IRGlperin- Functionl Style is system of interrelted lnguge mens serving definite im in communiction
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“Functional style is a system of linguistic means peculiar of certain sphere of communication”. (Ю.М.Скребнев)
According to I.R.Galperin: Functional Style is a system of interrelated language means serving a definite aim in communication.
Table 12
Functional Styles (Y.M.Screbnev)
Formal Informal
Publicist
Scientific
familiar colloquial
literary colloquial
Official
Oratory
low colloquial
Newspaper
Table 13
I.V. Arnold
|
Styles Functions |
Commu-nicative |
Volun- tative |
Emotive |
Phatic |
Aesthetic |
|
+ + + + + + |
+ + - + + - |
+ + + + - - |
+ + - - - - |
+ - + - - - |
Stylistic functions:
- Communicative – i.e. communicating some primary information
The former method allows direct interpretation.
- Voluntative (conative) – expressing one’s intention, urging people to some kind of action. Ex.: “Inform us of your intentions!”
- Phatic – attracting smb’s attention to make the situation natural “I say, you know that …”
- Aesthetic – appealing to people’s heart, deriving the effect of beauty and emotional response. “Tired with all these, for restful death I cry!”
Functional Styles (I.R.G.)
Table 14
Style of Official Documents
Scientific
Newspaper
Publicist
Belles
Letters
Lg. of Poetry
Lg. of Drama
Lg. of Emotive Prose
Classification of Functional Styles of the English Language
(I.R.Galperin)
1. The Belles-Lettres Functional Style.
a) Poetry; b) Emotive prose; c) Drama;
2. Publicistic Functional Style,
a) oratory; b) essays; c) articles in newspapers and magazines;
3. The Newspaper Functional Style.
a) Brief news items; b) Advertisements and announcements; c) Headlines;
4. The Scientific Prose Style.
a) Exact sciences; b) Humanitarian sciences; c) Popular- science prose;
5. The Official Documents Functional Style.
a) Diplomatic documents; b) Business letters; c) Military documents; d) Legal documents;
Informal functional styles:
1. Literary Colloquial;
2. Familiar Colloquial;
3. Low Colloquial.
Characteristic features:
1. Economy of expression;
2. Redundancy of language means;
3. Dialogical unity:
o Question – answer unity; “When do you begin? – Tomorrow.”
o Anadiplosis unity; “So you would naturally say … - And mean?”
o Repetition unity; “There’s so much talk of suicide,” he said. – James’ jaw dropped. - “Suicide! What should he do that for?”
o Parallelism unity; “Well, Mr. Desert, do you find reality in politics?” – “Do you find reality in anything?”
Lexical characteristic features:
1. Shortened words, contracted forms of auxiliaries, ellipsis;
2. Intensifiers (awfully, terribly, terrifically)
3. Emotionally colored words; Dear, sweet, old Charlie, duckie. Wasn’t she beautiful! Dear me! Well! Why! There!
4. Time – fillers (as a matter of fact, in fact, well!, to tell you the truth)
5. Words of the most general character (thing, lot …)
6. Occasional words, neologisms. “To think that I should have lived to be good-morninged by Belladonna Took’s son!” (A.T.)
7. Slang, jargon. “Oh, but wasn’t T.D. stewed! Say, he was simply ossified! What did Gladys say to him?”
Functional Styles of Speech in Greater Detail
The Colloquial Style
This is the style of informal, friendly oral communication. The vocabulary of colloquial style is usually lower than that of the formal or neutral styles, it is often emotionally coloured and characterized by connotations (cf. the endearing connotation in the words daddy, kid or the evaluating components in ‘ trash’, etc. in the examples of connotations above).
Colloquial speech is characterized by the frequent use of words with a broad meaning (широкозначные слова).
Speakers tend to use a small group of words in quite different meanings, whereas in a formal style (official, business, scientific) every word is to be used in a specific and clear meaning. Compare the different uses of the verb “get”, which frequently replaces in oral colloquial speech its more specific synonyms:
I got (= received) a letter today; Where did you get (= buy) those shoes?", We don’tget ( = have) much rain here in summer, I got (= caught) flu’ last month; We got (= took) the six-o’clock train from London', I got into (=entered) the house easily, Where has my pen got to (= disappeared)
There are phrases and constructions typical of colloquial type: What’s up?{= What has happened); so-so (=not especially good); nothing much/nothing to write home about (= nothing of importance); How are you doing?(= How are things with you?); Sorry ? Pardon ? (= Please, repeat, I didn’t hear you); Nottoworry! (= there is nothing to worry about) ; No problem! (= This can easily be done) ; See you (= Good-bye); Me too/neither ( = So/neither do I), etc.
In grammar there may be: a) the use of shortened variants of word-forms, e.g. isn’t, can’t; there’s ; I’d say ; he’d’ve done ( = would have done); Yaa (= Yes); b) the use of elliptical (incomplete) sentences — I did; (Where’s he ?) — At home; Like it? (= Do you/Did you like it?) — Not too much (= I don’t like it too much)\ (Shall / open it?) — Don’t /; May I? (= May I ask a question/do this?).
The syntax of colloquial speech is also characterized by the preferable use of simple sentences or by asyndetic connection (= absence of conjunctions, бессоюзная связь) between the parts of composite sentences or between separate sentences. Complex constructions with non-finite forms are rarely used. Note the neutral style in the following extract:
When 1 saw him there, 1 asked him, ‘Where are you going?’, but he started running away from me. 1 followed him. When he turned round the comer, I also turned round it after him, but then noticed that he was not there. I could not imagine where he was...
and the possible more colloquial version of the same:
I saw him there, I say ‘Where ’ ye going?’ He runs off, I run after him. He turns the comer, me too. He isn’t there. Where’s he now? lean ’t think.... (note also the rather frequent change from the Past tense to the Present, in addition to the absence of conjunctions or other syntactic means of connection).
Familiar-Colloquial Style and Slang (фамильярно-разговорный стиль, жаргоны)
Besides the standard, literary-colloquial (нормативная литературно-разговорная) speech, there is also a non¬standard (or substandard) style of speech, mostly represented by a special vocabulary. Such is the familiar-colloquial style (a ‘lower’ variant of colloquial style) used in very free, friendly, informal situations of communication (between close friends, members of one family, etc.). Here we find emotionally coloured words, low-colloquial vocabulary (просторечная лексика) and slang words. This style admits also of the use of rude and vulgar vocabulary, including expletives/obscene words/four-letter words/swearwords (бранная лексика).
See some examples of familiar-colloquial/low-colloquial words (also called ‘slang’):
Rot/trash/stuff ( = smth. bad); the cat's pyjamas ( = just the right/suitable thing); bread-basket (= stomach); grass/pot ( = marijuana, narcotic drugs); tipsy/under the influence (affluence)/ under the table/has had a drop (=drunk); cute/great! (Am) (=very good); wet blanket (=uninteresting person); hot stuff! (smth. extremely good); You're damn right! (= quite right); Where are those darned/damned socks? What the hell do you want?
The term slang is used in a very broad and vague sense. Besides denoting low-colloquial (familiar-colloquial) words, it is also used to denote special social jargons/cants, i.e. words typically used by particular social groups to show that the speaker belongs to this group, as different from other people. Originally jargons were used to preserve secrecy within the social group, to make speech incomprehensible to others — such is the thieves’ jargon/cant. There is also teenagers’ slang/jargon, school slang, army slang, prison slang, etc. See examples of American army slang: to take felt (= to retire from the army, literally — put on a felt hat); fly boy (=pilot); coffin ( = unreliable aeroplane); Molotov cocktail ( = bottles with explosive materials);
But often words from a particular jargon spread outside its social group and become general slang. See examples of general British slang: crackers (= crazy), the year dot (= long ago), drip (= uninteresting person without a character), get the hump (= get angry), mac ( = Scotsman), mug(=fooI), nipper (=young child), ratted ( = drunk), snout (= tobacco).
Some examples of general American slang: buddy (=fellow), buck (= dollar), cabbage ( = money), john ( = lavatory), jerk ( = stupid person), juice (= wine); joker (= man); glued (= arrested); give smb. wings (= teach to use drugs); stag party ( = мальчиш¬ник); top dog ( = boss); like a million dollars (= very good); to nip ( = steal), smash (= a drink).
There is also professional slang/jargon, i.e. words which are used by people in their professional activity: tin-fish ( = submarine); block-buster ( = a bomb- in military use, or a very successfulfilm — in show business); piper (= a specialist decorating
cakes with cream and using a pipe)\ see also some professional slang words for a ‘blow’ in boxing: an outer (= a knock-out blow), a right-hander (=one made with the right hand); an uppercut (апперкот); a clinch (position of boxing very close, with body pressed to body).
The Belles-Lettres Style
The Belles-Lettres Style is a generic term for 3 substyles in which the main principles and the most general properties of the style are materialized. These 3 substyles are
1 the language of poetry
2 emotive prose
3 the language of the drama
Common features of substyles^
1 aesthetico-cognitive function (secures the gradual unfolding of the idea and call forth a feeling of pleasure. Pleasure is due to the peculiar arrangement of language means. The reader is led to form his own conclusions)
2 cognitive function (the purpose of this style- to suggest a possible interpretation of the phenomena of life by forcing the reader to see the viewpoint of the writer)
Linguistic features of the Belles-Lettres Style:
1 not trite imagery
2 use of words in contextual and more than one dictionary meaning
3 vocabulary which reflects the author’s personal evaluation of things
4individual selection of vocabulary and syntax
5 intro of typical features of colloquial language
The Belles-Lettres Style is individual in essence. Individuality in selecting language means, strong imprint of personality on any work
Publicistic Style
The publicistic style of language became a separate style in the middle of the 18th century. Unlike other styles, it has two spoken varieties, namely the oratorical substyle and the radio and TV commentary. The other two substyles are the essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and journalistic articles (political, social, economic). The general aim of publicistic style is to influence the public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the expressed point of view.
Publicistic style is characterized by coherent and logical syntactical structure, with an expanded system of connectives and careful paragraphing. Its emotional appeal is achieved by the use of words with the emotive meaning but the stylistic devices are not fresh or genuine. The individual element is not very evident. Publicistic style is also characterized by the brevity of expression, sometimes it becomes a leading feature.
The oratorical style is the oral subdivision of the publicistic style. Direct contact with the listeners permits a combination of the syntactical, lexical and phonetic peculiarities of both the written and spoken varieties of language. The typical features of this style are: direct address to the audience; sometimes contractions; the use of colloquial words. The SDs employed in the oratorical style are determined by the conditions of communication. As the audience rely only on memory, the speaker often resorts to repetitions to enable his listeners to follow him and to retain the main points of his speech. The speaker often use simile and metaphor, but these are generally traditional, because genuine SDs may be difficult to grasp.
The essay is rather a series of personal and witty comments than a finished argument or a conclusive examination of the matter. The most characteristic language features of the essay are: brevity of expression; the use of the first person singular; a rather expanded use of connectives; the abundant use of emotive words; the use of similes and sustained metaphors.
The language of journalistic articles is defined by the character of newspaper, magazine, as well as subjects chosen. Literary reviews stand closer to essays.
The Style of Official Documents
This FS is not homogeneous and is represented by the following substyles or variants:
1) the language of business documents;
2) the language of legal documents;
3) the language of diplomacy;
4) the language of military documents.
Like other styles of language, this style has a definite communicative aim and its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means. The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties and to reach agreement between two contracting parties. The most general function of the style of official documents predetermines the peculiarities of the style. The most striking feature is a special system of cliches, terms and set expressions by which each substyle can be easily recognized. Thus in finance we find terms like extra revenue, liability. In diplomacy such phrases as high contracting parties, memorandum, to ratify an agreement are found. In legal language, examples are to deal with a case, a body of judges.
All these varieties use abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions, for example, M.P. (Member of Parliament), Ltd (Limited), $. Abbreviations are especially abundant in military documents. They are used not only as conventional symbols, but also as signs of military code. Another feature of the style is the use of words in their logical dictionary meaning. There is no room here for the realization of any other meaning here.
Scientific Style.
The main functionof the scientific style: rational cognition and linguistic presentation of the dynamics of thinking. There are different Sub-styles and genres: scientific style proper (thesis, abstract of thesis, monograph, article, report, abstract of a report...) popular scientific (an article, annotations, review, etc.). "Sub-languages" of scientific styles: law, political, medical, economic, technical, computer, linguistic, etc. Types of presentation: description and argumentation (deduction, induction). Peculiarities of scientific communication: planned, prepared delayed in time communication (except for lectures and reports). Style-forming features: great role of tradition in the use of language means, objective and non-categorical presentation, specific means of expression, a certain extent of emphasis, restrictions in the use of intensification, evaluation, emotional language means, absence of imagery.
Language means of the scientific style are:
lexical means - highly specialized scientific terminology, terminological groups, the peculiarities of the use of terms in scientific speech, the use of nouns and verbs in abstract meanings, special reference words, scientific phraseology - clichés, stereotyped and hackneyed word combinations and idioms absence of non-literary vocabulary and phraseology (slang words, vulgarisms, obscene words), peculiarities in word- building (standard suffixes and prefixes, mainly of Greek and Latin origin – tele-, morpho, philo- -ism, etc.)grammatical means: nominal character (the predominance of nouns over verbs) in the use of parts of speech, the use of prepositional “of-phrases” to substitute the genitive case, transposition of the classes of nouns, wide use of the Passive Voice, Indefinite Tenses, numerous conjunctions revealing the logical order of the text as well as double conjunctions (not merely... but also, whether ... or both... and, as...as).syntactical means: priority of full, logically correct, regular syntactical models, priority in the use of compound sentences, extensive use of secondary predicative constructions (Complex Object, Participial and Gerundial Constructions).composition of scientific text - the usual model is presented by the following scheme - a problem situation, idea, hypothesis, proof, conclusion, compositional speech forms of discussion, argumentation and description, conclusion, types of narration, wide-spread co-referential repetition as a specific method of text development.
Functional restrictions: strong objections to the use of non-literary vocabulary (slang words, vulgarisms) and scarce (редкий) use of emotional vocabulary and phraseology, and stylistic devices (metaphors, metonymies, etc.), scarce use of “I-speaking”, limited use of incomplete and non-declarative, and one-member sentences.
Scientific Style is to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, relations between different phenomena. Language means tend to be objective, precise, unemotional, striving for the most generalized form of expression.
Features:
1 logical sequence of utterances
2use of terms
3coining new words
4no words with contextual meaning
5exchange of terms between various branches of science
6 sentence-patterns (postulatory, argumentative, formulative)
7quotations and references
8footnotes to back up the idea
9impersonality (passive constructons)
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