Тема 31 Концептуальная картина мира Концептуальная картина мира
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РАЗДЕЛ 3 Концепутальная картина мира
Тема 3.1 Концептуальная картина мира
Концептуальная картина мира. Понятия «идеосферы» и «концептосферы». Слово, значение, понятие. Концепты как опорные элементы лингвокультуры.
Ключевые термины: значение, слово, концептуальная картина мира, идеосфера, концептосфера, концепт-схема, концепт-фрейм, концепт — ситуативно-объемное представление фрагмента действительности, концепт- сценарий
Дополнительные вопросы и задания для обсуждения
- К каким типам (концепт-схема, концепт-фрейм, концепт - ситуативно-объемное представление фрагмента действительности, концепт-сценарий) относятся следующие концепты: «город», «дерево», "базар", «город», «драка», "река"? Объясните, почему вы отнесли эти концепты к данным типам.
- Изучите следующую информацию; дайте аналогичный пример концепта из русской / белорусской и британской / американской лингвокультур:
When the mind makes a generalization such as the concept of tree, it extracts similarities from numerous examples; the simplification enables higher-level thinking.
- Концепт «глупец» представлен в русскоязычной культуре следующими лексическими единицами: глупец, балбес, баран, болван, бревно, дубина и т.д.; а также фразеологизмами — дурак набитый, медный лоб, пустая башка, без царя в голове, садовая голова, тупой как валенок и т.д.; жестами - постукивание пальцем по лбу, покручивание пальцем у виска. Скажите, какими лексическими единицами, фразеологизмами и жестами можно представить концепт «деньги» в русскоязычной /белорусской и британской / американской лингвокультурах.
- Проанализируйте следующие примеры и скажите, с какими сферами социальной активности ассоциируется американский концепт honor:
а) military honors, the honors of war, field of honor.; воинские почести, отдавать честь, поле чести;
б) honors {degree) - диплом с отличием; honor roll - список лучших учеников и студентов (в школе, колледже, университете); honor society - почетное общество, организация для школьников и студентов, имеющих высокую академическую успеваемость; honor code - свод правил, регулирующих поведение студентов;
в) to honor a bill (a cheque) - оплатить вексель, чек;
г) honor - право первого удара;
д) to do the honors of the house - принимать (занимать) гостей, выполнять обязанности хозяина дома; to do the honors of the table - выполнять обязанности хозяина за столом, угощать гостей, провозглашать тосты.
- Назовите ключевые концепты британской / американской русской и белорусской лингвокультур. Проведите сравнительный анализ данных концептов.
- Скажите, какие зрительные образы вызывают у вас следующие выражения. Представьте в виде рисунка или подберите соответствующую картинку, передающие смысл этих выражений: далёкий хутор на Урале, павой поплыла, бабье лето, изба, самовар, квас, тройка, маршрутка, «автомат». Переведите их на английский язык.
Практические задания
- Try to render the following words and phrases into correct Russian; explain the differences between these concepts in British / American and Russian / Belarusian cultures. Make up a story using these words and phrases.
to project into the future; to center on life experiences; to encourage smb to do smth; to make love; to date back to; mainstream culture; a helpful person, self- righteous man, fundraising, self-reliance, nuclear family, outspoken, achiever, materialistic, self-made, competitive, cooperative, etc.
- Translate the following extracts in which the definition of the main Russian and American concepts is given; explain their differences. Give the definition of the words dusha, vranyo in English. What is the difference between the words vranyo and lie, toska and yearning. Make up situations with these concepts.
3.) Dusha is the essence of Russian behaviour. The romantic ethos, dusha, appeals to feeling rather than fact, sentiment over certainty, suffering instead of satisfaction, and nostalgia for the past as opposed to the reality of the present. In a broader sense, dusha is also a reaffirmation of the purity of traditional Russian values against the encroachment of Western enlightenment, rationalism, and secularism in things cultural” (Richmond Y., p. 48)
“They make considerable reference to dusha, the soul, where we appeal to the heart or, more likely, the unconscious. ’’(Lourie R., Mikhalev A., p.38)
Dusha symbolizes a model person, not just as a distinct physical body with a rational and mindful self within, but further contrasts this organismic entity with a kind of cosmological connectedness, with a transcendent moral (good or bad), deeply feeling, and distinctly inter-human realm ” (Carbaugh D, p. 194)
b) “In the zone of feeling that exists apart from the state and history, the Russians have developed a cult of spontaneity and sincerity. Their emotional palette is broader than ours and favors the moodier hues. They experience considerable toska, an undefined longing, a sense that what you most need and want is elsewhere, if anywhere at all. ’’(bourie R., Mikhalev A., p.38)
- “Privacy ”, a concept with far reaching implications, is absolutely untranslatable into Russian. It would be unfair to ascribe the lack of this concept solely to living conditions in the Soviet era, though, needless to say, communal apartments where 10 families share a bathroom, dormitories and the thin-walled barracks where a few generations lived their lives, as well as the overcrowding in today’s urban dwellings, did and do little to foster the introduction of that concept into our daily experience. Tolstoi and Turgenev lived at a time when privacy must have existed in Russia, but their works contain now word or expression that adequately conveys the range of attitudes bound up with this notion. ” (bourie R., Mikhalev A., p. 38/
- Russians can fudge the facts, a national characteristic called vranyo. Dictionaries translate vranyo as “lies, fibs, nonsense, idle talk, twaddle”, but like many Russian terms, it is really untranslatable. Americans might call it “tall talk” or “white lies ” but “fib ” perhaps comes closest because vranyo, as Russian writer Leonid Andreyev noted, is somewhere between the truth and a lie. ” (Richmond, Y. p. 123).
3 Read the following material. Choose the most appropriate variant of the definition of the “concept”:
What are some other views or ideas of “concept”?
On Defining ‘Concept’
There are at least three prevailing ways to understand what a concept is:
- Concepts as mental representations, where concepts are entities that exist in the brain.
- Concepts as abilities where concepts are abilities peculiar to cognitive agents.
- Concepts as abstract objects, where objects are the constituents of propositions that mediate between thought, language, and referents.
In a physicalist theory of mind, a concept is a mental representation, which the brain uses to denote a class of things in the world. This is to say that it is literally, a symbol or group of symbols together made from the physical material of the brain. Concepts are mental representations that allows us to draw appropriate inferences about the type of entities we encounter in our everyday lives. Concepts do not encompass all mental representations, but are merely a subset of them. The use of concepts is necessary to cognitive processes such as categorization, memory, decision making, learning, and inference.
A concept is a common feature or characteristic. The logical acts of the understanding by which concepts are generated as to their form are:
- comparison, i.e., the likening of mental images to one another in relation to the unity of consciousness;
- reflection, i.e., the going back over different mental images, how they can be comprehended in one consciousness; and finally
3) abstraction or the segregation of everything else by which the mental images differ.
In order to make our mental images into concepts, one must thus be able to compare, reflect, and abstract, for these three logical operations of the understanding are essential and general conditions of generating any concept whatever. For example, I see a fir, a willow, and a linden. In firstly comparing these objects, I notice that they are different from one another in respect of trunk, branches, leaves, and the like; further, however, I reflect only on what they have in common, the trunk, the branches, the leaves themselves, and abstract from their size, and so forth; thus I gain a concept of a tree.
- Answer the following questions. Give the reasons for your answer.
- What definitions of ‘concept’ are offered?
- What are the ways to make our mental images into concepts?
- What is meant by a concept as a mental representation?
- What logical acts are concepts generated by?
- Following are some false statements about the points of the reading selection “On Defining ‘Concept’”. Make true statements by changing the false ones.
- Concepts are mental representations that allows us to demonstrate our abilities in our everyday lives.
- The logical acts of the understanding by which concepts are generated are thought, language, and referents.
- The use of concepts is necessary to cognitive processes such as abilities and the segregation of everything.
- In order to make our mental images into concepts, one must thus be able to divide all objects into groups.
- Read the following material, then answer the questions:
- How is the concept dusha interpreted by Americans and Russians?
- What argument about the concept dusha continues in a modem industrial society? What approach is it based on?
- What are the main aspects of the Russian soul?
- What are the differences between the Russian concept dusha and the British /American concept soul?
Russian dusha is often derided in the West as a fantasy of artists, composers, and writers. If dusha ever really existed, this argument goes, it was the product of a traditional agricultural society which had very little in material goods to offer. In a modem industrial society, the argument continues, dusha is quickly forgotten and Russians become as realistic, practical, materialistic and unromantic as Westerners.
The truth lies somewhere in between. Russians do have a rich spirituality that does indeed contrast with Western rationalism, materialism, and pragmatism. Russians suffer but seem to enjoy their suffering. Obsessed with ideas, their conversation is weighty and lengthy. The rational and pragmatic approach does not always work for them. More often, it is personal relations, feelings, and traditional values that determine a course of action.
In the early years of the twenty-first century, the Russian soul is still spirited. Old virtues endure - respect for parents, deference to old age, regard for learning. Belief in village virtues is still strong - self-sacrifice, sense of duty, compassion, importance of family, love of nature. These aspects of the Russian soul are again the themes of “village writers”, as they are known, who glorify peasant life and encourage a renaissance of traditional Russian values. Grateful audience present flowers to musical and theatrical performers. Before vacating a home where they have lived for some time, Russians will sit quietly for a minute or two, reflecting on the events they have experienced there. Even in the postindustrial age, Russians demonstrate that emotions and personal feelings still matter.
(Richmond Y. From Nyet to Da, p. 48-51)
7 Read the following material quickly about the Russian concept ’’nyekulturno” and discuss with your fellow students what is meant by it.
Everyday Russian life is full of other dos and don’ts, reflecting the state’s efforts to impose patterns of behavior on a newly urbanized citizenry only recently removed from their tradition-bound villages. There is a right way and a wrong way to do almost everything, and Russians will not hesitate to tell you when you are doing something wrong. The wrong way is termed ’’nyekulturno ”( uncultured, bad manners, or vulgar), and a foreign visitor’s behavior will be judged by the same standards.
Wearing coats public buildings is nyekulturno, although Russians see nothing wrong in strolling through hotel corridors clad only in pajamas or bathrobes, as if hotel were a large communal apartment. Also nyekulturno are standing with hands in pants pockets, sprawling in chairs, placing feet on tables, crossing legs while seated so as to show the sole of shoe, sitting with legs spread wide, crossing arms behind the head, draping an arm over the back of a chair, or merely lounging. People are expected to behave in public with a degree of decorum. These are not exclusively Russian attitudes; disdain for such demeanor may be found in other European countries as well.
Many other liberties are also nyekulturno. Students do not eat, drink, or chew gum during class. Eating lunch on park lawns in the city is unacceptable. In the evening, theater patrons are expected to dress appropriately for opera, theater, and the symphony.
When you are going into theater aisle to reach your seat, turn to face the seated people you will be passing, rather than showing them your backside. Loud talk in public and being “pushy” are taboo; the quiet “sell” and modesty will get you further. Telling Russians that you have to go to the rest room is also nyekulturno. Simply excuse yourself; they’ll know where you are going. Whistling in a concert hall after a performance is not showing approval; rather, it is a sign of disapproval in Russia (and everywhere in Europe).
(Richmond Y. From Nyet to Da, p. 132-133)
Тема 3.2 Лакуны и безэквивалентная лексика
Эквивалентность культурных представлений. Эквивалентность слов, понятий, реалий. Безэквивалентная лексика и лакуны как обозначение специфических явлений культуры.
Ключевые термины: эквивалентность, эквивалентность культурных представлений, лакуна, безэквивалентная лексика
Дополнительные вопросы и задания для обсуждения
1 Что понимается под безэквивалентной лексикой и лакунами? В чем различие между безэквивалентной лексикой и лакунами? Приведите примеры безэквивалентной лексики и лакун.
2 Укажите, какие слова в данном ниже списке являются безэквивалентными, эквивалентными и лакунарными; дайте их определение на английском языке и переведите на русский язык:
health, junk food, whiskey, generation gap, stillbirth, to encourage, shore, speaker, vodka, esquire, blini, porridge, ale, wolf whistle, saucer, kasha, family planning, kefir, greenhouse effect, kvas, dottle, babushka, brain drain, househusband, barrister, welfare state, snow bunny, tea dance, nomenklatura, blood-hound, burglar alarm, package holiday, windscreen wiper, birth control, borsch, a pen, egg-timer, a book, hogshead, to meet a deadline, to meet a challenge, fun, flag day
- Скажите, относятся ли слова ”вкусный", ”здоровый" — "больной", «грязный» - «чистый» и «удобный - неудобный» к эквивалентной, безэквивалентной, лакунарной лексике. Охарактеризуйте различные блюда, используя синонимы слова "вкусный", например: The beefsteak was excellent / tasty.
- Объясните, в чем разница между словами “house” and “home”, “homesick” and “miss”, “lawyer”, “attorney” and “barrister, solicitor, counsel, advocate”. Вспомните примеры ситуаций из вашей жизни, где встречались данные слова.
- Просмотрите эпизод из фильмов (напр., «Россия молодая», “Four weddings and one funeral”) и выделите (запишите) культурно-маркированные / безэквивалентные лексические единицы.
- Объясните, что означают следующие слова импичмент, лизинг, дилер, мерчендайзер, файл, компьютер, бит. Проведите лингвистический эксперимент - опрос ваших друзей, знакомых (минимум 10 человек), чтобы узнать у них, что означают данные слова (запишите данные вашего исследования и дайте сравнительный анализ).
- Составьте список реалий, вошедших в английский язык из русской / белорусской лингвокультур и наоборот.
Практические задания
1 Explain the difference in the use of the words a) “healthy - sound - safe”; “sick - ill - unwell - lousy”; b) “dirty - greasy - muddy - soiled - dusty - foul - filthy - sooty”; “clean - spotless - antiseptic - neat - immaculate - pure - clear”; c) “comfortable - convenient” and translate the following sentences:
a) 1) У меня все хорошо. У меня есть хорошая работа и у меня все в порядке.
- Моему дедушке уже 96 лет, но он все еще в добром здравии и в хорошей форме.
- Наша бабушка болеет какой-то серьезной болезнью, а недавно она перенесла сердечный приступ.
4) Она чувствует себя отвратительно после поездки на море и у нее кружится голова.
б) 1) I met him at the Con ball at Leddersford. He made a pass within the first five minutes and invited me to a dirty week-end within another five (J. Braine).
- His motives were far from pure (M Bradbury).
- I called him every foul name I could lay my tongue to (A. Hailey).
- And Soames was alone again. The spidery, dirty, ridiculous business! (J. Galsworthy).
- You played a dirty trick - we’d have given you five if you’d asked for it... (W. Golding).
в) 1) Неудобно звонить Смирновым после десяти часов вечера — они очень рано ложатся спать.
- Неудобно заходить к соседям после десяти часов вечера.
- Он живет в доме, расположенном далеко от метро. Это так неудобно.
- Мне неудобно звонить твоему приятелю - преподавателю университета.
- Эта одежда такая неудобная.
- Наш поезд отправляется в 3 часа ночи. Это такой неудобный поезд.
- Я не люблю сидеть в этом кресле, оно такое неудобное.
- Я живу далеко от работы, это так неудобно, так как мне приходится ехать сначала на автобусе несколько остановок, а потом пересаживаться на троллейбус.
- Describe the situation a) when you are in good health and when you are ill; give advice what one should do to be well and to be in good shape; b) what, where and when it is convenient /inconvenient, comfortable or uncomfortable to do something.
- Translate the following sentences into a) Russian /Byelarussian and b) English.
A) 1) John built a modem house with garage and a large garden.
- Their home was always filled with interesting people - artists, writers and musicians.
- I never really feel at home in Mark’s house - it’s so formal and filled with antiques that I’m always afraid of breaking something.
- There is a saying in English, “It takes a heap of living to make a house a home.”
Explanation: “heap of’ means “a lot of’, i.e. you have to live in a house a long time to feel that it is a “home”.
Suggestion: You might want to use the words «родной» or «обживать / обжить» in your translation.
- Tom is a great asset to the basketball team because he’s got such long arms.
- The child clutched the candy tightly in his hand, afraid that his mother would take it away from him.
- Did you notice the pianist’s long and slender fingers?
- By the fourth week of ballet class Mary had learned to dance on toe.
- He’s quite a cold person, and seems totally devoid of any emotions.
Suggestions: try and use the word «сухой» in this sentence.
- The detective realized that the murder was mot committed by the victim’s brother, but by a hit man - there was a contract on his life.
Suggestions: Try «заказное убийство» for “contract on his life.”
Б) 1) Желая примирения, Иванов протянул руку своему бывшему сопернику.
Suggestions: In English you can “extend a hand”, “put out a hand”, “offer your hand”.
- Джим не смотрел, куда бежит, споткнулся и сильно повредил палец на левой ноге.
- Больная старушка опиралась на руку медсестры.
- Ты не понимаешь, с кем имеешь дело, - она пальцем не шевельнет, чтобы помочь тебе.
Suggestions'. “Whom you’re dealing with”, “the kind of person she is” - use the English idiom: “Won’t lift a finger to help you.”
4 What are they talking about? Are these words non-equivalent or lacuna?
Example: ‘I had it taken at the doctor’s this morning and he said it was a little high for my age’ - blood pressure
- ‘It’s partly caused by such things as hair spray and old fridges.’
- ‘I don’t think it should ever be used under any circumstances.’
- ‘It’s much easier not to have to make your own arrangements.’
- ‘I think nowadays more and more intelligent people go to another country in order to make more money or to improve their living. ’
- ‘It is a malty, beerlike drink made from burned bread and served at curbside from dirty yellow rolling tanks into widely shared glass mugs’.
- ‘It is really a country that looks after its citizens by providing social and financial support.’
- ‘It can really smell very well and find out where someone is or has been.’
- Make up a story using the following words and phrases (in the written form):
package holiday, to encourage, shore, snow bunny, tea dance, a book, health, junk food, fun, borsch, kefir, blini, porridge, wolf whistle, kasha, to meet a challenge, househusband
- Describe the following objects of the national culture in English: балалайка, матрешка, блины, водка, большевик, перестройка, спутник; футбол, виски, эль. Use them in the situations or dialogues.
- Choose the correct variant of the translation of the given sentences. Try to remember them:
- Он сейчас подойдет.
- He’ll come by.
- He’s coming. He’ll be here in a few minutes.
- Сможешь меня подбросить (доунивермага)?
- Could you give me a lift (ride)?
- Could take me to the department?
- Could I go / come with you?
- Could you let me / drop me off at / take me as far as...
- Она заскочит/забежит к вам после работы.
- She is going to come after work.
- She will come to you after work.
- She’ll come by / come over after work.
- Я сбегаю за хлебом.
- I’ll just go get some bread.
- I’ll go to the shop and buy some bread.
- I’ll buy some bread.
- Мы через пару дней уезжаем. Буду собираться.
- I’m very busy, I’m leaving soon and I have a lot of things to do.
- I’m leaving and I will gather my things.
- I have to pack my things.
- Туда не поеду, там отдых плохой.
- I will not go there - the rest is bad.
- I am not going there - it’s a bad place for a vacation.
- I will not go there - the vacation is bad.
- Эту неделю я страшно много работала, сегодня хочу отдохнуть.
- I’ve had a lot of work this week and now I want to rest.
- Today I need to rest.
- I’ve had an awful lot of work all week, and today I want to relax.
- I’ve had an awful lot of work all week, and today I want take it easy.
- Ну конечно, отдыхай.
- Of course, have a rest.
- Of course, take a rest.
- Take it easy /Relax.
- Вчера мы прекрасно отдохнули - ходили на такую прекрасную пьесу.
- We had a great time yesterday - we saw a really good play.
- Yesterday we had a wonderful rest - we went to such a good play
- Yesterday we had a good rest - we went to the theatre and saw a good play.
- В субботу мы отдохнем - пойдем на день рождения к моей сестре. a) On Saturday we will have a rest - we are going to a birthday to my sister.
- On Saturday we will have a holiday - we will go to birthday to my sister’s place.
- We’ll have fun on Saturday - we’re going to my sister’s birthday party.
- We’ll have a good time on Saturday - we’re going to my sister’s house for a birthday party.
- Прошлым летом он прекрасно отдохнул - поехал в Париж и на юг Франции.
- Last summer he had a great vacation - he went to Paris and to the south of France.
- Last summer he had a wonderful rest. He went to Paris and to the south of France.
- Last summer he had a wonderful vacation - he went to Paris and to the south of France.
- Мой брат поехал в дом отдыха в Крым.
- My brother went to a rest home in Crimea.
- My brother went to a resort house in the Crimea.
- My brother went to vacation centre in the Crimea.
- Саша такой нам устроил праздник! (Пригласил таких интересных людей. Жена испекла дивный торт!) Так хорошо посидели!
- Sasha organized such a holiday for us. We sat so wonderfully!
- We had such a wonderful time at Sasha’s place. Sasha entertained us magnificently.
- We had such a wonderful time at Sasha’s place. We really enjoyed ourselves / We all had a fabulous time.
- Мне встретился незнакомый глагол.
- I met an unfamiliar to me verb.
- I ran into a verb I didn’t know.
- I found a (new) verb I didn’t know.
- I saw a verb new to me.
- В прошлом году мы встретили Новый год в Бостоне.
- Last year we met New Year in Boston.
- We were in Boston for New Year (New Year’s eve).
- Last year we saw New Year in Boston.
- Last year we celebrated New Year’s eve in Boston.
- Давид предложил на пост заместителя директора кандидатуру Джона.
- David proposed John as a candidate for deputy director.
- David offered John as a candidate for assistant of the director.
- David proposed John as a candidate for assistant of the director.
- Мне надоело говорить вам все время одно и то же.
- I am tired to say to you all the time the same.
- I am tired of saying the same thing to you all the time.
- I am tired of repeating it all the time.
- У нас ремонт сейчас - красят стены, перестилают полы (встраивают стенные шкафы).
- We are having repairs done in our apartment.
- We are having the apartment painted. We are redoing floors, cabinets, shelving.
- We’re having work done on the apartment / house. We’re redecorating /redoing / remodeling the apartment.
- Зайдем к друзьям, у них поедим, попьем (а то я устала).
- At their house we’ll have something to eat and drink.
- At their place we’ll have something to eat and drink.
- At their house we’ll have some foods and some drinks.
- Он кем-то работает в колледже.
- Не has a job at the college.
- He has a kind of job at the college.
- He has some job with the college.
8 Restate the following sentences in correct English:
- Laura proposed to us that we go out of the town on the Saturday.
- The whole day Jim was worrying about whether to take a work proposed to him by the firm Westinghouse.
- Why must I say to you the same thing every time? I am tired to always say it!
- Once more he has the problem to get a promotion at his work - his chief is always promoting the other candidate.
- I am very interesting in what you are telling about the economical situation in the United States. And I was so boring to listen to the speaker before!
- Mary should take the translation job she was proposed - it is much money for
- She worked all the morning, and in the evening went to her friends to have some food and some drinks.
- In such a way you will never succeed to persuade him that he is wrong.
- “Thanks God, he finally understood!” “M-m-m..., da... I hope he really did!”
- Paul is a student of the fourth course. His professor of history is well known for his scientific works.
- In scientific circles the sociologist Professor Jones is highly respected.
- He was just working in our department for a few months.
9 Replace the false cognate with a correct substitute:
- Addressed sanctions were imposed on that country.
- When she was applying to graduate school, Jane asked her professor to write a characteristic for her.
- Please give him my heartfelt greetings.
- The long-range perspective for this project is very promising.
- There were 10,000 people at the anti-war meeting.
- Arkady Raikin was a famous Russian comic.
- The delegates discussed the actual problem of international humanitarian assistance to cope with the consequences of the earthquake.
- Reorganizing this huge company will require a complicated combination to restructure the departments.
- The course of the British pound has not changed drastically over the last few months.
- It is not a matter of principle to us whether the delegation leaves on Monday or on Tuesday.
- The course consisted of lectures on political, economical and social problems of development.
- Restate in standard British / American English. Expand the sentences into situations.
- Скажите, пожалуйста, где ближайшая станция метро
- Господина Томпсона сейчас нет (Give various explanations in English indicating «он сейчас занят»).
- Столько у меня дел! Я собираюсь - завтра еду в Лондон на три недели.
- Анна рядом - сейчас подойдет.
- Мне с вами по дороге. Вы не могли бы меня подбросить до вокзала?
- Сейчас сбегаю за молоком, а потом поужинаем.
- У меня было туго с деньгами, и я одолжила 300 долларов у подруги.
- Я знаю, что ей трудно сейчас - столько у нее расходов из-за болезни матери - и вчера одолжила ей 300 долларов.
- Вчера мы прекрасно отдохнули - пошли в театр, а потом поужинали во французском ресторане.
- Я еще не знаю, куда поеду отдыхать летом.
- Ольга так хорошо готовит и у нее дома всегда такие интересные люди! Вчера она нам устроила настоящий праздник, все хорошо отдохнули.
- Надеюсь, ты сможешь отдохнуть после тяжелой недели во время выходных.
- Я так устала после ремонта, что мне нужно по-настоящему отдохнуть.
- Где вы встречаете Новый год?
- Tell a) what kind of work you’ve had to be done on the apartment; b) where you’ve had your vacation. Speak c) about the party or birthday party of your friend, using the words and phrases given above.