage to be very quickly processed, so security officers could identify terrorists or other criminals caught on surveillance video much more efficiently.
Новий мозок-комп'ютер-інтерфейс технології можуть перетворити наш мозок в автоматичному зображенні виявлення машин, які працюють швидше, ніж людська свідомість. Дослідники з Колумбійського університету поєднують обчислюваної потужності людського мозку з розробки нового пристрою, який дозволить людям шукати за допомогою образів в десять разів швидше, ніж вони можуть самі по собі. DARPA, або досліджень передових оборонних проектів агенства, фінансування досліджень в системі з надіях на створення робочих місць федеральних агентів простіше. Технологія дозволить годин відеоматеріалів, дуже швидко опрацьовуються, тому співробітники служби безпеки могли ідентифікувати терористів або інших злочинців спіймали на відеоспостереження набагато більш ефективно.
Translate into English.
Мозок потребує в десять разів більше крові, ніж інші органи тіла.
Є схожість між мозком людини і комп'ютером.
Комп'ютери можуть робити складні розрахунки з неймовірною швидкістю.
Більшість наших психічних процесів глибоко формуються звичками.
Мислення чоловіків абстрактне і символічне, а у жінок конкретне і образне.
У жінок більш розвинутий емоційний і вербальний інтелект.
Чоловіки краще за жінок орієнтуються в просторі і часі і мають певні переваги в розумінні механічних відносин та математичних дій.
Органiзацiя людської пам'ятi суттєво вiдрiзняється вiд комп'ютерної, i передусiм наявнiстю семантики й контексту.

SPEAKING

At the symposium "Innovations in Science and Technologies", you are going to talk about 10 differences between brains and computers. Give a comparative analys?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????
Brains have bodies?
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Treating your body well can enhance your ability to process and recall information. Healthy habits that can help to improve memory include:??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????sodium, potassium, to transmit electrical signals, to be corrupted, simultaneously, to be upgraded, sensory data, censoring.?
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Upgrades
Power
Memory
Processing
???????????????????????????????????????????????????
The human brain uses chemicals .................?
The information never goes away unless the data ...................?
A computer can manage .........................?
The brain is also able to intuitively adapt ..........................?

?WRITING?

????????????????????????????????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Jason Love
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Albert Einstein
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????ults show ..., the author pays attention to ..., the author suggests ....

США СТВОРЮЮТЬ КОМП'ЮТЕР З МОЗКОМ ЛЮДИНИ

Компанія IBM оголосила про початок роботи над комп'ютером, що працює за принципом людського мозку. Дослідження фінансується з державного бюджету США.

Для участі в проекті IBM поєднує провідних психологів, нейробіологів і фахівців в галузі комп'ютерних технологій, повідомляє BBC.

На перший етап роботи Управління наукових досліджень Пентагона DARPA виділило 4,9 млн. доларів.

"Людська свідомість має унікальну здатність аналізувати інформацію, отриману через різні органи чуття, навіть якщо ці дані суперечать одне одному", − каже керівник дослідження Дармендра Модха.

"Мозок здатний з легкістю створювати нові категорії часу і простору й інтегрувати в них інформацію, отриману сенсорно", − продовжує науковець.

"На сьогодні жодна з існуючих комп'ютерних технологій навіть не наблизилася до дивних здібностей цього органу", − додає він.

Нова технологія може бути використана при великомасштабному аналізі даних, розпізнаванні зображень та об'єктів і навіть незалежному прийнятті рішень.

"Основна ідея когнітивної комп'ютерної технології полягає в тому, щоб відтворивши структуру, динаміку, функції і реакції людського мозку, сконструювати апарат, що діє за тими самими принципами", − каже професор Модха.

Фахівці IBM і п'яти провідних університетів США поставили перед собою завдання об'єднати знання з біології з комп'ютерним відтворенням роботи нейронів.

У результаті вони сподіваються розробити систему, яку за складністю можна порівняти з мозком кішки.

Як стверджують вчені, нейрологія накопичила достатньо інформації про роботу нейронів та міжнейронних зв'язки − синапси.

Водночас розробки в галузі комп'ютерних технологій уже дозволяють симулювати діяльність мозку невеликого ссавця. Торік професор Модха керував роботою з імітації мозку миші. Для цього треба було 55 млн. штучних нейронів та півтрильйона міжнейронних синапсів.

Подібні експерименти стали можливі зовсім недавно. Тільки зараз науковцям вдалося досягти щільності нейронного матеріалу, який можна порівняти з мозком тварини − 10 млрд. нейронів на квадратний сантиметр.

Синапси, або міжнейронні зв'язки нейронів мозку, створюються, розпадаються, зміцнюються або слабшають в залежності від діяльності мозку. Одні з головних труднощів дослідження − розробка матеріалу, що зможе відтворити цю особливість мозку.

Якщо ця проблема буде вирішена, то на відміну від існуючої технології, що дозволяє лише запрограмувати штучний мозок на вирішення тієї чи іншої задачі, комп'ютер зможе на підставі накопичених знань, пам'яті та "досвіду" аналізувати дані − те, що ми називаємо здатністю "мислити".

PROBLEM-SOLVING

Test your brain power. Solve the problems with a partner (see Problem-Solving, UNIT 3).

UNIT 4: IQ testing

Two things are i?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????

????????

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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Edgar Degas
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Stanley Garn
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Laurence J. Peter
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Edward De Bono
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Frank M. Garafola
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Abraham Lincoln
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????

??????????????

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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Why can't they see each other?
???????????????????????????????????????????True or false?

Colours

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????

O, T, T, F, F, . . .
S, M, T, W, . . .
?????????????????????

Who Lives Where?

????????

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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	??	??	??	??	??	??
?	?	?	?	?	?	?

?????????????????????????	to take into consideration
malnutrition	to be affected by
??????????????????????????????	income
reasoning abilities	cognitive style
to possess values	order
to score	spatial awareness
creativity	emotional intelligence
inaccurate	mental retardation
to multiply by	academic performance
to link	to conduct a study
benchmark	leadership
to divide by	to determine
personality	gender

??????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????You won’t need all the words.?
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????− it is the unique intersection of both.
…….. requires whole-brain thinking; right-brain imagination, artistry and intuition, plus left-brain logic and planning.
Transforming mental images is a(n) ……… that engineers and designers depend on.
Read about thre???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????

???????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

spatial skills	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
academic performance	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
creativity	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
cognitive ability	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
emotional intelligence	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
mental retardation	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
reasoning	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Verb	Noun
consider
divide
multiply
link
improve
define
assess
prove

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Match the words in the left-hand column with the words in the right-hand column to make phrases from the text.?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	to compute	income
??	to diagnose	intelligence
??	to measure	values
??	to make	bias
??	to have	performance
??	to show	impact
??	to conduct	mental illness
??	to compare	IQ
??	to possess	leadership
???	to assess	a study

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Intelligence / a / wings / bird / without / ambition / is. (Salvador Dali)
fear / you’ll / Have / never / perfection - / of / it / no / reach. (Salvador Dali)
IQ tests / account / factors: / take / mathematics / and / general / into / standard / Many / only / three / logic / knowledge.
The / are / the / limits / of / limits / your / language / of / your / world. (Ludwig Wittgenstein)
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Put?the??????????????????????????????????????????

Find and correct the mistakes.
Personality, motivation and hard work are needed for success in all ours endeavors.
Generally, it is IQ that is used for choosing employees from work place.
If peop??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????
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???????????????????????????????

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a) has visited b) visited

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????

You????????????her, have you?

??????????????????????????????????

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?	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	?????????????????????????????????????????
??	?????????????????????????????????????????	??	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	??????????????????????????????????	??	??????????????????????????
??	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????
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????????????????????????

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???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? sentence. Then use laying or lying in a similar sentence to describe this object.
Choose which verb tense (Past Simple or Past Continuous) fits better.
I …… − I didn't hear you come in.

a) was sleeping b) slept

I …… to see her twice, but she wasn't at hom???

a) was coming b) came

??????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????

How long ……. your laptop?

???????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????

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???????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????sh.
IQ більше відображає швидкість розумових процесів (завдання тестів необхідно виконати за обмежений відрізок часу), а не уміння мислити або оригінальність мислення.
Автори дослідження дійшли висновку, що жінки рідше досягають успіхів у кар’єрі, оскільки часто недооцінюють рівень власного інтелекту.
Вперше коефіцієнт IQ (співвідношення «розумового» і фактичного віку) був застосований в 1916 році.
Експерименти показали, що існують різні види інтелекту, і що неможливо об’єктивно виміряти таке суб’єктивне поняття, як людський розум.
Популярний міжнародний клуб Mensa International приймає до своїх лав людей, які мають найбільший коефіцієнт інтелекту. Зараз членами Mensa є більше 100 тис. чоловік із 100 країн світу.
Edit the Ukrainian translation (B).
Tests tha???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Тести, які вимірюють IQ дітей, є стандартними і середня оцінка записується для кожної вікової групи. Таким чином, дитина в 10 років, оцінки очікуваних результатів дитини 12 буде мати IQ 120, розраховується наступним чином: (mentalage / хронологічний вік) 100 = 120. Однак, оскільки практично ніяких поліпшень в рейтингу IQ виявлений у дорослих, вони повинні судити про тест IQ, середня оцінка складає 100, а їх результати оцінюються вище і нижче цієї норми відповідно до відомими балів.

За останні 25-30 років IQ тестування була приведена в широке використання роботодавцями, тому що їх необхідно забезпечити, щоб вони ставлять правильні люди на своєму місці з самого початку. Однією з головних причин цього в сучасному світі жорстокої гаманця, скорочення витрат та низького бюджету є висока вартість помилок при наймі на роботу не ту людину на роботу, в тому числі вартість readvertising та інтерв'ю новий заявників і реінвестування в процесі навчання.

SPEAKING

Discuss the following questions in small groups or pairs.
Do?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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LISTENING?

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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????nt ………. of the population.

WRITING

Choose any 5 phrases from exercise 16 and use them in your own sentences.
Choose any 2 quotations from exercise 3 (warm-up section) and comment them (40−70 words each).
Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian. St??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Bertrand Russell
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Daniel Webster
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????13 main abilities − visual apprehension, spatial apprehension, arithmetic, logic, general knowledge, spelling, rote utilization, intuition, short term memory, geometry, algebra, vocabulary and computational speed - there is a strong bias towards mathematic??????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????Ralph Waldo Emerson?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????? ?

???????? The Principal Elements of the Nature of ?cience: Dispelling the Myths??

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Claude Bernard

WARM-UP?

?????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Air conditioning (1902), the theory of relativity (1915), Kepler's laws (1609), audiotape (1928), cosmic microwave background radiation (1964), automated teller machine (ATM) (1968), barometer (1643), proton (1919), compact disc (CD) (1980), etheric force (1875).

???????????

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???????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????George Henry Lewes
????????????????????????????????????????William Hazlitt
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Claude Bernard
????????????????????????????????????????????????????Sir Charles Percy Snow
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Albert Szent-Gyцrgi
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Sherlock Holmes
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Albert Einstein
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Galileo Galilei

READING?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?irtually? accurately? orchestrated? experiments? experimentation? techniques? observations? misconception? hallmarks? laboratories? crucial?

????????????????he principal elements of the nature of science: dispelling the myths?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	??	??	??	??	??	??
?	?	?	?	?	?	?

Answer the following questions.?
???????????????????????????????????????
?????? science ??????????with experimentation??
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????science and technology the same??
?s ?cience a solitary pursuit?????????????????????????????????

THE PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF THE NATURE OF SCIENCE: DISPELLING THE MYTHS

William F. McComas

MYTH 1: ?xperiments are the principal route to scientific knowledge

Throughout their school science careers, students are encouraged to associate science with experimentation. Virtually all hands-on experiences that students have in science class are called experiments even if they would more accurately be labeled as technical procedures, explorations or activities. True experiments involve carefully orchestrated procedures accompanied by control and test groups. ????????Of course, true experimentation is a useful tool in science, but is not the sole route to knowledge.

Many noteworthy scientists have used non-experimental techniques to advance knowledge. In fact, in a number of science disciplines, true experimentation is not possible because of the inability to control variables. Many fundamental discoveries in astronomy are based on extensive observations rather than experiments. ???????

MYTH 2: ?cience and technology are identical?

A common misconception is the idea that science and technology are the same. In fact, many believe that television, rockets, computers and even refrigerators are science, but one of the hallmarks of science is that it is not necessarily practical while refrigerators certainly are. ???????

Today, most investigators are working on problems that are at least in part directed from outside their laboratories. Scientists typically blend the quest of pure science in order to solve a technology challenge. In many ways the distinction between pure and applied science is not crucial, but it is interesting to explore what motivates scientists to work on their problems. Few scientists have the luxury to pursue any goal they choose since most scientific work is funded by organizations with an agenda. ??????????

MYTH ?: Science is a solitary pursuit

Most would likely accept the premise that science builds on prior work, but that essentially great scientific discoveries are made by great scientists. Even the Nobel prizes recognize the achievements of individual scientists rather than research teams. Therefore, science must be a solitary and individual pursuit. Sociologists of science who study scientists at work have shown that only rarely does a scientific idea arise in the mind of a lone individual which is then validated by that individual alone and accepted by the scientific community. The process is much more like a negotiation than the revelation of truth. ??????????Many problems in science are simply too complex for a sole individual to pursue alone due to constraints of time, intellectual capital and financing.

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(??????)???????????????

?	This funding relationship is not necessarily damaging, but the freedom experienced by the pure scientists of the Victorian age is long gone.?	?
?	Copernicus and Kepler changed our view of the solar system using observational evidence derived from lengthy and detailed observations frequently contributed by other scientists, but neither performed experiments.?	?
?	Usually experiments have as a primary goal?the establishment of a cause and effect relationship.?	?
?	Scientists work in research teams within a community of like-minded investigators.	?
?	The pursuit of knowledge for the sake of knowledge alone is called pure science while its exploitation in the production of a commercial product is applied science or technology.?	?

????? encouraged	to associate science with experimentation?
procedures, explorations??activities?	accompanied by
all hands-on experiences	???be labeled
???orchestrate?	a cause and effect relationship?
???????????	??????????????
noteworthy scientists	the inability to control variables?
extensive	to solve a technology challenge
observational evidence?	???derive?
???contribute	???perform experiments
misconception	?he pursuit of knowledge
exploitation	applied science?
???blend	the quest of pure science
to explore?	to pursue any goal
premise	a solitary pursuit
constraints of time	the revelation of truth

??????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????? orchestrated procedures? applied science??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????all hands-on experiences??noteworthy scientists??constraints of time??solitary?

????????????????????????
associate?????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????
????????orchestrate???????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????
investigators?????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????

1?	experiment?	a	is something brought about by a cause or agent; a result?
2?	effect?	b	is the process of learning something that was not known before, or of findings someone that was missing or hidden?
3?	observation	c	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
4?	discover??	d	is a test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known truth, examine the validity of a hypothesis, or determine the efficacy of something previously untried?
5?	procedure	e	is the act of noting and recording something?
??	???perform	??	to investigate systematically; examine
??	???contribute	??	to give or supply in common with others
??	to explore	??	the act of employing to the greatest possible advantage
??	exploitation	??	cause (something) to be mixed with (something else)
???	???blend	??	the act of disclosing
???	revelation?	??	to begin and carry through to completion

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?ontrol? explorations??knowledge??misconception? pursue? motivate? perform? blend? noteworthy? extensive?

??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??
??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??

1	?????? observations	6	???????????? scientists?
2	????????? scientists?	7	?????????????and test groups
3	technical procedures, ?????????or activities?	8	?????????????experiments
4	? common ??????????	9	?he pursuit of ????????
5	?????????? the quest of pure science?	10	?o ?????????? any goal

??????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????? exploitation?????????????accurately??procedure??????????? ???????goal??sole??evidence??????????? ????????????????
????????????????? ????????????discourage, ???????????????????????? ?????????crucial??damag???noteworthy???????????order??encourage, misconception??

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

1?	accurat?????	a	переслідувати будь-які цілі
2	to pursue any goal	b	неможливість контролювати
3	to fund	c	точно
4	the inability to control	d	весь практичний досвід
5	all hands-on experiences	e	фінансувати
6	misconception	f	супроводити
7	to accompany	g	здійснювати цілі
8	the quest of pure science	h	прикладна наука
9	to pursue any goal	i	неправильне уявлення
10	applied science	j	пошук чистої науки

Fill each gap with the appropriate word from the list below.

scientists, proof, discovery, scientific, considered, inevitable? frequently? science? criticize?

First, even if individuals understand that ?????????????????? laws are equal in importance to theories, they rarely appreciate that all knowledge in science is tentative, occasionally seeing ???“??????????????” in science equal to proof in mathematics. The issue of tentativeness is part of the self-correcting aspect of science but one that those who fault science ???????????????????? ignore. Creationists, for instance, are quick to ?????????????? science by pointing to the ????????????????????? of several teeth found in Nebraska early in this century (Gould, 1991). Initially, these teeth were ???????????????????? to have come from a primitive human, but were later found to be those of an extinct pig. ??????....??????? made both the initial identification and the later revision, but those who would like to fault ?????????????????? only discuss the error, while rarely mentioning the ?????????.......?? correction. ?

???????????????????????????
However, a ?????????? of science is that it is subject to revision when new information is presented.?

Accumulated ????????? can provide support, validation and substantiation for a law or theory, but will never prove those laws and theories to be true.?

????????

? hallmark?

?????????

????????

The problem of induction argues against proof in science, but there is another element of this myth worth ?????????????.?

? evidence?

??????????

???????

????????????

They are careful in the analysis of evidence and in the ???????? applied to arrive at conclusions.?

?????????????

????????

? exploring?

Another aspect of the inability of scientists to be objective is found in theory-laden ?????????, a psychological notion??

??????????

???????????????

?????????????

? procedures?

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????

???????????

? observation?

??????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Another aspect of this myth stems from the ???????????????realiz?? that there are several basic kinds of laws – deterministic and probabilistic. Although both types of laws are as tentative as any ???????????scienc?? knowledge, the laws of the physical sciences are typically deterministic in that cause and effect are more securely linked while the laws in biology usually have a probability factor associated. In the life sciences it is typical to see limitations placed on the ?????????????appl?? of laws. For example, Mendel’s laws of ????????????inher??? work only with single gene pairs and not even with all such pairs. This issue has called some to question if there are really ????????????law? in biology. My response would be that there are laws in the life sciences, but the rules for their application are somewhat distinct from those ?????????????appl?? in the physical sciences.?

????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????science and technology???????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????
The general success of the scientific endeavor ??????? that its products must be valid.?

???	The result of the lack of oversight has recently put ?	??	report valid, but negative results.?
??	An interesting corollary to this myth is that scientists rarely ?	??	about everything I saw.?Darwin?
??	Humans are the producers of new knowledge and ?	??	the truth?
??	Nothing could be farther from ?	??	science itself under suspicion.
???	I could not help making hypotheses?	??	also the arbiters of what counts as new knowledge.?

Philosophers of science ???????? it useful to refer to the work of Karl Popper and his principle of falsifiability to provide an operational definition of what counts as science. ?

? suggests?

???????????????

????????????

????????????????

????????Popper ???????? that only those ideas that are potentially falsifiable are scientific ideas.?

? ha? found?

? found?

????????????

? have found?

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????suggested?

? suggested?

?????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????

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?????

???????

Scientists ?????????? simply not ready to embrace a notion so contrary to the traditional teachings of their discipline.?

???????????????

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?????

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? were?

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??	The term hypothesis has at least three definitions, and for that ???reason, should be abandoned and replaced, or at least used with caution.?	?
??	For instance, when Newton ?????said that he framed no hypothesis as to the cause of gravity he was saying that he had no speculation about an explanation of why the law of gravity operates as it does.	?
??	In this case, ????Newton used the term hypothesis to represent an immature theory.	?
??	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	Galileo also began his studies on motion in, which he pursued steadily for the next two decades.?
??	In 1588 Galileo applied for the chair of mathematics at the University of Bologna but was unsuccessful.	?
??	By 1609 a Galileo had determined that the distance fallen by a body is proportional to the square of the elapsed time and that the trajectory of a projectile is a parabola.	?

????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"..... goal of ..... science and engineering is to build better mousetraps. ...... goal of ...... nature is to build better mice." Unknown
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????M. Twain
????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

"Людство потребує практичні люди, які отримують максимальну віддачу від їхньої роботи, і, не забуваючи загального блага, захисту їх власних інтересів. Але людство також потребує мрійники, для яких безкорислива розвитку підприємства так захоплююче, що стає неможливим для них,щоб присвятити свою допомогу в їх власного прибутку матеріалу.

Без сумніву, ці мрійники не заслуговують багатства, тому що вони не бажають цього. Тим не менш, організоване суспільство має забезпечити, щоб такі працівники ефективним засобом досягнення своїх завдань, в житті звільнені від матеріальної допомоги та вільно присвячений дослідженням." Марія Кюрі

Translate into English.
Деякі люди думають, що наука і техніка − це одне й теж саме.
Наука асоціюється з експериментами.
Технологія експерименту охоплює взаємопов’язану сукупність методів та процедур збору, обробки, інтерпретації, аналізу даних, встановлення надійності та валідності отриманих висновків, а також застосування отриманих результатів у практиці.
Для проведення експерименту науковці відбирають контрольні і експериментальні групи.
Багато фундаментальних відкриттів основані на спостереженнях, а не на експериментах.

SPEAKING

You are a scientist and you are going to clarify information about:

importance of experiments in science;
e????????????non-experimental techniques??
???????????????????science and technology??
?cience ?s a solitary pursuit???

????????????????????????????? ?The Principal Elements of the Nature of Science: Dispelling the Myths???

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????

????????????????

с) Albert Einstein

d) Sergei Korolev

You have received the task to make an open lecture entitled "Science in Society". What problems can you discuss in it?
Explain the suggested scientific phenomena. What other phenomena do you know? Can you explai????????

???????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????Sir Isaac Newton" (????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????

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????????????????????????th????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?WRITING?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Albert Einstein
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ience than a heap of stones is a house" Henri Poincar
You want to create an Internet site "Scientists − Wikiquote". Choose one of the scientists (in the field of mathematics or physics) and find q??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????T????offer ??????your fellowmates???????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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?	?	?	?	?

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????Science reassures.? Georges Braque
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

READING

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are warm-blooded?
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classifying them?
comparing them?
contrasting them?

5 Grass appears green because:

It absorbs green light

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a diamond
wood
gold
salt

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???????????????
Jupiter and Saturn?
Venus and Earth?

?????????????????????????????????????????????

carbon dioxide?
gamma radiation?

ultraviolet radiation?

temperature fluctuation??

???????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
which formed from cooled magma
??????????????????????????????????

In the????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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???????????etry so important? Why is it the term that scientists use synonymously with beauty? For many, it goes back to that fraction of a second after the big bang, some 13.7 billion years ago, when there was only one force − an instant of purest symmetry. When thi???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????− such as those unifying fundamental forces, like the electroweak theory − are considered "beautiful theories", and they usually turn out to be correct, which seems to justify the hunt for symmetry.

Symmetry need not be tied to visual imagery − the need c?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????

??	??	??	??	??
?	?	?	?	?

????????????????????????????????	to contradict experimental data
to extend the principle	to fit experiment
to unify fundamental forces	to retain the form
fraction of a second	electroweak theory
decay process	to exhibit mirror symmetry
??????????????????????????????????	to quantify objectively
theory of relativity	electromagnetic force
gravitation	coordinates
evidence	compatible
????????????????????????????	to reflect an intuition

??????????????????????????????????????????????

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???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
maintain a shape and structure
express instinctive knowledge of belief
??????????????????????????????????????????????
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??	symmetry?	??	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	equation?	??	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	nuclear force?	??	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	experimental data?	??	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	the big bang?	??	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	aesthetics?	??	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	weak force?	??	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??	decay?	??	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????

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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????al theory of relativity − a theory scientists often describe as the most beautiful theory ever 15) ….

Match 1-6 with a-f to make sentences.

??	principle of?	??	parity?
??	fraction of?	??	coordinates?
??	inverted?	??	energy?
??	cling on to?	??	theory?
??	spring from?	??	explanations?
??	conservation of?	??	relativity?
??	instant of?	??	aesthetics?
??	primordial?	??	theories?
??	offer	??	a second
???	electroweak	??	symmetry

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Not only are they pretty, but ladybugs eat aphids − insects that are harmless to the plants of gardeners or farmers.
Choose the correct verb tense for each sentence.
Tomorrow I ….. all day.
will be working b) will work
By the time we get there, the sto????????

???????????????????????????????????????

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????t beautiful, I know it is wrong." R. Buckminster Fuller
Translate the following sentences into English.
Гравітація виявилася деформацією простору викликаною об’єктами, що знаходяться у ньому.
60-65 мільйонів років тому дельфіни та люди мали спільного предка.
Нещодавно вчені виявили, що складні крапельні картини Джексона Поллока (Jackson Pollock) вражаюче схожі на хаотичні системи. Не розуміючи цього, Поллок знайшов спосіб зобразити природу, використовуючи фрактальні форми, які відображають характерну ознаку самої природи.

Коли елементарна частинка розпадається через “слабку взаємодію”, вона створює електрон та нейтрино, порушуючи при цьому парність.

Метелики відчувають смак задніми ніжками, а їх відчуття смаку викликається дотиком – це дозволяє їм визначити чи їстівний листок.
Впродовж 20 сторіччя математика поступово почала зазіхати на мистецтво.
Маючи довжину більш ніж 2000 кілометрів, Великий Бар’єрний Риф являє собою найбільшу живу структуру на Землі.
Edit the Ukrainian translation (B).
"I am among thos????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
"Я належу до числа тих, хто думає, що наука має великий краси. Вчений у своїй лабораторії є не тільки фахівцем: він ще й дитини, яка віддана перед природними явищами, які на нього враження як у казці. Ми не повинні допустити, щоб він вважав, що всі науково-технічного прогресу може бути зведений до механізми, машини, зубчасті передачі, хоча такі машини є своя краса." Марі Кюрі

SPEAKING

Discuss the following questions in small groups or pairs.
How important is science? What has science done for the humankind?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????What does this mean? Do you agree??
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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1	The great equations of modern physics are a permanent part of scientific knowledge,	a	complex mathematics that de??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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Listen to the description of two NASA by-products – smoke detector and cordless tools − and complete the sentences with information from the description.

NASA invented the first adjustable smoke detector with different sensitivity levels …….
The ionizatio?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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WRITING?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????s.
Scientists should be free to carry out any experiments they like regardless of utility, cost and ethics. Write a short opinion essay (120−180 words) expressing your point of view.
Choose two of the questions asked by children from the list below and wr????????????????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Student A –?sent????? 6-10, Student B – sent????? 1-5.?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Both deal with visual imagery and metaphor.
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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????g could escape, not even light − what we now know as a black hole.
The beauty of the mathematics of quantum theory turns out to be fine-tuned, linking each symmetry in nature to a law of conservation, such as the conservation of energy and of momentum.
As ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Nature agrees.?
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????In chemistry, outermost layer of a material or substance.
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???????????????????????????????????????????????????????rtant scientific experiments and present the results of your research to the class in the form of a poster or short presentation.

PROBLEM-SOLVING

Try to understand pure logic (see Problem-Solving, UNIT 6).

UNIT 7: Mathematics − the Language of Science.?

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?	?	?	?	?	?

?????????− thirty	seventeen − seventy
fo(u)rteen − fo(u)rty	eighteen − eighty
fifteen − fifty	nineteen − ninety
sixteen − sixty

Tell what the following abbreviations or shortenings mean. If you don't know, see Appendix 4.

	vs.		cf.
	e.g.		v.v.
	etc.		B.C.
	i.e.		A.D.
	fig.		exc.

Read the text "Mathematics − the language of science" and answer the questions.
Is the language of mathematics universal? Why (not)?
What is algebra?
What three stages has algebra passed?
How is the language of mathematics designed?
What signs and symbols are there in mathematics?
What sciences does mathematics embrace?
What is verbal algebra?
Give examples of abbreviated algebra.
Think of the heading for each paragraph of the text.

MATHEMATICS − THE LANGUAGE OF SCIENCE

Human lang???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????ory of the symbols “+” and “−“ may illustrate the point. In medieval Europe the latter was denoted by the full word ''minus'', then by the first letter "m" duly superscribed. Eventually the letter itself was dropped leaving the superscript only. The sign “????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????− for those unknown. The Cartesian notation not only displaced the Vietan one, but has survived to this day.
It is symbols that permit of concise, clear representation of ideas which are sometimes quite complex. Consider, for example, how much is involved ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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??	?????????	??	to spread through or throughout?
??	??????????	??	a voiced speech sound whose articulation is characterized by the absence of friction-causing obstruction in the vocal tract, allowing the breath stream free passage?
??	????????	??	something that serves as the object of an operation.?
??	???????	??	a speech sound produced by a partial or complete obstruction of the air stream by any of various constrictions of the speech organs, such as (p), (f), (r), (w), and (h)?
??	???????????	??	to indicate or specify, point out?
??	??????????	??	applicable or common to all purposes, conditions, or situations?

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? first letter is given to make the task easier.

vowels (c), definite (a), occasional (f), minus (p), known (u), verbal (m), presence (a), dependent (i), different (s)

Pick up from the text “Mathematics − the language of science” all the adjectives to the f????????????????

1	???????????????????????	6	????????????????????
2	????????????????????	7	??????????????????????
3	????????????????????????	8	?????????????????????????
4	????????????????	9	???????????????????????
5	?????????????????????????????????	10	??????????????????????????

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??	????????????????????????	??	набирати вигляду
2	vowels and consonants	b	продукт суспільного розвитку
3	to take the form (of)	c	цілеспрямовано розроблений
4	a product of social development	d	аналогічні метаморфози
5	a powerful technique	e	невідомі величини
6	purposefully designed	f	голосні та приголосні
7	unknown magnitudes	g	могутній спосіб (метод)

Fill the cells in the table with the words derived from the given nouns.

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The concept of numbers dates further back than writing. We have 9) …..... of ancient people recording numbers in various ways dating back to 30,000 B.C. By 1950 B.C., humans were inventing and solving 10) …….. Ancient Babylonians developed 11) …...... for geometry and algebra. These weren't just philosophies − ancient civilizations used mathematics the ????????????????????????????????????????????????

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Like Thales, Pythagoras is rather known for 1) _______ (mathematical) than for 2) _________ (philosophical). Anyone who can recall math classes will remember the first lessons of plane 3) _______ (geometrically) that usually start with the Pythagorean theorem about right-angled 4) ______ (triangular): aІ+bІ=cІ. In spite of its name, the Pythagorean theorem was not discovered by Pythagoras. The earliest known 5) _______ (formulate) of the theorem was written down by the Indian 6) _____ (mathematics) Baudhāyana in 800BC. The principle was also known to the earlier 7) _______ (Egypt) and the Babylonian master builders. However, Pythagoras may have proved the theorem and 8) ________ (popularization) it in the Greek world. With it, his name and his philosophy have survived the 9) _________ (turbulent) of history.??

??????????????????????????????????????

Noun	Adjective
symbol
mathematics
precision
concision
science
verb
frequency
similarity
conve???????	?
??????	?
???????	?

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"rules / on / certain simple / Mathematics / meaningless marks / played / is / game / according / a / with / paper / to." David Hilbert?
“Uglification, and Derision, / Arithmetic / The / of / different / are / Ambition, Distraction / branches.” Lewis Caroll?

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????????????????.................. ?????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????....................... ?????????????????????ants.
Power of transformation ....................... (to lift) algebra above the level of a convenient shorthand.
The history of symbols “+” and “−“ ...................... (to illustrate) the point.
Put articles where necessary.
… common language is … pro??????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?
Алгебра – це точна, стисла та універсальна наука.
Самі слова використовують у їх символічному змісті.
У середньовічній Європі “мінус” та “плюс” позначалися повними словами.
Скорочення перетворилося у символ.
В своєму розвитку алгебра пройшла декілька ступенів.
Сучасна алгебра об’єднує велику кількість самостійних дисциплін.
Метод аналізу математичних моделей посідає провідне місце серед інших методів дослідження.

П'єр Ферма

(1601-1665)

П'єр Ферма − видатний французький математик, один із основоположників аналітичної геометрії і теорії чисел. Він є автором робіт в області теорії ймовірності, оптики, численних нескінченно-малих величин. У 1637 році П'єр Ферма сформулював так звану "Велику теорему Ферма", яка була доведена американським математиком Ендрю Уайлсом лише у 1995 році. Теорема стверджує, що для будь-якого натурального n>2 i xyz<>0 рівняння хn+уn=zn не можна розв’язати в цілих (і раціональних) числах.

SPEAKING

A Discuss the following questions in small groups.
What counting systems do you know?
Ana?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?? ?

???????????Pythagoras of Samos. Prove the Pythagorean theorem.?

???	?	???	?	???	?
???	?	???	?	???	?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????lecture is: "Introduction in Mathematics". Think about the points that you would like to cover at this lecture. You may also use the information from the text "Mathematics − the language of science".

LISTENING

You are going to listen to some information a????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?	The Pythagorean theorem: ? The sum of the areas of the two squares on the legs (a and b) equals the area of the square on the hypotenuse (c).

??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
1. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
2. ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
3. ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????
4. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
5. ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????
1. ?????????????????????????
  1. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
  2. ??????????????????????????????????????????????????
  3. ???????????????????????????????????
  4. ????????????????????????

????????

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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????

?????????????????????????????− 13 pounds. And why?

Boy – Please, give me that bill. It’s my home-work for tonight. Thank you.

Write an essay (150 words) that ends: "As long as algebra and geometry have been separated, their progress have been slow and their uses limited; but when the????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????

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??????????

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????????????????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????????????

??

??????????????????????????????????

"????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????"?Stephen Hawking

WARM-UP

What is recreational mathematics?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	??	??	??	??	??
?	?	?	?	?	?

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Do you believe that numbers have mystical significance?
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Do you like them?

READING

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
S??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
What?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Then check your answers in the text.

????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????

Georges Pompidou Center, Paris

??????????????

??????????????????????

?????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????the Passion facade of the

Sagrada Familia cathedral ?

QUADRAMAGICOLOGY

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Squares with the magic-carpet property were called panmagic. Soon they were joined by antimagic squares − in which all the row, column and diagonal sums were different −?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Work????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	??	??	??	??	??	??
?	?	?	?	?	?	?

an artist	to trace back
to be fascinated	protective charms
mesmerizing patterns	to equate with planets
?????????????????	millennium / millennia
a row / a column	a tortoise
consecutive natural numbers	??????????????????????????????????????????????
square's order	array of integers
magic constant	an engraving
adjacent entries	the magic-carpet property
statesman	subsquare
matrix / matrices	to abandon modesty
to be inspired	a corner

Underline???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Explain????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Find????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????words??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Arrange???????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Fill in the blanks with appropriate words from the list below.

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????

1	antimagic square	a	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
2	panmagic square	b	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
3	consecutive	c	the ordinary counting numbers
4	square’s order	d	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
5	magic square	e	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
6	magic constant	f	?????????????????????????????????????????????????
7	array	g	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
8	natural number	h	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Function	Sign	Process	Verb	Result
addition	+			the sum
	–		to subtract from
	Ч	times
	ч	divided by		the quotient (+ the remainder)

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Put the appropriate verb of measurement into the sentences, changing its form if necessary. Pay attention to the tenses.

????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????It has … five minutes.
??????????????????????????????????????It has … five minutes.
?????????????????????????????????????????10 degrees in an hour.
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????B contain; cover; hold; register; seat; spend; total
????????????????????????????????????25 litres.
?????????????????????????????????$750 000 a year.
??????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
This encyclopedia … over 25000 references.
?????????????????????????????????????????
Match the parts of the sentences from three columns to make complete sentences that make sense. Translate them into Ukrainian.

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????	????????????????????????????????????	???????????????????????????????????????????????
???Sudoku completed grids	,?????????????????????????????????????????????	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???Yantra magic squares	??????????????????????????????????????	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	????????????????????????????????????	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????	??????????????????????????????????????????????	?????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????	??????????????????????????????????????????????????	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Figure (noun)	Shape (adjective)	Figure (noun)	Shape (adjective)
cone		cube
oval		octagon
	rectangular		cylindrical
	prismatic		square
	spiral	circle
	spherical	quadrangle

Match the pictures with the words that describe shape.

1 Mail box

2 Goat cheese

3 Sunflower

4 Frugal soap

5. Tortilla?chips

6. Puppy treats

6. Golf ball

7.Carabiner

8. Nautilus shell

9. Earring

10. Honey combs

11. Dumpling pastry

Match?????adjectives?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Translate??????????????????????????????????

??	???????	??	??????????
??	???????????	??	??????????????
??	????????	??	????????????
??	?????	??	?????
??	???????	??	?????
??	????????	??	?????

A????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????:?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????? evening/tomorrow/next week.

Example: I’m doing my exams next week.

Put the verb into the correct future form to complete the sentences.
I'm hungry − Oh, I ____ (make) you a sandwich.
The futurist Ray Kurzweil predicts that we ______ (have) computers so ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????
Ігрове поле судоку складається з квадрата, розміром 9×9, розділеного на менші квадрати зі стороною 3 клітини. Мета гри — заповнити вільні клітини цифрами від 1 до 9 так, щоб в кожному рядку, в кожному стовпці і в кожному малому квадраті 3×3 кожна цифра зустрічалася б тільки один раз.
Магічні квадрати називають ще планетними таблицями. Легенда розповідає, що найстародавнішу з таких таблиць один східний мудрець уперше побачив на спині священної черепахи.
Площа трикутника великого розміру у два рази більша за площу середнього трикутника.
Тани, деталі танграма, одержують під час розрізання квадрата вздовж прямих на п’ять рівнобедрених прямокутних трикутників різних розмірів, одного квадрата і одного паралелограма.
На замовлення авіакомпанії генетики вивели сорт кукурудзи з "квадратними" зернами.
Моделі орігамі можуть бути як плоскими, так і тривимірними.
Використовуючи потужний інструментарій алгебри і геометрії, математики зараз можуть точно передбачити скільки існує магічних квадратів певного типу.

LISTENING?

You???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
Now???????????????????????????????????????

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???

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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Listen??????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????
The "15 Puzzle is the …

SPEAKING

Explain the difference between

rhombus and parallelogram?
rhombus and kite?
????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????
quadrilateral and rectangle?
?????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????What’s your favourite shape? Why?
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	??	??	??	??	??	??
?	?	?	?	?	?	?

???????????????????????????????????????
Magic figures
???????????????????????????????????

Geometry in art and nature
Geomagic squares
Numerology
Geometry in nature

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Think about their shape, size, material.

???????????????????????????????????????????????????

2. Habitat 67, Montreal, Canada

3. Crooked house, Sopot, Poland

Do you agree with the following quotations? Why (not)?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Maria Montessori
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????James Newman
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Felix Klein

WRITING

Your friend came across an interesting article about geometric shapes in art and history. Help him to translate some of the sentences he had difficulty with.
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????.?
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Imagine that you work as a reporter for travelling magazine and you were given the task to write about the most interesting buildings in the world. Choose one of the pictures in the speaking section and write a short article describing the impression the building made on you, give reasons why this place is worth seeing. Use up to 180 words.
Write an abstract (4-6 sentences) in English to the article about origami.

Оригамі – це мистецтво паперової пластики, яке зародилося в Японії. Починається історія оригамі в період Хейан (794-1185 рр.). У цю епоху зроблений власноруч папір був вишуканим і цінним матеріалом, який використовували в особливих випадках, переважно під час проведення релігійних церемоній. Можливо, від цього пішла й назва мистецтва оригамі: від японських слів «папір», що звучить як «орі» та «Бог», тобто «камі». Таким чином у японців виник містичний зв’язок між релігійними обрядами та виробами з паперу, тобто «орикамі». Один із таких ритуалів, приміром, полягав у виготовленні невеликих паперових коробочок Санбо, в які клали маленькі шматочки риби та овочів і підносили як жертвоприношення в храмах.

У період Камакура (1185-1333рр.) і Муроматі (1333-1573рр.) оригамі виходить за межі храмів і досягає імператорського двору. Аристократи, монахи, придворні повинні були володіти особливими навичками в мистецтві складання з паперу. Саме це вміння в ті часи вважалося ознакою освіченості та шляхетності. А сім’ї навіть використовували фігурки оригамі в якості гербів і печаток. Записки ж, cкладені у формі метелика, лелеки чи квітки вважалися ознакою дружби чи добрих побажань іншій людині.

У період Адзуті-Момояма (1573-1603рр.) та Едо (1603-1867рр.) оригамі з мистецтва перетворилося в популярний спосіб проведення часу. Було винайдено багато моделей, які стали класичними, зокрема – японський лелека (цуру) – традиційний символ щастя та довголіття.

Поява більшої кількості авторських робіт пов’язана з іменем відомого японського майстра Акіри Йошизави. Саме він придумав своєрідну «нотну азбуку» оригамі, яка дозволила записувати і передавати процес складання фігурок.

У 1960-х мистецтво оригамі стало поширюватися по всьому світу, першим отримало розповсюдження модульне орігамі, а потім і численні течії, включаючи кірігамі. У модульному орігамі ціла фігура збирається з багатьох однакових частин (модулів). Кожен модуль складається за правилами класичного орігамі з одного аркуша паперу, а потім модулі з’єднуються шляхом вкладання їх один в одного, а сила тертя, що з’являється при цьому, не дає конструкції розпастися. Одним з найпоширеніших об’єктів модульного орігамі є Кусудама, об’ємне тіло кулястої форми.

How well do you remember the words from the unit. Work in pairs and do the quiz.?
????????????????????????????????????????????

a) circumference b) radius

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????

a) four b) five

?????????????????????????????????

a) two b) three

?????????????????????????????????????????????

a) six ??????????b) four

???????????????????????????????????????

a) four b) five

????????????????????????????????

a) Yes b) No

??????????????????????????????????????

a) one ?b) two

???????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????

always; sometimes; never

??????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????

?	?????????????? ???????? ?????????? ?????????????? ??????????

????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????

WARM-UP?

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??	???????	?
??	???????????	?
??	???????????	?
??	??????????	?
??	???????	?
??	?????????	?
??	????????????	?

?????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????
1. ??????????????????
  1. ?????????????????????????
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???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????elf − nature does it for you." Frank Wilczek
Nothing is accidental in the universe − this is one of my Laws of Physics − except the entire universe itself, which is Pure Accident, pure divinity." Joyce Carol
"I am now convinced that theoretical physics is???????????????????????????????
“Learn from yesterday, live for today, hope for tomorrow. The important thing is to not stop questioning.” ???????????????

READING?

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?

????????????????????????????????????? ?
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???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? the world on new lines of works.

A year later − in 1896 − in Paris, Antoine Henri Becquerel made his discovery of the mysterious rays given off by uranium salts. Marie Curie asked his permission to go on with the experiments. Her desire was to find if an??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

The first result of the work was the discovery of a substance giving off?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????(??????)???????????????

?	Marie and Pierre were especially interested in learning more about pitchblende. ?	?
?	After that Marie and Pierre isolated a second new element. ?	?
?	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	?
?	To answer this question, they purified huge amounts of the natural ore. ?	?
?	They chose the name "radium" because the element gives off such intense radiation.?	?
?	Eventually, they isolated a new element that gave off radiation much more intensely than did the pitchblende itself. ?	?
?	Becquerel's discovery caused great excitement among scientists. ?	?
?	What was in the ore that was giving off radiation, they asked.?	?
?	The Curies named the new element polonium.?	?
?	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	?

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to announce?	??????????????
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??	??????????	??	a blackish mineral that is a type of uraninite and occurs in veins, frequently associated with silver: the principal source of uranium and radium?
??	????????	??	to enter into and permeate?
??	????????????	??	to make known publicly?
??	???????	??	easily seen or understood; obvious?
??	?????????????	??	exceptionally small; tiny?
??	????????	??	any of a large group of one-celled organisms that lack a cell nucleus, reproduce by fission or by forming spores, and in some cases cause disease
??	?????????	??	impenetrable by light; neither transparent nor translucent
??	to announce?	??	a small part; a bit
??	??????	??	the remainder of something after removal of parts or a part

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??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??	??

1	??????????????????????	6	???????????????????
2	????????????????????	7	??????????????????
3	?????????????????????	8	????????????????
4	???????????????????????	9	????????????????
5	??????????????????????	10	??????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? pervade (p); non-transperent (o); obvious, clear (e); consent, assent (p); emit (g); astonishing (a); gain (o); eject (r)

Match the words and phrases with their Ukrainian equivalents.

1	pitchblende	a	виділяти
2	self-satisfaction	b	непрозорий
3	to give off	c	дрібний
4	neighbourhood	d	частинка
5	opaque	e	наближатися
6	fraction	f	уранова смолка
7	residue	g	сусідство
8	minute	h	осад
9	to draw near	i	самозадоволення

Translate the following phrases from the text into Ukrainian.
photographed through the ????????????????????
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abundance, ores, density,????????????????????melting,???????????? properties, gives off,??????????? radium, radioactivity,????????????? oxygen, pitchblende, hydrogen?

??????????????????????? 1)?________??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????2) ______????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????3) ???????????????????????????

??????????4) ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????5) ?????????????????????????????????????????????

Radium is a brilliant white metal with a 6) _____ point of 700°C (1,300°F) and a boiling point of 1,737°C (3,159°F). Its 7) ______ is 5.5 grams per cubic centimeter.

Radium combines with most non-metals, including 8) ______, fluorine, chlorine, and nitrogen. It also reacts with acids with the formation of 9) _______ gas. Radium's chemical 10) ______ are of much less interest than its 11) _________, however.

The amount of 12) _____ in the Earth's crust is very small. Its 13) ______ has been estimated to be about 0.0000001 parts per million. It occurs not only in 14) ______, but in all 15) _____ that contain uranium. It is formed when uranium 16) ______ radiation and breaks down.

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.................?	................	?????????????................
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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????? You won’t need all the words.?
Cosmic?????????????????solved? ?
The flake type graphite is found to ............ extremely low resistivity to electrical conductance.
Neils Bohr went to England to study with J.J. Thomson, who had ........... the electron in 1897.
The ATLAS experiment has continued to record data and to refine the analyses in the ............ for the Higgs boson and many other exciting signatures of new physics. ?
According????????????????????????????????????????????????????han the height of a barrier could not ............. − the region inside the barrier is classically forbidden.
Most physicists in the early years of the twentieth century were engrossed by the electron, such a new and fascinating ................ .
In 1899−1900, physicists Ernest Rutherford and Paul Villard separated radiation into three types: alpha, beta, and gamma, based on ............ of objects and ability to cause ionization.
When they were discovered, the "X" stood for "unknown," because they were so ................. .
Сhoose the proper word from the pairs in bold. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian.
Molecules all vary/very in size depending upon the number and size of the atoms which compose them.
Complex/complicated molecules, like of starch???????????????????????
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????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? / ????????
" vice versa / imprecise / The more / the / precise / of position, / the more / measurement / the / of momentum, / measurement / and." Werner Heisenberg?
"words / The reality / never / put / can / into / is / reality / we / itself." Werner Heisenberg?
"electron /observations, / Reality / is / the / in / the / not / in." Werner Heisenberg?
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?	In fact, no more than about two kilograms (five pounds) of?	??	the composition of metals, plastics, and other materials. ?
?	The radiation that radium gives off?	??	not well explored by theorists. ?
?	Radiation given off by radium is sometimes used also to study?	??	radium is made each year. ?
?	Physics covers a wide range of phenomena,?	??	low-temperature collision dynamics and the effects of electron correlation on structure and dynamics.?
?	Feynman noted that experimentalists may seek areas which are?	??	from elementary particles (such as quarks, neutrinos and electrons) to the largest superclusters of galaxies.?
?	Current research focuses on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions, ?	??	can kill living cells. ?

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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????e walking

Don’t disappoint me, I … for you at 7 sharp.

a) will wait b) will be waiting c) will have waited

Translate into English paying attention to the present, past and future tenses.
Студент сказав, що всі важливі відкриття в галузі фізики вже зроблені. Викладач запевнив, що студент помиляється.
Вчений проводив дослідження з ранку до вечора, але бажаних результатів не одержав.
Відкриття нового елемента зробило Кюрі відомими.
Радій має багато властивостей. Що ви знаєте про це?
Коли ми готувались до іспитів, зайшов наш викладач та сказав, що іспит з фізики відбудеться у вівторок. А іспит з алгебри, який ми вже склали був успішний для всіх.
Маю надію, що до кінця травня студенти нашої групи вже здадуть реферати.
Вам вже вдалося зробити все, що ви планували? Коли ви закінчили роботу?
Скільки часу ця група фізиків витратила на дослідження?
Не турбуй нікого. Бачиш, студенти обговорюють важливі питання.
Завтра професор нашої кафедри відбуває на міжнародну конференцію. Він одержав запрошення ще пів року тому.
Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.
1. We ______ (to study) the properties of this material before we began to use it.
2. Temperature changes ______ (to affect) nearly all properties of matter.
3. Pierre and Marie Curie _________ (to disc??????????????????????
4. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
5. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????
6. ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
7. ???????????????????????????????????????????
8. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
9. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
10. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
11. ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
12. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
13. ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
14. ???????????????????????????????????????????????????
15. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????
16. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
17. ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
18. ??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
19. ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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"The interest of research workers has frequently been focused 1) .... the phenomenon 2) .... regularly shaped crystals suddenly forming 3) ... a liquid, e.g. a supersaturated salt solution. 4) .... the atomic theory the forming force 5) ... this process is to a certain extent the symmetry characteristic 6) .... the solution 7) .... Schrцdinger's wave equation, and to that extent crystallization is explained 8) ... the atomic theory. Nevertheless this process retains a statistical and − one might almost say − historical element which cannot be further reduced:even when the state 9) .... the liquid is completely known 10) .... crystallization, the shape 11) .... the crystal is not determined 12) .... the laws 13) .... quantum mechanics. The formation 14) ... regular shapes is just far more probable than that of a shapeless lump. But the ultimate shape owes its genesis partly 15) ... an element of chance which 16) .... principle cannot be analysed further." Werner Heisenberg?

????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Albert Einstein
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Galileo Galilei
?????????????????????????????? (?)??
"The physicist may be satisfied when he has the mathematical scheme and knows how to use for the interpretation of the experiments. But he has to speak about his results also to non-physicists who will not be satisfied unless some explanation is given in plain language. Even for the physicist the description in plain language will be the criterion of the degree of understanding that has been reached." Werner Heisenberg
"Фізик може бути задоволено, якщо у нього є математичні схеми і знає, як використовувати для інтерпретації експериментів. Але він повинен говорити про його результати і не-фізиків, які не будуть задоволені, якщо якесь пояснення дається на простому мовою. Навіть для фізиків опис на простій мові буде критерієм ступеня розуміння того, що було досягнуто." Вернер Гейзенберг

SPEAKING

Tell your partner about one or two new things about physics you have found out at the lesson.
Imagine that you are a great scientist working in a certain field of physics. Y?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
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? ?	?	?
FA = ρgV
F = ma ?	?	?
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pV=cons?? ?

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Most Frequently Viewed Questions about English

What is the Oxford Comma?

The Oxford Comma is an optional comma before the word and at the end of a list.

Example:

We sell books, videos, and magazines.

It is so called because it was traditionally used by printers, readers, and editors at Oxford University Press. Sometimes it can be necessary for clarity when the items in the list are not single words:

Example:

These items are available in black and white, red and yellow, and blue and green.

Some people do not realize that the Oxford Comma is acceptable, possibly because they were brought up with the supposed rule (which Fowler would call a superstition) about putting punctuation marks before and.

What is the difference between Street and Road?

The terms may frequently apply to exactly the same thing. However, road is a general term, whereas street is narrower in sense and chiefly urban in application: a street typically has buildings on either side and is paved or metalled.

Is there An Official Committee which regulates the English language, like the Acadйmie franзaise does for French?

No. There never has been any group or body with this authority and it is not the purpose of the Oxford English Dictionary Department to act in this way. There was considerable interest in the standardization of English in the 17th and 18th centuries which among other things resulted in the publication of Samuel Johnson's famous dictionary in 1755. However, despite the support of writers such as Daniel Defoe and Jonathan Swift, efforts to improve the language or to establish an English Academy were unsuccessful.

English is now used in so many countries and in so many contexts. That it is doubtful whether anyone would take much notice of an Academy even if one existed, though there are organizations dedicated to maintaining or improving standards of English usage such as the Plain English Campaign which tries to encourage the use of clear English rather than jargon especially in commercial, legal and official publications and the Queen's English Society which aims to counteract the perceived misuse and debasement of English.

What is the origin of the Dollar Sign ($)?

Many suggestions have been made about the origin of the dollar symbol $. One of the commonest is that it derives from the figure 8 representing the Spanish Piece Of Eight. However, it actually derives from handwritten ps: an abbreviation for Peso in old Spanish-American books. The $ symbol first occurs in the 1770s inmanuscript documents of English-Americans who had business dealing with Spanish-Americans and it starts to appear in print after 1800.

The name Dollar however derives from the Dutch or Low German word daler (in German taler or thaler) − originally Joachimstaler referring to a coin from the silver mines of Joachimstal in Bohemia (now Jбchymov in the Czech Republic) which opened in 1516. ?

???????

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????????????????????????????????????heir memories very easily. First of all learn to relax if you're trying to memorise something. You may miss important items if your mind is on something else or if you weren't paying attention because of anxiety − you retain information best when you are a????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

UNIT 4

Parts of an IQ Test

An IQ test tests your intelligence on different levels of thinking. It examines your following faculties:

Verbal Intelligence
Mathematical Ability
Spatial Reasoning Skills
Visual/Perceptual Skills
Classification Skills
Logical Reasoning Skills
Pattern Recognition Skills

Verbal Intelligence

???????????????????????????????????????

Proverb tests
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?????????????????????????????????????????
Antonyms, synonyms
Verbal puzzles including Jumbled words

?????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????

Series problems
Fill in the missing numbers
Mathematical puzzles

??????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????

Object Assembly
Block Design
Digit Symbol/Coding/Animal House
Picture Arrangement
Picture Concepts
Picture Completion
Matrix Reasoning

?????????????????????????

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Sir Isaac Newton
Scientist and Mathematician, 1642 - 1727

Isaac Newton was born on December 25, 1642 (by the Julian calendar then in use; or January 4, 1643 by the current Gregorian calendar) in Woolsthorpe, near Grantham in Lincolnshire, England. He was born the same year Galileo died. Newton is clearly the most influential scientist who ever lived. His accomplishments in mathematics, optics, and physics laid the foundations for modern science and revolutionized the world.

Newton was educated at Trinity College, Cambridge where he lived from 1661 to 1696. During this period he produced the bulk of his work on mathematics. In 1696 he was appointed Master of the Royal Mint, and moved to London, where he resided until his death.

As mathematician, Newton invented integral calculus, and jointly with Leibnitz, differential calculus. He also calculated a formula for finding the velocity of sound in a gas which was later corrected by Laplace.

Newton made a huge impact on theoretical astronomy. He defined the laws of motion and universal gravitation which he used to predict precisely the motions of stars, and the planets around the sun. Using his discoveries in optics Newton constructed the first reflecting telescope.

Newton found science a hodgepodge of isolated facts and laws, capable of describing some phenomena, but predicting only a few. He left it with a unified system of laws that can be applied to an enormous range of physical phenomena, and that can be used to make exact predications. Newton published his works in two books, namely "Opticks" and "Principia."

Newton died in London on March 20, 1727 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, the first scientist to be accorded this honor. A review of an encyclopedia of science will reveal at least two to three times more references to Newton than any other individual scientist. An 18th century poem written by Alexander Pope about Sir Isaac Newton states it best: “Nature and Nature's laws lay hid in night:
God said, Let Newton be! and all was light.”

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???????

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x = [-b ± √(b2 - 4ac)]/2a

Through the use of non-linear equations, complex mathematical problems such as the trajectories of weapons fire can be solved... but who created the quadratic formula that is used to solve the polynomial expressions that describe thes??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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??	??	??	??	??
?	?	?	?	?

????????	?????	???????
?????	???????	??????	????????	????????????????	????????/? ?????????
??????	????????	???????	?????????	???????????	????????????
???????	?????????	????????	??????????	????????????	???????????
??????	?	???????	?	???????????	?

???????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????on’t. I shan’t.

“To be” може бути :

Основним дієсловом I am a reader
1. У складі виразу I am fond of reading
  1. Для формування часів групи Continuous I am reading
    1. Для формування Passive I am read
    2. Модальним дієсловом (Must = Be to) I am to read

To be	Expressions
to be afraid (of)	боятися
be scared	перелякатися
be glad	радіти
be happy	бути щасливим
be delighted	дуже радий
be pleased (with)	бути задоволеним
be free	бути вільним
be busy (with)	бути зайнятим
be late (for)	запізнюватися
be in hurry	поспішати
be ready (with)	бути готовим
be sure (of)	бути впевненим
be sorry	жалкувати
be tired	втомлюватись
be sick and tired	набридати
be nervous (about)	хвилюватися
be cross (with)	сердитися
be angry (with)	злитися
be over	закінчуватися
be proud (of)	пишатися
be thirsty	хотіти пити
be hungry	хотіти їсти
be born	народитися
be fond of	любити
be shy	соромитися
be O’K(all right)	все добре
be bad (ill,sick)	хворіти
be bored	сумувати
be interested in	бути зацікавленим

THE VERB “TO HAVE”

In British English we often use hav?????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

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??????????може бути:

Основним дієсловом I have got a lot of friends.
У складі виразу He has breakfast at 7 a.m.
Для формування часів групи He has read ...

Perfect He had translated ...

Модальним дієсловом I had to translate ...

(must = have to) I have to have it.

EXPRESSIONS????????????????????????? ?

??????????????????????????????????????????
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????????????????
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???????????????
??????????????????
????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????
?????????????? to do with you.
He must have this tooth out.
You’ve been had. ( бути ошуканим )
She has done with all this.

THE ACTIVE VOICE

???????????????

???????????????????

?WE USE PRESENT FORMS

	SIMPLE	CONTINUOUS	PERFECT	PERFECT CONTINUOUS
PRESENT	I do he/she/it does we do you do they do	I ????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ??????????????? they are doing	???????????? ??????????????????? ????????????? ?????????????? they have done	???????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ???????????????????? they have been doing
	????????? ???????????????????	???????????? ????????????????????	????????????? ????????????????????	??????????????????? ??????????????????????????
?	???????????? ??????????????????????	??????????????? ???????????????????????	???????????????? ???????????????????????	?????????????????????? ?????????????????????????????
PAST	?????? ?????????????? ???????? ???????? ????????? ?	???????????? ???????????????????? ?????????????? ??????????????? they were doing	??????????? ??????????????????? ???????????? ????????????? they had done	????????????????? ????????????????????????? ?????????????o???? ??????????????o???? they had been doing
	Did I do?	Was I doing?	Had I done?	Had I been doing?
	I did not do	I was not doing	I had not done	?????????????????????
FUTURE	??????????? ?????????????????? ???????????? ???????????? they will do	????????????????? ???????????????????o???? ?????????????????? ?????????????????? they will be doing	?????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????? ??????????????????? they will have done	???????????????????????? ??????????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
?	Shall I do?	Shall I be doing?	Shall I have done?	?????????????????????????
?	I shall not do	?????????????????????	??????????????????????	????????????????????????????

?TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR PRESENT FORMS

PRESENT

SIMPLE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT

PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

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??WE USE PAST FORMS

PRESENT

SIMPLE

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

PRESENT

PERFECT

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS

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TIME EXPRESSIONS FOR PAST FORMS

PAST

SIMPLE

PAST

CONTINUOUS

PAST

PERFECT

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

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?WE USE FUTURE FORMS

PAST

SIMPLE

PAST CONTINUOUS

PAST

PERFECT

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS

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Future simple	Be going to	Future Continuous	Future Perfect
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	???????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?	???????????????????????????????????????????? ?	?????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
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?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?	??????????????????????
?	?	?	????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ?	???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	??????????????????????????????????????	??????????????????? ???????????????????????????
?	?	timetables / programmes	?????????????????????????????????????? ?
?????????????????SHALL IS USED:	WILL IS USED:
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ? ?	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????o???????	Future Perfect	Future Perfect Continuous
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????	???by …for

??????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????

15 − fifteen 50 − fifty

16 − sixteen 60 − sixty

100 a (= one) hundred

300 three hundred s

1000 a thousand

11,000 eleven thousand s

But: some thousands; millions and millions of people.

Saying “0”

oh [ou], zero, naught, nothing, nil.

Mind “0” can be spoken in different ways in different contexts.

Phone number: 067 922 00 78 − oh, six, seven, nine, double oh, seven, eight.

Maths: 0.7 − naught point seven

oh point seven

zero point seven

Fractions and decimals

− a fourth, a quarter

= 0.5 – a second, a half, zero point 5

− two thirds − five sixths

1 − one and three quarters

1.75 – one point seventy-five,

one point seven five,

two but a quarter

0.5 = .5 – oh point 5; point 5.

Ordinal numbers and dates

Mind the following:

	the first
Exception	the second	the ... the
	the third

One of the problems with dates is that we write them and say them in a different way.

4 January − the fourth of January

or January the fourth

or January fourth

Room 5 – not “the fifth room”. Page 10 – not “the tenth page”.
Notice the following:

odd numbers − 3, 5, 11…

even numbers – 2, 10, 22…

12 – a dozen,

20 – a score,

60 – three scores,

2000 − twenty hundred

Articles

The indefinite articles, a / an, can be used to talk about

* objects or ideas in general

* one particular person or thing, when it is mentioned for the first time, or whenthe reader does not know which one is meant, or when it does not matter which one.

The definite article, the, can be used

* when the noun is singled out as unique or specific

* when the reader already knows which particular person(??????) or thing(s) etc? you are talking about??

What are the basic rules for using the articles?

The indefinite article (a / an) is used with singular countable nouns referring to a non-unique item in general:

separate objects, people, ideas, etc.

singular	a microscope	a scientist	a plan
plural	five microscopes	a large number of scientists	several alternative plans

The definite article (the) is used with nouns referring to a unique specific item. A noun can have a definite article when

it is modified by a superlative or ordinal number

?????the first experiment?? the last measurement?? the most significant results?? the only time

it refers to an entire type or species

?????The telephone can be used to transfer data

it refers to an item previously mentioned

?????They connected a phone line to a modem. The modem was connected to a computer in order for the computer to access the ?nternet.

there is only one of something or it is fully specified by the context or background knowledge

?????The periodic table is often used in chemistry.

The ?nternet is now used by millions of people across the world.

it is followed by of + noun phrase

?????The coefficient of expansion of brass is 0.000026oC.

The importance of international co-operation is emphasised in the report.

Note: Some generalisations may be needed in scientific use, in which case the is left out in long, complex, uncountable or plural noun phrases, in particular those including an of + noun phrase. In these sentences, both options, i.e. using the articles or omitting them, are correct.

?????(The) Little-known sources of air pollution are misfires in a car’s engine.

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????? Age, the First World War) but World War I

THE POSSESSIVE CASE ПРИСВІЙНИЙ ВІДМІНОК

відповідає родовому відмінку в українській мові

The Common Case The Possessive Case

student ??????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????

???????????????????????????????????? – записи студента

Students’ notes = notes of students – записи студентів

a year’s absence – річна відсутність

a mile’s distance – відстань в одну милю

an actress’ role – роль актриси

Newton’s Laws of Motion – закон руху Ньютона

At my sister’s house – в будинку моєї сестри

At the chemist’s – в аптеці

At “the Jones’s” restaurant – в ресторані під назвою «у Джона»

Appendix 3: Irregular Verbs

abide	abode, abided	abode, abided	зносити, терпіти
arise	arose	arisen	виникати, з'являтися, постават
awake	awoke	awaked, awoke	прокидатися
backbite	backbit	backbitten, backbit	лихословити за спиною, зводити наклеп на відсутнього
backslide	backslid	backslid, backslidden	відступати, відходити від віри
bе (аm, is аrе)	was, were	bееn	бути
bеаr	bоrе	bоrnе, bоrn	носити, нести, переносити; народжувати
beat	beat	beaten	бити, калатати
bесоmе	bесаmе	bесоmе	робитися, ставати
befall	befell	befallen	траплятися
beget	begot, begat	begotten	породжувати
begin	began	begun	починати(ся)
behold	beheld	beheld	бачити, помічати
bend	bent	bent, bended	згинати, гнути
bегеаvе	bereaved, bereft	bereaved, bereft	позбавляти, відмічати
beseech	besought	besought	просити, благати
beset	beset	beset	оточувати, обступати
bespeak	bespoke	bespoken, bespoke	замовляти завчасно, заручатися
bestride	bestrode	bestridden, bestrid, bestrode	сідіти верхи, стояти (розставивши ноги)
bet	bet	bet	закладатися, заставлятися
betake	betook	betaken	удавати, звертатися (до кого-н, чого-н)
bethink	bethought	bethought	згадати, задумати
bid	bade, bid	bidden, bid	пропонувати ціну (на аукціоні)
bide'	bode, bided	bided	чекати (зручного моменту)
bind	bound	bound	в'язати, зв'язувати; затримувати, обмежувати
bite	bit	bitten, bit	кусати(ся), жалити
bleed	bled	bled	кровоточити, стікати кров'ю
blend	blended, blent	blended, blent	змішувати, виготовляти суміш
bless	blessed, blest	blessed, blest	благословляти
blow	blew	blown	дути
break	broke	broken	ламати(ся), розбивати(ся)
breed	bred	bred	розводити (тварин), вигодовувати, висиджувати (пташенят)
bring	brought	brought	приносити, привозити
broadcast	broadcast,broadcasted	broadcast,broadcasted	транслювати, передавати по paдіo
browbeat	browbeat	browbeaten	залякувати, лякати

IRREGULAR VERBS

build	build	build	будувати
burn	burnt, burned	burnt, burned	пекти, спалювати; засмагати (на cонці)
burst	burst	burst	розривати(ся),вибухати
buу	bought	bought	купувати
cast	cast	cast	кидати
catch	caught	caught	ловити
chide	chid	chidden, chid	сварити
choose	chose	chosen	вибирати
cleave	clove, cleft	cloven	залишатися вірним
cling	clung	clung	чіплятися, прилипати
clothe	clothed	clothed	одягати
соmе	саmе	соmе	приходити, прибувати, приїжджати
cost	cost	cost	коштувати
сrеер	crept	crept	повзати, крастися
crow	crowed	crowed	співати (про півня), агукати (про немовля)
cut	cut	cut	різати, краяти
dare	daren, durst	dared	сміти, наважуватися
deal	dealt	dealt	уживати заходів, боротися з чим-н
dig	dug	dug	копати, рити
do	did	done	робити, виконувати, здійснювати
draw	drew	drawn	тягти; креслити, малювати
dream	dreamed, dreamt	dreamed, dreamt	мріяти, бачити уві сні
drink	drank	drunk	пити, пиячити
drive	drove	driven	гнати, проганяти; везти, підвозити
dwell	dwelt	dwelt	жити, перебувати, знаходитис
eat	ate	eaten	їсти
fall	fеll	fallen	падати, опускатися
feed	fed	fed	годувати (худобу)
feel	felt	felt	відчувати на дотик; почувати
fight	fought	fought	битися, боротися
find	found	found	знаходити
flее	fled	fled	бігти, рятуватися втечею
fling	flung	flung	кидати(ся)
flу	flew	flown	літати
forbear	forbore	forborne	утримуватися, ухилятися
forbid	forbade, forbad	forbidden	забороняти
forecast	forecast, forecasted	forecast, forecasted	передбачати, прогнозувати
forego	forewent	foregone	передувати
foreknown	foreknew	foreknown	знати наперед
foresee	foresaw	foreseen	передбачати

IRREGULAR VERBS

foretell	foretold	foretold	пророкувати, провіщати
forget	forgot	forgotten	забувати
forgive	forgave	forgiven	пробачати
forsake	forsook	forsaken	залишати, позбавлятися чогось
forswear	forswore	forsworn	відмовлятися; заперечувати
freeze	froze	frozen	замерзати; покриватися кригою, мерзнути
gainsay	gainsaid	gainsaid	заперечувати, суперечити
get	got	got	одержувати, добувати
gild	gilded, gilt	gilded	позолочувати, прикрашати
gird	girded, gird	girded, gird	підперезуватися
give	gave	given	давати, віддавати
go	went	gone	ходити, їхати
grave	graved	graven,graved	гравіювати, витісувати
grind	ground	ground	молоти, товкти
grow	grew	grown	виростати, збільшуватися,зростати
hamstring	hamstringed, hamstrung	hamstringed, hamstrung	підрізати крила
hang	hung, hanged	hung, hanged	вішати, висіти
have	had	had	мати, володіти, містити
hеаr	heard	heard	чути
heave	heaved, hove	heaved, hove	піднімати( ся)
hew	hewed	hewed, hewn	рубати
hide	hid	hidden, hid	ховати
hit	hit	hit	бити
hold	held	held	тримати
hurt	hurt	hurt	пошкодити, завдати болю
inlay	inlaid	inlaid	настилати, інкрустувати
keep	kept	kept	зберігати, доглядати
kneel	knelt	knelt	стояти навколішках
knit	knitted, knit	knitted, knit	в’язати, плести
know	knew	known	знати
lade	laded	laden	навантажувати
lay	laid	laid	класти
lead	led	led	вести
lean	leant, leaned	leant, leaned	нахилятися
leap	leapt, leaped	leapt, leaped	стрибати
learn	learnt, learned	learnt, learned	вивчати
leave	left	left	піти, поїхати, залишати
lend	lent	lent	позичати
let	let	let	пускати, дозволяти
lie	lay	laid	лежати
light	lighted, lit	lighted, lit	освітлюватися, загорятися

IRREGULAR VERBS

lose	lost	lost	губити, втрачати
make	made	made	робити, виготовляти
mеаn	meant	meant	мати намір, означати
meet	met	met	зустрічати(ся)
melt	melted	melted, molten	тонути, топитися
misdeal	misdealt	misdealt	помилятися, неправильно діяти
misgive	misgave	misgiven	навіювати погані передчуття
mislay	mislaid	mislaid	покласти не нв мiсце, загубити
mislead	misled	misled	уводити в оману, збивати з пуття
mistake	mistook	mistaken	помилятися
misunderstand	misunderstood	misunderstood	неправильно розуміти
mow	mowed	mown	косити
outbid	outbade,outbid	outbidden, outbid	перевищувати
outdo	outdid	outdone	перевищити, подолати
outgo	outwent	outgone	виростати (з одягу)
outgrow	outgrew	outgrown	випереджати, переростати
outride	оutrоdе	outridden	випередити, обігнати
outshine	outshone	outshone	затьмарити
outspread	outspread	outspread	розповсюджувати, простиратися
outwear	outwore	outworne	зношувати
overbear	overbore	overborne	придушувати, пересилювати
overcast	overcast	overcast	покриватися, закриватися
overcome	overcame	overcome	подолати, перемогти, оволодіти (про почуття)
overdo	overdid	overdone	заходити надто далеко
overdraw	overdraw	overdrawn	перебільшувати
overeat	overate	overeaten	переїдати
overfeed	overfed	overfed	перегодувати
overgrow	overgrew	overgrown	перерости
overhang	overhung	overhung	нависати
overhear	overheard	overheard	підслуховувати
overlay	overlaid	overlaid	покривати фарбою
overleap	overleapt, overleaped	overleapt, overleaped	перестрибувати
overlie	overlay	overlain	покривати(фарбою)
override	overrode	overridden	не приймати до уваги
overrun	overran	overrun	кишіти, заростати бур'яном
oversee	oversaw	overseen	спостерігати
overset	overset	overset	перекидати
overshoot	overshot	overshot	промахнутися

IRREGULAR VERBS

oversleep	overslept	overslept	проспати
overspread	overspread	overspread	розкидати
overtake	overtook	overtaken	наздогнати
overthrow	overthrew	оverthrown	повалити, скинути
overwork	overworked	overworked	надто багато працювати, перевтомлюватися
partake	partook	partaken	брати участь, скористатися
рау	paid	paid	платити, звертати увагу
put	put	put	класти, ставити
read	read [red]	read [red]	читати
rebuild	rebuilt	rebuilt	відбудовувати
recast	recast	recast	виправляти, давати нову форму
relay	relaid	relaid	передавати далі, змінити
rend	rent	rent	відривати, віддирати
repay	repaid	repaid	віддавати борг, повертати
reset	reset	reset	знову встановлювати
retell	retold	retold	переповідати
rid	ridden, rid	rid, ridden	позбавляти чогo-н, звільнятися від чогo-н
ride	rode	ridden	їхати верхи
ring	rang	rung	дзвонити, телефонувати
rise	rose	risen	підводитися, збільшуватися
rive	rived	riven, rived	розколювати, розщепляти
run	ran	run	бігти
saw	sawed	sawn, sawed	пиляти, розпилювати
say	said	said	говорити, сказати
see	saw	seen	бачити, розумiти
seek	sought	sought	шукати, прагнути
sell	sold	sold	продавати
send	sent	sent	посилати, передавати
set	set	set	ставити, розташовува
sew	sewed	sеwn, sewed	шити
shake	shook	shaken	трясти, тремтiти
shear	sheared	shorn, sheared	стригти, косити
shed	shed	shed	губити,скидати (листя)
shine	shone	shone	свiтити(ся),освiтлювати
shoe	shod	shod	взувати
shoot	shot	shot	стрiляти
show	showed	shown	показувати
shred	shredded	shredded	рiзати
shrink	shrапk, shrun	shrunk, shrunken	скорочувати (ся), зменшувати (ся)

IRREGULAR VERBS

shrive	shrove, shrived	shriven, shrived	сповiдати, вiдпускати грiхи
shut	shut	shut	зачиняти (ся)
sing	sаng	sung	спiвати
sink	sank	sunk, sunken	тонути
sit	sat	sat	сидіти
slay	slew	slain	убивати (жарт.)
sleep	slept	slept	спати
slide	slid	slid, sliilden	ковзати,прослизнути
sling	slung	slung	пiдвiшувати
slink	slunk	slunk	крастися
slit	slit	slit	розрiзати в довжину
smell	smelt, smelled	smelt, smelled	нюхати
smite	smote	smitten	розбивати, руйнувати
sow	sowed	sown	сiяти
speak	spoke	spoken	говорити,сказати
speed	sped,speeded	sped,speeded	збiльшувати швидкiсть, розганятися
spell	spelt, spelled	spelt, spelled	писати (вимовляти) по буквам
spend	spent	spent	витрачати,проводити (час)
spill	spilt,spilled	spilt,spilled	розливати
spin	spun, span	spun	крутити (ся)
spit	spat	spat	плювати
split	split	split	розколювати (ся)
spoil	spoilt	spoilt	псувати (ся)
spread	spread	spread	поширювати(ся), розповсюджувати(ся)
spring	sprang	sprung	стрибати, кидати(ся
stand	stood	stood	стояти
steal	stole	stolen	красти
stick	stuck	stuck	встромляти, приклеювати
sting	stung	stung	жалити
stink	stank, stunk	stunk	смердiти
strew	strewed	strewn, strewed	розкидати
stride	strode	stridden	широко крокувати
strike	struck	struck, stricken	ударяти(ся), запалювати(ся)
strive	strove	striven	старатися, намагатися
sunburn	sunburned, sunburnt	sunburned,sunburnt	засмагати
swear	swore	sworn	клястися
sweat	sweat, sweated	sweat, sweated	пiтнiти
sweep	swept	swept	мести
swell	swelled	swollen, swelled	надуватися, збiлыпуватися
swim	swam	swum	плавати
swing	swung	swung	гойдати(ся)
take	took	taken	брати, взяти

IRREGULAR VERBS

teach	taught	taught	учити, навчати, викладати
tear	tore	torn	рвати
tell	told	told	говорити, розповiдати
think	thought	thought	думати
thrive	throve	thriven	процвiтати
throw	threw	thrown	кидати
thrust	thrust	thrust	просувати, нав'язувати (свою думку)
tread	trod	trodden, trod	iти, топтати
unbend	unbent	unbent	випрямляти( ся)
unbent	unbound	unbound	розв'язувати
underbid	underbid	underbidden	знижувати цiну
undergo	underwent	undergone	зазнавати, зносити
understand	understood	understood	розумiти
undertake	undertook	undertaken	братися
upset	upset	upset	перекидатися,розстроювати
wake	woke, waked	woken, waked	прокидатися
wear	wore	worn	носити
weave	wove	woven	ткати
weep	wept	wept	плакати
win	won	won	перемагати
wind	wound	wound	витися, заводити
withdraw	withdrew	withdrawn	відводити, відкликати
wring	wrung	wrung	скручувати
write	wrote	written	писати

Appendix 4: Abbreviations and Shortenings

Abbreviations and Shortenings	Latin	English	Українська
A. D.	Anno Domini		нашої ери
B. C.		Before Christ	до нашої ери
a. m.	ante meridiem		до полудня, ранок
p. m.	post meridiem		після полудня, день, вечір
etc.	et celera	and so on	тощо
exc.		except	крім, окрім
e. g.	exampli gratia	for example	наприклад
i. e.	id est	in other word(s) that is	тобто
id.		the same	один і той самий
cf.	confer	compare	порівняй
fig.		figure	1) цифра 2)малюнок, схема
v. s.		see above	дивись вище
vs.	versus	as against	проти
v. v.	vice versa	on the contrary	навпаки

Appendix 5: Mathematical Symbols and Expressions

+	addition, plus (to add)
−	subtraction, minus (to subtract)
˟	multiplication (to multiple (by), times)
:	division (to divide (by))
=	is, equals, is equals
≠	is not equal to
~	similar to
>	greater than
<	less than
≥	equal or greater than
∞	infinity, infinite
[ ]	square brackets
( )	round brackets
{ }	braces
52	five squared
63	six cubed
75	seven to the fifth power
'	minute, foot, feet (pl.)
"	second, inch
	angle
	a prime
	a second prime or a dou??????????
	????????????????????????????????
	?imit
	Logarithm
	function of x
	Summation
	differential of x
	absolute value of x
	integral of
	????????????????????????????????????
?	????????????????????????????????
?	a sub one
	a sub two
	x squared
	????????????????????????????????
	??????????????????????????
	???????????????????
	??????????????????????????????????????????????????????
	cube root (out) of
	?????????????????????????
	??????????????????of a to the m-th (power)

Appendix 6: Measurement

Units of measurement of distance (Linear Measures)

a nautic mile (knot)	1852,18 metres	морська миля
a mile (mi)	1609,33m	миля
a yard (yd)	91.44centm	ярд
a foot (feet pl.)	30.48cm	фут
an inch (in)	2.54cm	дюйм
a point	0.351mm	пойнт

Units of measurement − of weight

a pound (lb)	453.59 grams	фунт
a ounce (oz)	28.35 gr.	унція
a grain	64.8 mil.gr.	гран

Units of measurement − of liquids volume)

a barrel (depends on a product)

140,6 – 190,9 liters

барель

for liquids

119,2 (Am)

163,6 (Br)

a gallon (gal)

4,55 liters (Br)

3,785 (Am)

галон

a quart (qt)

1,14 liter (Br)

0,95 (Am)

кварта

a pint (pt)

0,57 liter (Br)

0,47 (Am)

пінта

Appendix 7: English language − around the world

AFRICA

Ascension is a ????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????rom the UK in 1957. English is the official, but African languages (Akan, Moshi-Dagomba, Ewe and Gг) are native.

Lesotho was a protectorate until 1966. Sesotho is official besides English, and Zulu and Xhosa are other important languages.

Liberia is the co????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

AUSTRALIA AND OCEANIA

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

???????

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

????????????????????????????

??????????????????????????????

???????????????????????????????????????????language (spoken by 56,236,000 people, 98% of the population), Welsh is spoken by 26% of the population in Wales, and Scottish Gaelic by about 60,000 in Scotland.

Mini-Dictionary

UNIT 1

University

to cram (up)	зазубрювати
crib	«шпора», списувати
test/credit	залік
record book	залікова книжка
dean	декан
dean’s office	деканат
chair/sub-faculty	кафедра
department/faculty	факультет
to attend (lectures, classes)	ходити на заняття
classes=lessons	заняття, "пари"
college / university degree certificate (diploma)	диплом про вищу освіту
degree work	дипломна робота
qualified / certificated specialist	дипломований спеціаліст
final exams	державні /випускні іспити
to pass exams	здавати іспити
to pass tests	здавати / заліки
to administer/to conduct/to give an exam	проводити іспит
to do well at an exam	добре скласти іспит
to do badly at an exam	погано скласти іспит
to fail in an exam	провалитися на іспиті
to go in for/ to take an exam	тримати іспит
to monitor/to proctor/to supervise an exam	конторювати проведення іспиту
to prepare for/to read for exams	готуватися до іспитів
to sit an exam	складати іспит
they have passed me in English	мені поставили залік з англійської
test period	(залікова) сесія
teacher = lecturer = instructor = trainer	викладач
assistant professor	доцент
associated professor	старший викладач

The National Technical University of Ukraine

“The Kyiv Polytechnic Institute”.

tuition fee	плата за навчання
higher educational institution	вищий навчальний заклад
to be situated	розташовуватись
well-known	відомий
all over the country	по всій країні
to exceed	перевищувати
to obtain qualification	отримати кваліфікацію
graduate	той, хто закінчив вищий навчальний заклад
to graduate from	закінчувати університет
abroad	за кордоном
enterprise	підприємство
research	дослідження
teaching staff	викладацький склад
to consist of	складатися
to train	навчати
academician	академік
tuition by correspondeence	навчання заочно
to be founded	бути заснованим
civil engineering	інженерно-будівельний
electric welding	електрозварювання
consequences	наслідки, результати
to carry out	здійснювати
agreements on collaboration	угоди про співробітництво
exchange program	програма обміну
to take care of students' leisure	турбуватись про студентське дозвілля
disease-prevention center	профілакторій
consecration into students	присвячення у студенти
at the disposal	у розпорядженні

UNIT 2

Imperial English: the Language of Science

to tackle English	енергійно взятися за англійську
to attend	відвідувати
family background	родинне походження
the lingua franca of science	лінгва-франка науки
to master German	опановувати німецьку
apart from	крім
with equal ease	з однаковою легкістю
the linguistic balance	мовний баланс
to shift	переміщати,змінювати
to burgeon	поширюватись
linguistic incompetence	мовна некомпетенція
to keep up with	слідкувати за, йти в ногу з
immaculate	бездоганний
the customary languages	звичайні мови
to fluctuate between them	вагатися/коливатися між ними
to flock to conferences	стікатися на конференції
the universal currency	універсальна вживаність
readership	читачі, коло читачів

UNIT 3

The Mind Machine?

to produce intelligence	виробляти інтелект
the continuing myth	міф, що триває
a list of the weights of the brains	список ваги мозку
males and females	чоловіки і жінки
this supports the theory	це підтверджує теорію
oxygen consumption	споживання кисню
complicated calculations	складні розрахунки
memory associations	асоціації пам'яті
changing routines	зміна рутини
to contain	містити
ordinary people	звичайні люди
no significant differences	ніяких істотних відмінностей
visual-spatial tasks	зорово-просторові завдання
the adult brain makes up	мозок дорослої людини складає
similarities between brains	подібності між мізками
at incredible speeds	з неймовірною швидкістю
a screwdriver	викрутка
to read upside down	читати догори ногами

UNIT 4

IQ Testing

to show bias against sth	показувати упереджене ставлення до чогось
malnutrition	недоїдання
to have a major impact on sth	мати серйозний вплив на щось
reasoning abilities	здатність рзмірковувати
to possess values	мати цінності
to score	набрати/отримати бали
creativity	творчі здібності
inaccurate	неточний
to multiply by	помножити на
to link	пов’язувати
benchmark	віха, етап
to divide by	ділити на
to take into consideration	брати до уваги
to be affected by	бути під впливом чогось
income	дохід
cognitive style	стиль пізнання
order	порядок
spatial awareness	відчуття простору
emotional intelligence	емоційний інтелект
mental retardation	затримка розумового розвитку
academic performance	успіхи у навчанні
to conduct a study	проводити дослідження
leadership	лідерство
to determine	визначати
gender	стать

UNIT 5

The Principal Elements of the Nature of Science: Dispelling the Myths

to be encouraged	бути заохоченим
procedures, explorations	процедури, дослідження
all hands-on experiences	весь практичний досвід
to orchestrate	організувати
to involve	залучати
noteworthy scientists	визначні вчені
extensive	просторий
observational evidence	дані спостережень
to contribute	робити внесок
misconception	неправильне уявлення
exploitation	використання
to blend	змішуватися, зливатися
to explore	досліджувати
to associate science with experimentation	асоціювати науку з експериментуванням
to accompany	супроводити
to be labeled	давати назву
a cause and effect relationship	причинно-наслідковий зв'язок
establishment	заснування, встановлення
the inability to control variables	нездатність контролювати змінні
to solve a technology challenge	вирішувати технологічну проблему
to derive	походити, діставати
to perform experiments	проводити експерименти
the pursuit of knowledge	прагнення до знань
applied science	прикладна наука
the quest of pure science	пошук чистої науки
to pursue any goal	здійснювати цілі
premise	передумова
constraints of time	обмеження за часом
a solitary pursuit	самостійне заняття
the revelation of truth	розкриття істини

UNIT 6

Beauty in Science

to generate a current in a wire	генерувати струм у дроті
to extend the principle	розширити принцип
to unify fundamental forces	об’єднати основні сили
fraction of a second	мить
decay process	процес розпаду
the law of conservation of parity	закон збереження рівності
theory of relativity	теорія відносності
gravitation	гравітація
evidence	докази, свідчення
to contradict experimental data	суперечити експериментальним даним
to fit experiment	підганяти під експеримент
to retain the form	зберігати форму
electroweak theory	теорія електрослабких взаємодій
to exhibit mirror symmetry	проявляти дзеркальну симетрію
to quantify objectively	об’єктивно визначати кількість
electromagnetic force	електромагнітна сила
coordinates	координати
compatible	сумісний
to reflect an intuition	відображати уявлення/знання

UNIT 7

Mathematics − the Language of Science

precise and concise statements	точні та стислі ствердження
common language	загальна мова
to conceal the meaning	приховувати значення
in this capacity	в цій якості
spoken language	розмовна мова
to influence our reasoning	впливати на наші міркування
signs and symbols	знаки і символи
purposefully designed	спеціально розроблений
to pervade / to permeate	проникати
verbal	словесний
literal notation	буквене позначення
successively through three stages	послідовно через три етапи
certain words of frequent use	певні слова частого використання
a similar metamorphosis	аналогічні/подібні метаморфози
abbreviated algebra	скорочена алгебра
to denote the unknown magnitudes	позначати невідомі величини
vowels and consonants	голосні та приголосні
the given quantities	задані величини
calculus symbol	символ обчислення
to grasp	зрозуміти
insoluble by other methods	нерозв'язний іншими методами
ambiguity	двозначність
susceptible	вразливий/сприйнятливий
to superscribe	робити надпис зверху
a product of social development	продукт суспільного розвитку
a convenient shorthand	зручне скорочення
a powerful technique	могутній спосіб/потужна техніка
to take the form (of)	набирати вигляду

UNIT 8

Recreational Mathematics

an artist	художник
to fascinate	захоплювати, викликати захват
mesmerizing pattern	візерунок, що заворожує
a cell of a grid	елемент сітки
a row / a column	рядок / стовпчик
consecutive natural numbers	послідовні натуральні числа
magic square's order	порядок магічного квадрату
magic constant	магічна стала, константа
adjacent entries	зміст суміжних граф
statesman	державний діяч
matrix / matrices	матриця, форма
to trace back	прослідковувати
protective charm	захисний амулет
to equate with planets	ототожнювати з планетами
millennium / millenia	тисячоліття
to encapsulate the harmonies of the universe	утримувати в собі гармонію всесвіту
a tortoise	черепаха
flat	плаский
square	квадрат, квадратний
rhombus	ромб
an angle	кут
triangle (acute / equilateral / isosceles / obtuse )	трикутник (гострокутний / рівносторонній / рівнобедрений / тупокутний)
an array	сукупність, масив, сітка
face / edge / side	грань / ребро / сторона
quadrilateral	чотирикутник
regular / irregular polygon	правильний / неправильний многокутник
parallelogram	паралелограм
rectangle	прямокутник
crescent-shaped	серпоподібний
trapezium	трапеція
cube / cubic	куб / кубічний
cone / conical	конус / конусоподібний, конічний
plane / arc	площина / арка, дуга
area / volume	площа / об’єм

UNIT 9

The Dawn of Atomic Physics

dawn	початок, джерело
opaque	непрозорий, темний
thorium	торій
residue	осад
pitchblende	уранова смолка, ураніт
triumphant	тріумфальний
bacterium	бактерія
minute	дрібний, найдрібніший
to draw near	наближатися
to announce	оголошувати
mysterious rays	загадкові промені
to explain this phenomenon	пояснювати явище
evident	очевидний
self-satisfaction	самозадоволення
to give off	виділяти, випускати
to go on (with the experiments)	продовжувати (експерименти)
pure	чистий
fascinating	чарівний
fraction	частинка, частка
neighbourhood	сусідство
to astonish	дивувати, уражати
to repeat the experiments of the past	повторювати експерименти минулого

Possible Phrases for Conversational Practice

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To sum up, here are the main points our opponents have not addressed …

We pointed out that …

Our opponents have claimed that …

To recap the main points …

Let’s sum up where we stand in this debate.

Let me summarize our position in this debate.

In summary, we want to point out that …

Let’s see which arguments are still standing.

Let’s take stock of where we are in this debate.

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UNIT ??

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??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????The first one has been done for you.?

TYPE OF WORD	WORD CLASS	EXAMPLE
1. A word which names	1)?noun	petal
2. A word which describes	2)	pretty
????????????????????????????????????	3)	push
?????????????????????????????????????????????	4)	smoothly
?????????????????????????????????????????	5)	and
????????????????????????????????	6)	I
????????????????????????????????????????	7)	before
???????????????????????????????????????????????????	8)	the

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Try to solve these problems with a partner.?

How many squares do you see?

When my mother was 41 years old, I was 9. Now she is twice as old as I am. How old am I?
How can you make four 9's equal 100?
Can you make eight 8's equal 1000?
You go ?o ?ed at 8 o clock in the evening and set the alarm to get up at 9 in the morning. How many hours of s?eep would this allow you?
One month has 28 days. Of the remaining 11 months, how ?a?y have 30 days?
Why can't a man living in New York, N.Y.?be buried west of ??e Mississippi?
If you stand ?n a hard marble ftoor how can you drop a raw egg five feet without breaking its shell?
Two fathers and two sons shot three deer. Yet each took home one deer. How was that possible?
How many ??mes can you subtract the numeral 2 from the numeral 24?
A farmer has 4 7?9 haystacks in one comer of the field and 5 2?9 ???stacks in another co??er of his field. If he puts ??e? all together, ?ow many haystacks will ?e have?
You won a p?ze in a contest and could choose either a truckload of nickels or half a trucktoad of dimes. Which would you choose? (Both trucks are identical in size and shape.)
You are sitting in a room with 12 friends. Can any of them seat themselves in any particular place in this room where it would be impossible for you to do so?
After a woman was blindfolded, a man hung up her hat. She walked 50 feet, turned around, and shot a bullet through her hat. How was she able to do this?

nickel: coin of the U.S. and Canada worth 5 cents

dime: coin of the U.S. and Canada worth 10 cents, smaller in size than a nickel

?

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EICSNPVVG
1. EJCTNQVVG
2. EICTNPVVF
3. EJCSMPVVG

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????What day is it today?

Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday

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plant
leaf
branch
mangrove

????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????"FADLOFDI"

city
fruit
flower
vegetable

??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????

Group A

Group B

crude

top

light

raw

stairs

ignite

crude and raw
crude and top
light and ignite
stairs and top
light and raw

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8
1. 5
2. 10
3. 12

??????????????????????????????????????????????????10, 17, 26, 37, ?

46
1. 52
2. 50
3. 56

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?? ?

UNIT ??

?????????????????????????

Lewis Carroll, the author of the famous?children's book, ?Alice in Wonderland?, earned his living as a lecturer in mathematics at Oxford, and was also extremely interested in puzzles. The ones that follow are taken from his book ?Symbolic Logic?.

Draw conclusions from the statements made. Write down the answers. Make sure you have written a proper sentence.

Babies are illogical;
1. Nobody is despised who can manage a crocodile;
  1. Illogical persons are despised.

My saucepans are the only things I have that are made of tin;
1. I find all your presents useful;
  1. None of my saucepans is of the slightest use.

No potatoes of mine, that are new, have been boiled;
1. All my potatoes in this dish are fit to eat;
  1. No unboiled potatoes in this dish are fit to eat.

Everyone who is sane can do logic;
1. No lunatics are fit to serve on a jury;
  1. None of your?sons can do logic.

??????????????????????????????????????
Jenkins is always blundering;
??????????????????????????????????????????

No one takes in The Times unless he is well-educated;
No hedge-hogs can read;
Those who cannot read are not well-educated.

All puddings are nice;
This dish is a pudding;
No nice things are wholesome.

All the old articles in this cupboard are cracked;
1. No jug in this cupboard is new;
  1. Nothing in this cupboard, that is cracked, will hold water.

blundering: making clumsy mistakes

wholesome: good for you?

????????

PURE LOGIC

By now you should be able to answer this quiz easily! Work with a partner. Do you know any similar problems of logic? If so, write them down and try them out on a partner.?

In a certain African village there live 800 women. Three per cent of them are wearing one earring. Of the other 97 per cent, half are wearing two earrings, half are wearing none. How many earrings altogether are being worn by the women??
A logician with some time to kill in a small town decided to have his hair cut. The town only had two barbers, each with his own shop. The logician glanced into one shop and saw that it was extremely untidy. The barber needed a shave, his clothes were unkempt, his hair was badly cut. The other shop was extremely neat. The barber was freshly shaved and spotlessly dressed, his hair neatly trimmed. The logician returned to the first shop for his haircut. Why??
A secretary types four letters to four people and addresses the four envelopes. If she inserts the letters at random, each in a different envelope, what is the probability that exactly three letters will go into the right envelopes??
If you took three apples from a basket that held 13 apples, how many apples would you have??
If nine thousand, nine hundred and nine pounds is written as Ј9,909, how should twelve thousand, twelve hundred and twelve pounds be written??
A chemist discovered that a certain chemical reaction took 80 minutes when he wore a tweed jacket. When he was not wearing the jacket, the same reaction always took an hour and 20 minutes. Explain.?
A customer in a restaurant found a dead fly in his coffee. He sent the waiter back for a fresh cup. After a sip he shouted, "This is the same cup of coffee I had before!" How did he know??
"I guarantee," said the pet-shop salesman, "that this parrot will repeat every word it hears." A customer bought the parrot but found it would not speak a single word. Nevertheless, the salesman told the truth. Can you explain??

????????

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?????????

?????????????

????????????????????????????????e numbers plus the initials of words of a clue to a well-known fact or phrase. Find the missing words that apply to the number.

Example: 7 = D in a W Answer − 7 Days in a Week

?? ?

№	Number	Clue	Answer
	26	L of the E A
	7	W of the A W
	1001	AN
	13	S on the A F
	32	?????????????????	?
?	18	H on a G C
	90	D in a R A
	12	D of J of N
	24	H in a D
	3600	S in an H
	366	D in a L Y
	64	S on a C B
	40	???????????????????	?
?	13	BD
	4	S on a V
	32	P in a C S
	66	B in the B
	11	P in a F T
	4	S of the Y
	206	B in the H B
	12	S of the Z
	10	C
	7	D S
	9	L of a C
	100	C in a M
	7	C in the R
	3	L P
	88	P K
	101	D
	52	W in a Y

???????

Science Quiz: General Physics

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HUMAN BRAIN VS. THE COMPUTER

Charles Pearson

The human brain and the computer are often compared to one another because they can both perform many similar tasks.

__ Both the brain and a computer use electricity in order to send signals. However, the electricity sent through the brain is based solely on the wiring of the computer, while the human brain uses chemicals like sodium and potassium to transmit electrical signals. The computer powered only by electricity, while the brain requires an assortment of vitamins and minerals in order to continue functioning.

__ Computers can continue to store memories as long as more RAM is added. The information never goes away unless the data is damaged or corrupted in some way. The computer also stores information in a more organized way than the human brain. Also, the memory never changes. However, the human brain sometimes fails to store information, struggles to locate buried information, loses information and sometimes remembers things incorrectly.

__ The human brain adapts to new circumstances and learns new ideas more quickly than the computer, since many new tasks for a computer have to be coded and sometimes must have new hardware developed in order to correspond with the task. However, a computer can manage several tasks simultaneously without error, while some people struggle to walk and chew bubble gum at the same time. The computer can perform calculations faster than the human brain, although the brain has the ability to interpret information, come up with new ideas and be imaginative.

__The computer can be continually upgraded and advanced through the development of technology, while the human brain currently cannot be upgraded and can only be strengthened through nutrition and brain exercises. Currently, however, the brain is capable of performing a variety of tasks automatically such as regulating breathing, heartbeat, body temperature and interpreting sensory data while censoring unimportant information. The brain is also able to intuitively adapt to different settings. For instance, an individual can completely shift his tone and wording when moving from a formal to an informal situation.

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