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In linguistics, phraseology is the study of set or fixed expressions, such as idioms, phrasal verbs, and other types of multi-word lexical units (often collectively referred to as phrasemes), in which the component parts of the expression take on a meaning more specific than or otherwise not predictable from the sum of their meanings when used independently.
Phraseological units represent what can probably be described as the most picturesque, colourful and expressive part of the language’s vocabulary.
Nominal phraseological units.
PU can function as classes of words in speech.
Verbal phraseological units.
Adjectival phraseologial units.
Adverbial phraseological units.
Prepositional pharseological units.
Conjunctional phraseological units.
As long as, as soon as, as far as.
Interjectional phraseological units
Damn it all!
God bless me!
Take your time!
Bless soul!
The semantic classification of phraseological units
To kick the bucket
To kiss the hare’s foot - опоздать
To show the white feather - струсить
Vinogradov’s example’s: он собаку съел на этом, бить баклуши (to waste time, to be lazy), во всю Ивановскую, положить зубы на полку.
The criterian of the semantic classification of phraseological units is important the whole meaning of phraseological unit.
The meaning of the whole PU is not the sum of its components.
The meaning of PU is not motivated. Описательный перевод.
Phraseological unities.
Are stable word combinations, the meaning of the whole isn’t the sun of the components, but is based on them.
To make a mountain out of a middle
To make both ends meet – cводить концы с концами
From top to tie
The long and the short of it – самая суть, основное.
Out of sight, out of mind
The heart of oak – храбрый человек
As pure as a lily – чиста как лилия
To gather roses – срывать цвета удовольствия
Under the rose – по секрету
The olive branch – ветвь мира
The apple of discord – яблоко раздора
In some PU the components may be sunstituted without destroying the meaning as a whole:
To be in high spirits, to slip out of one’s mind memory)
Держи карман шире, и дешево и сердито, плакали наши денежки, бить ключом, ума не приложу.
Phraseological combinations
Are stable combinations, the components are more independent, they contain one component used in its direct meaning, another – metaphorically: to meet the needs; to break a promise.
Затронуть гордость, чьи-то интересы, чувство чести.