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Introduction
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1 Geographical position of Russia 3
2 Education in Russia 4
3 Political and economic situation in Russia 5
4 Symbolism 6
5 Holidays in Russia 7
Geographical position of Russia
With a total area of 17 million square kilometers, Russia is the largest country in the world. It spans two continents (Europe and Asia) and borders Poland, Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic countries to the west, Finland to the north, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Mongolia and China to the south, and North Korea to the east. The United States and Japan are not far from the eastern coast of Russia.
The extreme northernmost point of the country's mainland is Cape Fligely on Rudolf Island of Franz Josef Land archipelago; the southernmost point is located in the Republic of Dagestan on the border with Azerbaijan. The distance between the western and the eastern borders of Russia is 9,000 km (from the Vistula Spit in Kaliningrad Bay to Cape Dezhnev in Chukotka); the easternmost point is Rotmanov Island in the Bering Strait. Thus, Russia's territory spans over 4,000 km from north to south, and almost 10,000 km from west to east.
Russia has the longest border in the world, a total of 60,932 km, including 38,808 km of maritime borders (in the north and east) and 14,508 of land borders (in the south and west). Russia borders Kazakhstan (6,846 km), China (3,645 km), Mongolia (3,485 km), Ukraine (1,576 km), Finland (1,340 km), Belarus (959 km), Georgia (723 km), Estonia (294 km), Azerbaijan (284 km), Lithuania (280.5 km), Poland (232 km), Latvia (217 km), Norway (196 km), and North Korea (19 km).
Russia has about 120,000 rivers over 10 kilometers long. The total length of these rivers is 2.3 million kilometers. The largest rivers are the Ob, Irtysh, Yenisey, Amur, and Volga in the European part of the country. There are about 2 million freshwater and salt lakes in Russia. The largest lakes are Lake Baikal (which holds about 20% of the world's total freshwater supply, not counting the fresh water frozen in the polar ice caps and glaciers), Lake Ladoga, Lake Onega, and Lake Taimyr.
The forest zone covers 41% of Russia's plainlands; the share of the forest-steppe zone is 11.2% and the tundra forest belt 20.5%.
The coasts of Russia are washed by 12 seas of three ocean basins: the Atlantic Ocean (the Baltic Sea, the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov), the Arctic Ocean (the Barents Sea, the White Sea, the Kara Sea, the Laptev Sea, the East Siberian Sea and the Chukchee Sea) and the Pacific Ocean (the Bering Sea, the Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan), as well the Caspian Sea, which is a closed basin.
Climate
Due to its vast territory, Russia is a country of natural contrasts. The northern part of the country is located in the arctic and subarctic climate zones, while the southern regions have a subtropical climate. The climate of other regions of the country is moderate.
Education in Russia
Everyone needs at least a secondary education in his life. So when you
begin spending sleepless nights thinking about the study at school, when
you think longingly of school books, teachers and friends and when you are
at age of 6 there is no doubt it – you’re really to go to school. The best
way to get to know and understand the system of education in Russia is to
know what kinds of schools are in Russia and how children study there.
Every citizen of our country has the right to education. This right is
guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not only a right but a duty, too.
Every boy or girl must get secondary education. They go to school at the
age of six or seven and must stay there until they are 14-17 years old. At
school pupils study academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature,
Mathematics, History, Biology, a foreign language and others.
After finishing 9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue
their education in the 10th and the 11th form. They can also go to a
vocational or technical school, where they study academic subjects and
receive a profession. A college gives general knowledge in academic
subjects and a profound knowledge in one or several subjects.
After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school or a college,
young people can start working or enter an institute or a university.
Institutes and universities train specialists in different fields. A course
at an institute or a university usually takes 5 years. Many universities
have evening and extramural departments. They give their students an
opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. Institutes and
universities usually have graduate courses which give candidate or doctoral
degrees.
Education in our country is free at most schools. There are some
private primary and secondary schools where pupils have to pay for their
studies. Students of institutes and universities get scholarships. At many
institutes and universities there are also departments where students have
to pay for their education.
Also it is interesting to know how pupils organize their life at
school. So each school or technical has its School or Technical Council. It
helps to plan the policy for the whole school. It organizes the social and
cultural life at the school. School Councils in many schools are chaired by
a student and have a majority of student members. They run discos and
parties, stage drama productions and decorate the student common room.
Music making is part of school life.
Political and economic situation in Russia
Russia is a presidential republic. It is one of the leading powers in the world. Head of State in this country is the President. The government consists of three branches: legislative, executive and judicial. The President controls each of them. The legislative power is exercised by the Federal Assembly. The executive power belongs to the Government, or the Cabinet of Ministers. The government is headed by the Prime Minister. The judicial power belongs to the system of courts. It consists of the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court and other courts.
At present, the political and the economic situation in the country is rather complicated. There are a lot of problems in the national economy of Russia. But in spite of the problems there are a lot of opportunities for this country to become one of the leading countries in the world. I’m sure that we, the younger generation, can do very much to make Russia as strong as it used to be.
Symbolism
The nation symbol of Russia is a white-blue-and-red banner. The hymn of Russia was written by Mikhalkov, music was by Aleksandrov. A new national emblem is a two-headed eagle. It is the most ancient symbol of Russia. It originates from the heraldic emblem. All these symbols are official. They have been approved by the Federal Assembly.
Holidays In Russia
There are many national holidays in Russia, when people all over the country do not work and have special celebrations.
The major holidays are: New Year's Day, Women's Day, May Day, Victory Day, and Independence Day.
The first holiday of the year is New Year's Day. People see the new year in at midnight on the 31st of December. They greet the new year with champagne and listen to the Kremlin chimes beating 12 o'clock.
There are lots of New Year traditions in Russia. In every home there is a New Year tree glittering with coloured lights and decorations. Children always wait for Father Frost to come and give them a present. Many people consider New Year's Day to be a family holiday. But the young prefer to have New Year parties of their own.
A renewed holiday in our country is Christmas. It is celebrated on the 7th of January. It's a religious holiday and a lot of people go to church services on that day.
On the 8th of March we celebrate Women's Day when men are supposed to do everything about the house, cook all the meals and give women flowers.
The greatest national holiday in our country is Victory Day. On the 9th of May, 1945, our army completely defeated the German fascists and the Great Patriotic War ended. We'll never forget our grandfathers and grandmothers who died to defend our Motherland. We honour their memory with a minute of silence and put flowers on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier.
Independence Day is a new holiday in our country. On the 12th of June, 1992, the first President of Russia was elected.
We also celebrate Day of the Defender of Motherland on the 23d of February, Easter, Day of Knowledge and lots of professional holidays which are not public holidays and banks, offices and schools do not close.