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Письменный перевод
4 курс
1 семестр
составитель О.В. Мурдускина
2013
Сводная таблица переводческих трансформаций
|
Я.И. Рецкер |
Л.С. Бархударов |
В.Н. Комиссаров |
Р.К. Миньяр-Белоручев |
Ж.-П. Вине, К. Дарбельне |
|
I. Лексические трансформации: |
I. Перестановки |
I. Лексические трансформации: |
Приемы перевода: |
Направления перевода: |
|
1. Дифференциация |
П. Замены: |
а) Формальные: |
Описательный перевод |
Прямой (буквальный) перевод: |
|
2. Конкретизация |
а) Грамматические замены: |
1. Транскрипция/транс литерация |
Конкретизация понятий |
а) Заимствования: — транскрипция — транслитерация |
|
3. Генерализация |
1. Замены форм слова |
2. Калькирование |
Генерализация понятий |
b) калькирование; |
|
4. Смысловое раз витие |
2. Замены частей речи |
b) Лексико-семантиче-ские замены: |
Логическое развитие понятий |
с) дословный перевод |
|
5. Антонимический перевод |
3. Замены членов предложения |
1. Конкретизация |
Антонимический перевод |
Косвенный перевод: |
|
6. Целостное преоб разование |
4. Синтаксические замены в сложном предложении |
2. Генерализация |
Модуляция: Семантические замены |
|
|
7. Компенсация потерь в процессе перевода |
b) Лексические замены |
3. Модуляция (смысловое развитие) |
1. Абстрактное/конкретное; общее/частное (генерализа ция/конкретизация) |
|
|
II. Грамматические трансформации: |
1. Конкретизация |
II. Грамматические трансформации: |
2. От причины к следствию |
|
|
1. Полные |
2. Генерализация |
а) Дословный перевод (нулевая трансформация) |
3. Средство и результат |
|
2. Частичные |
3. Замена следствия причиной |
b) Членение предложений |
4. Часть и целое |
|
|
с) Антонимический перевод |
с) Объединение предложений |
5. Одна часть вместо другой |
||
|
d) Компенсация |
d) Грамматические замены: |
6. Противоположный взгляд на ситуацию |
||
|
III. Добавления |
1. Грамматической категории |
7. Различие разграничений и интервалов |
||
|
IV. Опущения |
2. Части речи |
8. Различие в чувственном восприятии |
||
|
3. Члена предложения |
9. Различие формы, вида использования |
|||
|
4. Предложения опреде ленного типа |
10. Различие определения через географическое назва ние |
|||
|
III. Лексико-граммати ческие трансформации: |
11. Различие образа |
|||
|
а) Антонимический перевод |
Транспозиция |
|||
|
Ь) Описательный перевод |
Шассе-круазе |
|||
|
с) Компенсация |
Адаптация |
|||
|
Эквиваленция |
||||
|
Компенсация |
ВИДЫ ПЕРЕВОДЧЕСКИХ ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЙ
Разный строй языков является причиной употребления трансформаций при переводе. Трансформационный перевод - перевод с использованием одной из переводческих трансформаций. Существует множество классификаций трансформаций, однако данное исследование будет опираться на классификацию Комиссарова В.Н. Он выделяет следующие виды трансформаций:
1.Транскрипция и транслитерация – это способы перево да лексической единицы оригинала путем воссоздания ее фор мы с помощью букв ПЯ. При транскрипции воспроизводится звуковая форма иноязычного, слова, а при транслитерации его графическая форма (буквенный состав). При транскрипции воспроизводится звуковая форма иноязычного, слова, а при транслитерации его графическая форма (буквенный состав). Ведущим способом в современной переводческой практике является транскрипция с сохранением некоторых элементов транслитерации. Поскольку фонетические и графические системы языков значительно от личаются друг от друга, передача формы слова ИЯ на языке перевода всегда несколько условна и приблизительна:
Например: absur dist – абсурдист (автор произведения абсурда), kleptocracy – клептократия (воровская элита), skateboarding – скейтбординг (катание на роликовой доске).
2.Калькирование – это способ перевода лексической еди ницы оригинала путем замены ее составных частей – морфем или слов (в случае устойчивых словосочетаний) их лексиче скими соответствиями в ПЯ. Сущность калькирования заклю чается в создании нового слова или устойчивого сочетания в ПЯ, копирующего структуру исходной лексической единицы.
Например: superpower – сверхдержава, mass culture – массовая культура, green revolution – зеленая революция
3.Лексико-семантические замены – это способ перевода лексических единиц оригинала путем использования при перево де единиц ПЯ, значение которых не совпадает со значениями исходных единиц, но может быть выведено из них с по мощью определенного типа логических преобразований. Основ ными видами подобных замен являются конкретизация, гене рализация и модуляция (смысловое развитие) значения исход ной единицы.
а) Конкретизацией называется замена слова или словосо четания ИЯ с более широким предметно-логическим значени ем словом и словосочетанием ПЯ с более узким значением. В результате применения этой трансформации создаваемое соот ветствие и исходная лексическая единица оказываются в логи ческих отношениях включения: единица ИЯ выражает родовое понятие, а единица ПЯ – входящее в нее видовое понятие.
Например: Не was at the ceremony. – Он присутствовал на церемонии.
Конкретизация часто применяется, когда в ПЯ есть слово со столь же широким значением и соответствующей коннотацией, поскольку такие слова могут обладать разной сте пенью употребительности в ИЯ и ПЯ
б) Генерализацией называется замена единицы ИЯ, имею щей более узкое значение, единицей ПЯ с более широким значением, т.е. преобразование обратное конкретизации. Созда ваемое соответствие выражает родовое понятие, включающее исходное видовое.
Например: Не visits me practically every week-end. – Он ездит ко мне почти каждую неделю.
в) Модуляцией или смысловым развитием называется за мена слова или словосочетания ИЯ единицей ПЯ, значение которой логически выводится из значения исходной единицы.
Например: I don't blame them. – Я их понимаю.
При использовании метода модуляции причинно-следственные отношения часто имеют более широкий характер, но логическая связь между двумя наименованиями всегда сохраняется:
Manson slung his bag up and climbed into the battered gig behind a tall, angular black horse. – Мэнсон поставил свой чемодан и влез в расхлябанную дву колку, запряженную крупной костлявой черной лошадью
4. Дифференциация значений. Распространенность приема дифференциации при переводе с английского языка на русский язык объясняется обилием в английском языке слов с широкой семантикой, которым нет прямого соответствия в русском языке.
Например: …and ordered a drink – Он заказал виски.
Интересен также и случай с атрибутивными словосочетаниями – в то время как в русском особую роль играет падежное управление, в английском широко распространено употребление сочетаний из двух или нескольких слов объединенным общим смыслом без их изменения. Иногда в обоих языках есть эквивалентный вариант таких сочетаний – earthquake – землетрясение. При дословном переводе мы все равно вынуждены будем использовать падежное управление – Gun license – лицензия на оружие – однако все равно этот вариант неправильный, необходимо воспользоваться лексическим добавлением – удостоверение на право ношения оружия.
Иногда такие сочетания могут состоять из целых предложений, слова в которых связаны только знаком "–".
Girl-next-door – девушка, живущая в соседнем доме
Во всех случаях употребления лексического дополнения, переводчику требуется быть более осведомленным в сфере темы исходного текста. Необходимо понимать, "что" хотел сказать автор и "почему" он сделал именно так, ведь зная это можно перевести текст максимально адекватно и понятно для конечного читателя.
6. Прием лексических опущений. Прием лексического опущения предполагает игнорирование в процессе перевода некоторых семантически избыточных слов, которые не несут важной смысловой нагрузки, а их значение зачастую комплексно восстанавливается в переводе. Опущение является методом прямо противоположным приему добавления. Самым традиционным примером семантической избыточности является употребление т.н. "парных синонимов", часто проявляющееся во всех стилях письменной речи английского языка. Однако, в русском языке такое проявление не встречается, и при его переводе один из синонимов не повторяется, и два слова заменяются одним. Так и используется прием опущения.
Например: brave and fearless – храбрый
just and equitable treatment – справедливое отношение.
В итоге, использование приема опущения позволяет переводчику производить некоторое сокращение общего объема произведения, что называется осуществлять "компрессию текста".
7. Синтаксическое уподобление (дословный перевод) – это способ перевода, при котором синтаксическая структура ориги нала преобразуется в аналогичную структуру ПЯ. Этот тип "нулевой" трансформации применяется в тех случаях, когда в ИЯ и ПЯ существуют параллельные синтаксические структу ры. Синтаксическое уподобление может приводить к полному соответствию количества языковых единиц и порядка их рас положения в оригинале и переводе.
Например: I always remember his words – Я всегда помню его слова.
Однако, приме нение синтаксического уподобления сопровождается некоторы ми изменениями структурных компонентов. При переводе с английского языка на русский, например, могут опускаться ар тикли, глаголы-связки, иные служебные элементы, а также происходить изменения морфологических форм и некоторых лексических единиц. Все эти изменения не за трагивают основной структуры предложения, которая передается с помощью аналогичной русской структуры с сохранением одинакового набора членов предложения и последовательности их рас положения в тексте. Изменение структуры предложения при переводе объясняется, как правило, невоз можностью обеспечить эквивалентность перевода путем дослов ного перевода.
8. Членение предложения – это способ перевода, при кото ром синтаксическая структура предложения в оригинале преоб разуется в две или более – предикативные структуры ПЯ. Трансформация членения приводит либо к преобразованию простого предложения ИЯ в сложное предложение ПЯ, либо к преобразованию простого или сложного предложения ИЯ в два или более самостоятельных предложения в ПЯ.
Например: The annual surveys of the Labour Government were not discussed with the workers at any stage, but only with the employers. – Ежегодные обзоры лейбористского правительства не обсуж дались среди рабочих ни на каком этапе. Они обсуждались только с предпринимателями.
9. Объединение предложений – это способ перевода, при котором синтаксическая структура в "оригинале "преобразуется путем соединения двух простых предложений в одно сложное.
Например: That was a long time ago. It seemed like fifty years ago. – Это было давно – казалось, что прошло лет пятьдесят.
Нередко применение трансформации объединения связано с перераспределением предикативных синтагм между соседни ми предложениями, т.е. происходит одновременное использова ние объединения и членения – одно предложение разбивается на две части, и одна из его частей объединяется с другим предложением.
10. Грамматические замены – это способ перевода, при ко тором грамматическая единица в оригинале преобразуется в единицу ПЯ с иным грамматическим значением. Замене мо жет подвергаться грамматическая единица ИЯ любого уровня: словоформа, часть речи, член предложения, предложение определенного типа. Грамматическая замена как особый способ перевода подразумевает не просто употребление в переводе форм ПЯ, а отказ от использования форм ПЯ, ана логичных исходным, замену таких форм на иные, отличаю щиеся от них по выражаемому содержанию (грамматическому значению).Например, замена числа:
We are searching for talent everywhere. – Мы повсюду ищем таланты
11. Антонимический перевод – это лексико-грамматическая трансформация, при которой замена утвердительной формы в оригинале на отрицательную форму в переводе или, наоборот, отрицательной на утвердительную сопровождается заменой лексической единицы ИЯ на единицу ПЯ с противоположным значением.
Например: Nothing changed in my home town. – Все осталось прежним в моем родном городе
12. Экспликация или описательный перевод – это лексико-грамматическая трансформация, при котором лексическая еди ница ИЯ заменяется словосочетанием, эксплицирующим ее значение, т.е. дающим более или менее полное объяснение или определение этого значения на ПЯ. С помощью экспли кации можно передать значение любого безэквивалентного сло ва в оригинале.
Например: Car owners from the midway towns ran a shuttle service for parents visiting the children injured in the accident. – Владельцы автомашин из городов, лежащих между этими двумя пунктами, непрерывно привозили и отвозили родителей, которые навещали своих детей, пострадавших во время крушения.
13. Компенсация – это способ перевода, при котором эле менты смысла, утраченные при переводе единицы ИЯ в ори гинале, передаются в тексте перевода каким-либо другим сред ством, причем необязательно в том же самом месте текста, что и в оригинале.
Например: "I'm nothing to you, not so much as them slippers". – "Those slippers". – "Я для вас ничто, хуже вот этих туф лей" – "Туфель".
Компенсация используется особенно часто там, где необходимо передать чисто внутрилингвистические значения, характеризующие те или иные языковые особенности подлинника – диалектальную окраску, неправильности или индивидуальные особенности речи, каламбуры, игру слов, а так же при передаче прагматических значений, когда не всегда можно найти прямое соответствие единице ИЯ в системе ПЯ.
14. Целостное преобразование. Прием целостного преобразования является определенной разновидностью смыслового развития, в процессе которого преобразуется внутренняя форма любого отрезка речевой цепи – от отдельного слова, большей частью сложного, до синтагмы, а порой и целого предложения, причем преобразуется не по элементам, а целостно, так, что связь между внутренней формой единиц ИЯ и ПЯ уже не прослеживается. Логико-семантической основой этого приема служит отнесенность исходной и преобразованной единицы перевода к одному и тому же отрезку действительности. Если не всегда можно проследить до конца весь ход замещения сем в процессе целостного преобразования, то эквивалентность плана содержания и адекватность текстов выражения каждый раз должны свидетельствовать о закономерности применения этого приема трансформации. Традиция языковых контактов использовала ряд целостных преобразований частотных лексических единиц и закрепила их результаты как словарные соответствия – постоянные и вариантные.
Специфика живой разговорной речи чаще всего требует целостного преобразования при переводе.
Например: What do you do? – Здравствуйте [10, с. 98]
Таким образом, эквивалентность при переводе достигается с помощью определенных лексико-грамматических трансформаций, которые могут быть применены и при переводе заголовков газетных статей на общественно-политическую тематику.
Исходя из этого, можно утверждать, что существуют 3 основные причины переводческих трансформаций:
1.Расхождения в системах исходного и переводящего языков, которые могут быть следующими:
а) в одном из языков отсутствует категория, свойственная другому языку.
б) внутри одной и той же категории членения различны.
в) сопоставимые лингвистические категории не вполне совпадают по объёму значения.
2. Расхождения норм исходного и переводящего языков. С нарушением нормы мы сталкиваемся в тех случаях, когда смысл фразы понятен, однако вызывает представление о неправильности речи (нормативных отклонениях)
3.Несовпадение узуса, действующего в среде носителей исходного и переводящего языков. (Узус - правила ситуативного использования языка. Он отражает речевые привычки и традиции данного языкового коллектива.) [Латышев, с. 189].
Однако по мнению А.Ф. Архипова существуют 8 восемь мотивов применения трансформаций, с целью добиться более высокой степени эквивалентности:
ПАРАМЕТРЫ ОЦЕНИВАНИЯ ПИСЬМЕННОГО ПЕРЕВОДА
Оценка зависит от количества и типа ошибок. Существуют следующие виды ошибок:
РАЗДЕЛ 1 ПЕРЕВОД ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫХ ТЕКСТОВ СМИ
Тема 1 Перевод новостей
Текст 1
Текст 2
Тема 2 Перевод интервью
Текст 3
Встреча с президентом, председателем правления Сбербанка России Германом Грефом
8 октября 2012 года, 14:20 Московская область, Ново-Огарёво
Г.ГРЕФ: Владимир Владимирович, мы закончили вторичное размещение наших акций. Окно, которое открылось на рынке, продолжалось практически два дня. Спасибо совместным действиям Центрального банка и Правительства, мы все вместе сумели этой возможностью воспользоваться. 5 миллиардов 200 миллионов по цене 93 рубля за акцию – это как раз тот коридор, который мы предполагали. Это выше, чем предыдущая цена размещения (89 рублей за акцию), – самая большая сделка по приватизации за всю российскую историю.
В.ПУТИН: Вы имеете в виду продажу 7,6 процента наших акций.
Г.ГРЕФ: Да, 7,6 процента наших акций.
В.ПУТИН: На сто долларов, вложенных десять лет [назад], вы получили сейчас 3700, по-моему?
Г.ГРЕФ: 3700. Мы вторые после «Эппл» по доходности за десять лет.
В принципе, я считаю, что это действительно очень хорошая сделка для России, очень хорошо везде освещалась. И после нашего размещения, несмотря на большое падение, мы держимся в районе 92 рублей за акцию. У нас ещё будет сложный период, пока произойдёт адаптация к этому большому объёму акций, которые были выброшены на рынок. Тем не менее мы ожидаем рост. Все фундаментальные показатели у нас очень хорошие. Мы ожидаем стабильного роста в этом году, в конце текущего года. Все обязательства перед инвесторами, которые мы брали на себя, думаю, мы в полном объёме выполним.
В.ПУТИН: Хорошо.
А в Турции как поработали?
Г.ГРЕФ: Сложная работа была. К сожалению, очень короткий период времени был отпущен. У нас была большая конкурентная борьба за турецкий банк [DenizBank]. Последними в гонке за приобретение этого банка (это шестой банк Турции) оставались мы и Катарский национальный банк. Это очень хороший высокотехнологичный актив. Продавал его бельгийский банк Dexia, один из крупнейших европейских банков. В соответствии с требованиями регулятора он обязан был продать этот актив, хотя очень не хотел продавать.
Цена продажи составила 1,3 стоимости капитала, или примерно 2,7 миллиарда евро. И мы ещё должны будем в конце года в зависимости от результатов, которые будут подведены до момента покупки, доплатить кусочек – изменение стоимости чистых активов, то есть ту прибыль, которая будет получена банком за этот год. Это примерно ещё порядка 170 миллионов евро. В целом цена приобретения составит около трёх миллиардов евро, или порядка четырёх миллиардов долларов.
Для нас это самое крупное приобретение за рубежом за всю историю «Сбербанка» – очень крупный актив, очень качественный актив. В этом году банк на турецком рынке заработает порядка 400 миллионов долларов чистой прибыли, в следующем году прогноз – свыше 600 миллионов долларов чистой прибыли. Для нас это очень важная платформа, банк расположен кроме Турции ещё в пяти государствах, хорошая платформа для работы в Азии. Очень хорошая команда, очень хорошо построенная технология, продуктовая линейка. Он [банк] второй в Турции по финансированию сельского хозяйства, и мы надеемся получить очень хороший мультипликативный эффект. Мы туда можем передать часть наших современных технологий и очень многое можем принести в Россию, в том числе их технологию работы в сельском хозяйстве, технологию работы с малым и средним бизнесом.
Все регулятивные органы очень позитивно к нам отнеслись, после нашего приобретения турецкий регулятор снизил для нас достаточность капитала с 15 до 12 процентов, что нам высвобождает капитал. В течение целого ряда лет мы сможем спокойно развиваться на рынке, не капитализируя банк. Думаю, что мы построим очень хороший мост между нашими двумя экономиками. Турция имеет очень большой потенциал роста, мы второй торговый партнёр Турции сейчас, по темпам роста – первый.
<…>
Текст 4
Чулпан Хаматова:
«Я пытаюсь дать своим детям не только максимум любви, но и максимум правды»
Наталья Николайчик
Разговор с Чулпан мы начали днем в Центре детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии, продолжили ночью, когда она ехала в поезде на съемки, а закончили вечером следующего дня, когда она собиралась на спектакль «Рассказы Шукшина».
«I try to give lots of love to my children, but and maximum of the truth too» Natalya Nikolaichik 7 days. We started conversation with Chulpan the day at the Centre of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology ., We continued it at night when she was going by train after shooting. We finished it in the evening of the follow day, when she was going to the performance «The stories of Shukshin» Shukshin’s stories.
— Чулпан, а вы знаете всех детей опекаемого фондом «Подари жизнь» Центра детской гематологии, онкологии и иммунологии?
— В этом Центре одновременно лечится больше трехсот детей, а у нашего фонда еще несколько подопечных клиник.
Со всеми детьми познакомиться невозможно. Если, конечно, ты существуешь в нормальном человеческом режиме, а не как в фаст-фуде — формально улыбнулся, погладил по головке, и… следующий! К сожалению, не всегда есть время навещать детей в больнице. Но если звонит волонтер или врач и говорит: «Чулпан, тут есть мальчик, который очень хочет тебя видеть, у него скоро новый сложный блок лечения», я стараюсь сразу приехать, несмотря ни на какие дела. Так поступают многие наши артисты.
Chulpan, do you know all the children who are patronized by fund «Gift of Life». There are more than 300 children who treat at the Center simultaneously. Our fund has some more under warship clinics. It can make an acquaintanceship with every child. Off course if you live in on-line regime and don’t live in fast-food regime – smiling for pencil whip, stroking the head, and …. The next one! Unfortunately, I don’t always have a time to visit the children at the hospital. But if volunteer or doctor call and say: «Chulpan, there is a boy, who wants to see you so much, he will have a new difficult block of treatment», I try to come, despite all my business. Many our artists do like this.
— Для детей действительно так важны эти встречи?
Is it really important for children to organize these meetings?
— Понимаете, дети в больнице существуют в закрытом стерильном пространстве, и для многих из них единственное окно в мир — это телевизор. И они начинают мечтать о той другой жизни и о том, как было бы здорово пообщаться с каким-то артистом. И фонд звонит этим артистам и просит прийти. Чаще всего дети просят «папиных дочек». Они здесь частые гости, особенно Мирослава Карпович. Любят Настю Заворотнюк, Нелли Уварову. И они сюда приходят регулярно. А замечательный Гоша Куценко вообще отсюда практически не выходит. Как пришел пять лет назад, так и не оставляет нас. Дружит с какими-то детьми, приезжает чуть ли не как к себе домой, и они счастливы, когда его видят.
— Когда дети радуются, это, наверное, как-то сказывается на эффективности лечения…
— Такие моменты исполнения желаний не панацея, но очень важный фактор в лечении. Иногда после их осуществления дети буквально становятся на ноги. Происходят настоящие чудеса. Много раз это наблюдала. <…>
— А ваши дети ходят на ваши спектакли или вы считаете, что они и для этого недостаточно взрослые?
— А тут вы ошиблись очень сильно. (Смеется.) Они не только смотрят мои спектакли, но даже играют в «Трех товарищах». Забавно получилось. У меня появился второй состав — на мою роль ввелась Света Иванова. И я была невероятно счастлива тому обстоятельству, что в моей неделе наконец-то образовался свободный вечер. Но не тут-то было! Теперь я приезжаю на этот спектакль в качестве сопровождающего своих детей. Они выходили на сцену и прежде, когда были совсем маленькие, потом почему-то театр разлюбили. Сейчас в их головах снова что-то такое щелкнуло, и им опять хочется побегать по сцене. Дочки пересматривают все мои спектакли, и иногда по многу раз. Из всех спектаклей они больше всего любят «Рассказы Шукшина». Правда, когда в финале начинается последний грустный рассказ, убегают за кулисы.
— Я помню, когда-то у старшей Арины было желание быть механиком, чтобы носить меха... А как вы смотрите на то, что дочери пойдут вашей дорогой? Это вас не пугает, ведь профессия очень сложная, зависимая?
— Она сложная, но прекрасная! И если им повезет, значит, это будет так. А если им не повезет, то, значит, у них будет какой-то другой путь. Каждая мама, конечно, хотела бы легкой, безоблачной жизни для своего ребенка. Но такого не бывает ни в одной профессии. Вообще в жизни такого не бывает…
— Два года назад вы говорили: «Я нахожусь в очень интересной точке бытия, у меня много сил, детей, я наполнена любовью и очень счастлива». Сегодня можете это повторить?
— Легко. И сейчас у меня точно такое же мироощущение. Мне кажется, это у каждой мамы, у которой маленькие дети. Если бы у меня не было детей, я бы никогда не перечитывала книжки, которые читала в детстве, не пересматривала мультики, не слушала заново старые пластинки, а сейчас я все это делаю. А если бы у меня не было фонда, я бы никогда не общалась с таким количеством детей, с каким общаюсь теперь. И никогда не получила бы такого убедительного доказательства, что хороших людей больше, чем плохих. Если бы у меня не было моей профессии, я бы никогда не смогла так двигаться вперед в собственном развитии. Ведь актерская профессия вся построена на поиске новых граней в самой себе. <…>
Текст 5
26 September 2012
Transcript of JK Rowling's Casual Vacancy interview
Harry Potter author JK Rowling was interviewed by BBC arts editor Will Gompertz about The Casual Vacancy, her first novel since her phenomenally successful Harry Potter series ended in 2007.
Арт эдитор Вилл Гомпертц на BBC взял интервью у Джоан Роулинг, автора книги о «Гарри Поттере» о , известно, что ее первый роман, цикл которого завершился в 2007 году имел феноменальный успех
When I had the book, the first 30 pages I was thinking "this is JK Rowling, the woman who wrote those Harry Potter books" and it took a while for me to get through that process. Maybe it was me and the way I was approaching it, but I sensed there was a certain nervousness in your authorial voice in the very beginning.
Я прочла всего 30 страниц книги , и подумала "и это Джоан Роулинг, женщина, которая написала эти книги о Гарри Поттере", и это требовало времени для меня, чтобы пройти через этот процесс. Может быть, ее написала и, и сделала все сама, я чувствовала, присутствовала некая нервозность в авторском голосе в самом начале.
I don't mean this in an arrogant way but I did not sit down to write this novel thinking "got to prove". I had nothing to prove. Now I certainly don't mean that in an arrogant way, I certainly don't mean that I think, well, you know, I can't improve as a writer. I certainly don't mean that I'm coming from a place of self-satisfaction.
Может быть это и самовлюбленно, но когда я садилась за написание этого романа, я не задумывалась над тем, что «надо что-то кому-то доказывать». Я ничего не собиралась доказывать. Сейчас, конечно я не считаю что это самовлюбленно, Это конечно не означает, что я думаю, что, ну, вы знаете, что мне не надо улучшать свои писательские навыки. И конечно же это не означает что я идеальная.
But Harry Potter truly liberated me in the sense that there's only one reason to write, for me: If I genuinely have something I want to say and I want to publish it. I can pay my bills, you know, every day. I am grateful for that fact and aware of that fact. I don't need to publish to make a living.
We both know what it takes to write a novel, we both know how much blood, sweat and tears go into writing a novel, I couldn't put that amount of energy into something purely to say I need to prove I can write a book with swear words in it. So no, there was no nervousness - and again I don't mean that arrogantly. I felt happy writing it, it was what I wanted to do.
I've been asked this question so many times, do you feel you need to write a book for adults?
No, I don't need to write a book for adults. I think it very likely that the next thing I publish will be for kids. I have a children's book that I really like, it's for slightly younger children than the Potter books, and I think probably the next thing will be for children.
I loved writing for kids, I loved talking to children about what I'd written, I don't want to leave that behind. But I wanted to write this as well.
Casual Vacancy has lots of swear words in it and lots of adult themes, do you worry that children who are fans of yours will be on an internet site where you can easily download books in one click, and they'll suddenly be faced with really quite vivid language?
Well, I hope that we've made it really clear that this isn't a book for children. I've been very open about what the themes are, we've talked about what the story's about. I would have thought that parents can make a very clear choice... I would have to ask why have kids got such untrammelled access to the internet that they are downloading… Well, I would be more worried about other things they could be downloading if they're running amok on the internet on their own. There is something of Dickens about this book.
I'm very flattered! When I did start writing it I was aware that I was doing a contemporary version of what I love, which is a big, fat 19th-Century novel set in a small community. So to an extent, swear words notwithstanding, that is what the Casual Vacancy is. It is a parochial - literally - novel that's looking at slicing through a society, with everything that that implies. That's what I wanted to do.
Do you aspire to be the Dickens of our day?
No [laughs]. Again, I think it's a curious thing being me, because it was all an accident and then, when you become very successful, people assume there was a game plan. So there are no motivational posts on my wall saying "Be next Dickens" - well, because he's Dickens. It would be so outrageously presumptuous to say that. You pay your respects to him and then move on.
This is your first published adult novel. It is inevitably going to sell truckloads. It is going to get reviews good, bad and indifferent. People around you are going to say nice things about it. How will you judge if it's been a success or failure?
The simple answer is speaking to readers. I have to say that latterly with the Potter books, when the hype became insane, it was a monster that was out of control. Speaking to readers really brought you back to what it should be about.
So ultimately, the people who have read the book, who are not paid to have an opinion, are generally the best benchmark of whether you have done what you set out to do. But you're right that that was a consideration for me, particularly with being published next time round.
It was very important to me to approach publishing the book in a certain way. I didn't want to have an auction, I didn't want to announce that I had a new book and watch a feeding frenzy, so it was important to me to go out quite quietly, and find the right person.
I had a great conversation with David Shelley [at Little, Brown & Co] and I just knew he understood what I was doing and he was prepared to take not a risk, in the sense that clearly the name would shift some books, we all knew that. But equally, if you fall flat on your face, it's a much more public experience.
It was important to me simply to have an editor who understood what I was doing and to have a quiet conversation about that before I committed to any deals. And I found the right person. David is that person. <….>
A couple of tangential questions - firstly Leveson. You gave a very moving account of what happened to you. Do you think it will change anything?
Do you know, I just don't know. I'm fascinated. I'm following it very closely, not just because I participated, but because I think it's a massive question for our culture. We've got to get it right.
I passionately believe in freedom of the press. But having been on the receiving end of some dubious / illegal behaviour, how do we mop this up? I don't know. I hope and pray it does change things because I think it's toxic, what has been allowed to go on.
Do you think it will?
If I had to bet, I'd say it will change things but I think there will be massive resistance on the part of some aspects of the media.
It was a big deal giving evidence to Leveson, because you're in that paradoxical position of trying to stick up for your privacy whilst slightly invading your own privacy. So I had to think long and hard about what went into the statement and there were a couple of things that didn't go into the statement because, even though they represented some of the worst things that had happened to me at the hand of the press, or my family, I would have been invading my own privacy quite seriously to talk about them. So that's the odd thing about an inquiry like this.
Another random question: In 2001 you were awarded an OBE. You've sold hundreds of millions of books, you've given thousands of pounds away to charity. I personally am quite surprised you haven't been made a dame.
No comment! (Laughs)
Do you think literature is overlooked slightly in our culture?
I can't talk about this on camera.
In an interview very recently, you said you were pro-Scottish union. Why?
I think devolution has been fantastic for Scotland, I really do, and I suppose, pragmatically, I think we've got a great deal, currently. I think that independence right now is not a great idea. We're in the middle of a huge, terrible, terrifying world recession. I just think now is a time for stability. And Scotland's doing great under devolution. I think economically we're in a pretty stable, sound condition. I would be personally quite averse doing anything that destabilised that in the next few years. Jo Rowling, thank you very much indeed.
Casual Vacancy has lots of swear words in it and lots of adult themes, do you worry that children who are fans of yours will be on an internet site where you can easily download books in one click, and they'll suddenly be faced with really quite vivid language? В Случайной вакансии можно увидеть нецензурную лексику и множество чисто подростковых тем, не беспокоит ли вас, что дети, которые являются вашими фанатами, сидя в интернете, с легкостью скачав вашу книгу, с помощью одного клика, встретятся лицом к лицом с по-настоящему раскрепощенным языком?
Well, I hope that we've made it really clear that this isn't a book for children. I've been very open about what the themes are, we've talked about what the story's about. I would have thought that parents can make a very clear choice... I would have to ask why have kids got such untrammelled access to the internet that they are downloading… Well, I would be more worried about other things they could be downloading if they're running amok on the internet on their own. There is something of Dickens about this book.
I'm very flattered! When I did start writing it I was aware that I was doing a contemporary version of what I love, which is a big, fat 19th-Century novel set in a small community. So to an extent, swear words notwithstanding, that is what the Casual Vacancy is. It is a parochial - literally - novel that's looking at slicing through a society, with everything that that implies. That's what I wanted to do.
Do you aspire to be the Dickens of our day?
No [laughs]. Again, I think it's a curious thing being me, because it was all an accident and then, when you become very successful, people assume there was a game plan. So there are no motivational posts on my wall saying "Be next Dickens" - well, because he's Dickens. It would be so outrageously presumptuous to say that. You pay your respects to him and then move on.
This is your first published adult novel. It is inevitably going to sell truckloads. It is going to get reviews good, bad and indifferent. People around you are going to say nice things about it. How will you judge if it's been a success or failure?
The simple answer is speaking to readers. I have to say that latterly with the Potter books, when the hype became insane, it was a monster that was out of control. Speaking to readers really brought you back to what it should be about.
So ultimately, the people who have read the book, who are not paid to have an opinion, are generally the best benchmark of whether you have done what you set out to do. But you're right that that was a consideration for me, particularly with being published next time round.
It was very important to me to approach publishing the book in a certain way. I didn't want to have an auction, I didn't want to announce that I had a new book and watch a feeding frenzy, so it was important to me to go out quite quietly, and find the right person.
I had a great conversation with David Shelley [at Little, Brown & Co] and I just knew he understood what I was doing and he was prepared to take not a risk, in the sense that clearly the name would shift some books, we all knew that. But equally, if you fall flat on your face, it's a much more public experience.
It was important to me simply to have an editor who understood what I was doing and to have a quiet conversation about that before I committed to any deals. And I found the right person. David is that person. <….>
A couple of tangential questions - firstly Leveson. You gave a very moving account of what happened to you. Do you think it will change anything?
Do you know, I just don't know. I'm fascinated. I'm following it very closely, not just because I participated, but because I think it's a massive question for our culture. We've got to get it right.
I passionately believe in freedom of the press. But having been on the receiving end of some dubious / illegal behaviour, how do we mop this up? I don't know. I hope and pray it does change things because I think it's toxic, what has been allowed to go on.
Do you think it will?
If I had to bet, I'd say it will change things but I think there will be massive resistance on the part of some aspects of the media.
It was a big deal giving evidence to Leveson, because you're in that paradoxical position of trying to stick up for your privacy whilst slightly invading your own privacy. So I had to think long and hard about what went into the statement and there were a couple of things that didn't go into the statement because, even though they represented some of the worst things that had happened to me at the hand of the press, or my family, I would have been invading my own privacy quite seriously to talk about them. So that's the odd thing about an inquiry like this.
Another random question: In 2001 you were awarded an OBE. You've sold hundreds of millions of books, you've given thousands of pounds away to charity. I personally am quite surprised you haven't been made a dame.
No comment! (Laughs)
Do you think literature is overlooked slightly in our culture?
I can't talk about this on camera.
In an interview very recently, you said you were pro-Scottish union. Why?
I think devolution has been fantastic for Scotland, I really do, and I suppose, pragmatically, I think we've got a great deal, currently. I think that independence right now is not a great idea. We're in the middle of a huge, terrible, terrifying world recession. I just think now is a time for stability. And Scotland's doing great under devolution. I think economically we're in a pretty stable, sound condition. I would be personally quite averse doing anything that destabilised that in the next few years. Jo Rowling, thank you very much indeed.
Тема 3 Перевод пресс-релизов
Текст 6
Commitment to gender parity delivers concrete results at the Renault-Nissan Alliance
October 10, 2012 | ID: 34524
Процент женщин занимающихся продажами автомобилей Renault во Франции удвоился с 2009 года
PARIS (Oct. 10, 2012) -- The Renault-Nissan Alliance’s commitment to gender parity has resulted in significant advancements for women at both Renault and Nissan.
The Alliance provides an annual update on gender parity during the Women s Forum for the Economy and Society, an international conference that takes place Oct. 10-12 in Deauville, France. The yearly gathering aims to level the playing field for women in industry, academia, politics and society.
ПАРИЖ (10 октября 2012) - приверженность альянса Renault-Nissan, к появлению гендерного равенства привело к значительным достижениям для женщин как на Renault и Nissan.
Альянс предусматривает ежегодное обновление в вопросе гендерного равенства рассматриваемого в ходе женский форум для экономики и общества, международной конференции, которая проходит 10-12 октября в Довиле, Франция. Ежегодный сбор имеет целью обеспечить равные условия для женщин в промышленности, науки, политики и общества.
Among the 2012 findings at Renault and Nissan:
● Two out of Renault’s 10-member executive committee are women, giving Renault one of the highest percentages of women at the senior executive management level in the global automotive industry. These executives are Marie-Françoise Damesin, Executive Vice President of Human Resources; and Mouna Sepehri, Executive Vice President of the Office of the CEO.
2012 на Renault и Nissan:
● Два из 10 членов исполнительного комитета Renault составляют женщины, давая Renault одним из самых высоких процентов женщин на уровне высшего руководства исполнительной власти в мировой автомобильной промышленности. Эти руководители Мари-Франсуаза Damesin, исполнительный вице-президент по персоналу и Mouna Сепехри, исполнительный вице-президент управления главного исполнительного директора.
● Women make up 15% of Renault’s key global executive positions.
● Women make up 17% of Renault’s total workforce and 14% of Renault’s manufacturing workforce.
● In new car sales, women account for 34% of the workforce in France, more than double compared to 2009. Renault aims to have women account for 50% of all new sales jobs.
● In France, Renault’s entry-level brand Dacia has already accomplished its goal of hiring women for half of all new sales jobs. In 2012, 80% of all new sales recruits were women.
● Renault has developed 'Women@Renault,' an internal professional network with 3,300 members and local communities in 11 countries. The network is part of Renault's broader corporate social responsibility strategy to strengthen gender diversity across all functions globally.
●Women account for 7% of senior-level managers at Nissan globally, up compared to 4% in 2009.
● At Nissan in Japan, women comprise 4% of senior-level managers, up from 3% a year ago.
● In Japan, women account for 6.7% of manager-level positions and higher, compared to an average of 2.9% for Japanese companies with 5,000 employees and more, according to the Japan Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.
● Nissan receives a diversity award from the Japan Women's Innovative Network. This is the second time for Nissan to receive an award from the non-profit organization which recognizes companies with proactive and innovative approaches to the recruitment, skills development and advancement of women.
Committed to gender equality and diversity
Renault’s executive bench is rapidly becoming more diverse as the automaker broadens its geographic base. Renault counts 15 nationalities among its key global executive positions, including French, Spanish, Japanese, Brazilian and German executives.
Nissan continues to have one of the most diverse teams at the corporate officer level in Japan and among global automakers. Forty-eight percent of the top 100 positions are held by foreign-born executives from 15 countries, including France, Australia, Brazil, Canada, China, India, Italy, Netherlands, Spain, South Africa, United Kingdom, United States, Ireland, Argentina and Poland.
“The Renault-Nissan Alliance hires and promotes people based on talent and proven performance – not based on gender, country of origin or other factors,” Alliance Chairman and CEO Carlos Ghosn said. “We’re creating the auto industry’s most diverse car group, a place that welcomes high achievers and embraces diversity at every level.”
The Alliance maintains its “Premium Partner” status at the Women’s Forum, which it has supported since 2006. On Thursday afternoon, the Alliance will host an exclusive interactive session with Michèle Mouton, the first woman to win a round of the FIA World Rally Championship and the current president of the FIA Women in Motor Sport Commission.
For a high-resolution photo related to the press release, go to the Alliance blog: http://blog.alliance-renault-nissan.com
MEDIA CONTACT
Mia Nielsen
+33 (0)1 76 87 12 33
+33 (0)6 10 83 31 33
mia.nielsen@renault.com
ABOUT THE RENAULT-NISSAN ALLIANCE
The Renault-Nissan Alliance is a strategic partnership between Paris-based Renault and Yokohama, Japan-based Nissan, which sell one in 10 cars worldwide. Renault and Nissan have been strategic partners since 1999 and sold 8.03 million cars in nearly 200 countries in 2011. Since its founding 13 years ago, the cross-cultural Renault-Nissan Alliance has expanded significantly, particularly into emerging markets.
Текст 7
Carlos Ghosn and Bruno Ancelin awarded 2012 Eurostars by Automotive News Europe
October 05, 2012 | ID: 34110
PARIS, France - On September 26, 2012, the magazine Automotive News Europe gave Eurostar awards to Carlos Ghosn, CEO and Chairman, Renault-Nissan Alliance, and to Bruno Ancelin, Renault Chairman of the Eurasia region and Managing Director, Russia.
Carlos Ghosn won the Group CEO award in recognition of his successful strategy for international expansion into high-growth markets as the euro zone faces sluggish sales. In 2011, 43% of the Renault Group’s sales were outside Europe compared with 37% the year before. Automotive News Europe noted that in 2011, Nissan achieved an all-time high for European sales, the alliance partners solidified their position in fast-growing Russia, and they became leaders in electric cars in Europe.
Carlos Ghosn declared, “I am honored to be recognized with this Eurostar Award. While Europe faces some significant challenges over the next few years, I am confident that this continent will remain innovative and do what’s necessary to get back on a path of growth and prosperity."
Bruno Ancelin won the Emerging Market Executive award for the crucial role he played in the growth of Renault’s sales in Russia (+60% in 2011, +25% from January to August 2012). The Renault-Nissan Alliance and AVTOVAZ are aiming for 40% of the Russian new-car market by 2015.
Bruno Ancelin said, “I am very happy to receive this award, which would not have been possible without the Eurasia and Russia regional team. I would also like to take the opportunity to thank all of Renault’s departments who have given us their expertise and support, those who work in Moscow as well as those at AVTOVAZ, and who help make this region one of the key growth vectors of the company.”
Текст 8
GM Financial to Acquire Ally Financial’s International Automotive Financing Operations
Wed, Nov 21 2012
DETROIT – General Motors Financial Company, Inc., (GM Financial) a wholly owned subsidiary of General Motors Co. (NYSE: GM), announced today that it is acquiring automotive financing operations in Latin America, Europe and China from Ally Financial Inc. (Ally).
“GM is entering the most aggressive rollout of new vehicles in its history and this acquisition will make us an even more formidable competitor by ensuring that competitive financing is available to our customers and dealers around the world,” said GM Senior Vice President and CFO Dan Ammann.
GM established GM Financial in 2010 to add captive financing capabilities in the United States and Canada in strategic and underserved segments. With the addition of Ally International Operations, GM Financial will be able to support GM customers and dealers in markets comprising about 80 percent of GM’s global sales while earning strong risk-adjusted returns.
“The Ally International Operations have very strong underwriting and risk management, close relationships with GM dealers and an excellent customer service reputation,” said Dan Berce, president and CEO of GM Financial. “The addition of these businesses significantly strengthens GM Financial’s core role, which is to support the sale of GM vehicles. The international operations leadership team will also transition to GM Financial, which will provide tremendous continuity for stakeholders and customers.”
The transaction includes operations in Brazil, Mexico, Colombia, Chile, Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland and Austria. It also includes Ally’s 40 percent interest in its Chinese joint venture GMAC-SAIC Automotive Finance Company.
To fund the purchase, GM expects to contribute approximately $2 billion in cash to GM Financial to increase its equity and ensure an appropriate pro forma capital structure.
The purchase price for the acquired assets represents an approximately $550 million premium to their book value. As result of the acquisition, GM Financial’s assets will double to approximately $33 billion and its liabilities, including consolidated debt, will increase to about $27 billion compared with about $12 billion today.
The transaction is expected to add $300 million to $400 million to GM Financial’s annual earnings before taxes (EBT). This will bring GM Financial’s pro forma annual EBT run rate to approximately $1 billion. The transaction is expected to be completed in mid-2013, subject to regulatory approvals.
About General Motors Financial Company
General Motors Financial Company, Inc. provides auto finance solutions through auto dealers across the United States and Canada. GM Financial has approximately 3,700 employees, over 809,000 customers and $16.3 billion in assets. The Company is a wholly-owned subsidiary of General Motors Company and is headquartered in Fort Worth, Texas. For more information, visit www.gmfinancial.com.
Текст 9
BP Reports Strong Third Quarter Results, Raises Dividend
Release date: 30 October 2012
BP today announced its financial results for the third quarter of 2012, reporting underlying replacement cost profit, adjusted for non-operating items and fair value accounting effects, of $5.2 billion. It also announced an increase in its quarterly dividend to 9c per share – an increase of 12.5 per cent – expected to be paid in the fourth quarter.
In a call with financial analysts later today, the company will also provide an update of progress against its strategic 10-point plan for 2014, and outline its future direction.
“BP’s performance and the strong progress we are making in transforming the company give us the confidence to increase distributions to our shareholders,” said group chief executive Bob Dudley. “We are on track with our strategy to 2014 and are laying the right foundations for sustainable growth during the coming decade.”
BP expects to generate future growth through increased investment in new upstream projects in higher-margin areas and through new access and exploration. BP’s business portfolio is expected to become more tightly focused around its strong existing positions and its key operating strengths.
3Q 2012 Results
Third quarter underlying replacement cost profit was $5.2 billion, compared to $3.7 billion reported for the previous quarter and $5.5 billion for the third quarter of 2011, which was prior to a number of significant divestments.
The quarter’s results benefited from a strong performance in BP’s downstream business, where good operational delivery capitalised on increased refining margins. In the upstream, performance was similar to the second quarter as increased production from new projects and completion of turnarounds in the Gulf of Mexico was offset by seasonal maintenance in North Sea and Alaska and the impact of Hurricane Isaac in the Gulf. In addition, more stable oil prices in the third quarter resulted in some positive reversal of the unusual price effects seen in the second quarter earnings, such as Russian duty lag.
Operating cash flow in the quarter was $6.3 billion. At the end of the third quarter, gearing was 20.9 per cent compared to 21.9 per cent at the end of the previous quarter. Gearing is expected to reduce as the company works to complete the divestment programme and ends payments into the $20 billion Trust Fund.
Production of oil and gas, excluding TNK-BP, was 2.26 million barrels of oil equivalent a day (mmboed), broadly similar to the second quarter and 3 per cent lower than a year ago. Production is expected to increase in the fourth quarter as the maintenance season completes and the benefit of new projects continues, but offset partially by the timing of Gulf of Mexico and North Sea divestments expected to complete in the fourth quarter. BP’s share of TNK-BP production in the quarter was 1mmboed, slightly more than in the same period last year.
BP’s downstream segment delivered record quarterly underlying earnings. Strong operational performance in the fuels business – with refining throughputs at the highest level for seven years – captured the benefits of the quarter’s notably high refining margins. Contributions from supply and trading also returned to more normal levels. Refining margins are expected to decline in the fourth quarter in line with seasonal trends. Refining throughput is also expected to be lower due to turnarounds and the start of a transitional outage to replace the largest of three crude units at our Whiting refinery, as part of the major upgrade project.
Strategic Progress
On October 22, BP announced that it had agreed heads of terms to sell its shareholding in TNK-BP to Rosneft for a mixture of shares and cash. Combined with BP’s existing 1.25 per cent shareholding, the proposed sale would result in BP holding a 19.75 per cent interest in Rosneft and receiving $12.3 billion in cash. The parties currently anticipate the proposed transaction to complete in the first half of 2013, subject to certain customary closing conditions including governmental, regulatory and antitrust approvals.
“Rosneft is a great company with great opportunities,” said Dudley. “I believe our agreement will remove considerable uncertainty for our shareholders about BP’s future in Russia and will secure for BP a valuable and truly distinctive position in one of the world’s largest and most important oil and gas provinces.”
As set out in the 10-point plan, BP expects to bring 15 new major upstream projects into production by the end of 2014, 11 of which are in four higher-margin areas: the Gulf of Mexico, Angola, Azerbaijan and the North Sea. All of these projects are on track.
With the start of production from the Devenick field in the North Sea in early October, three of the six projects scheduled for start-up in 2012 are now on line; the remaining three are expected to start up before the end of the year. In the downstream, the Whiting refinery modernisation programme remains on schedule to start-up in the second half of 2013.
As it moves beyond 2014, BP expects to increase its investment into the upstream to drive development and growth in higher-margin areas and sustain the pace of new access and exploration.
Since early 2010 BP has accessed twice the new acreage it had accessed in the previous nine years, creating a much larger exploration prospect inventory. This has also increased the company’s exposure to new exploration areas outside areas of traditional focus; half of the prospect inventory is now in new plays and half in proven plays in known basins.
Nine exploration wells are expected to be completed in 2012, increasing to 15–25 exploration wells a year going forward. Between 2012 and 2015, BP’s drilling programme is expected to test 15 new plays, in addition to deepening in existing core areas.
BP’s portfolio of world-class downstream businesses has been focused over recent years through significant portfolio rationalisation and investments, including the Whiting upgrade project. With this repositioning expected to be largely complete by the end of next year, the downstream is expected to become significantly more free cash flow generative, delivering material and growing cash to the Group.
BP will continue to reshape and focus its business portfolio around its key operating strengths. Since the end of the second quarter BP has announced agreements for divestments with a total value of over $11 billion, including for the Texas City and Carson refineries and associated assets and a number of non-strategic deepwater fields in the Gulf of Mexico. Since the start of 2010 BP has now announced disposals for a total of over $35 billion against its target of $38 billion; this does not include the proposed transaction with Rosneft for the sale of BP’s share in TNK-BP.
“This highly successful divestment programme is about fundamentally reshaping and repositioning our upstream portfolio. It gives BP a differentiated competitive position which plays to our strengths in exploration, deepwater fields, giant fields and gas value chains. It is also biased to oil, which we believe has higher returns potential,” said Dudley.
BP expects to make a final payment of $860 million into the $20 billion Gulf of Mexico Trust Fund in the fourth quarter of 2012. At the end of the third quarter, the cash balances in the Trust Fund and the Qualified Settlement Funds amounted to $10.9 billion, with $19.1 billion contributed and $8.2 billion paid out.
In its results stock exchange announcement also issued today, BP included an update on the status of the legal proceedings related to Gulf of Mexico oil spill.
The US Department of Justice (DoJ) has been conducting an investigation into the Gulf of Mexico oil spill regarding civil and criminal laws. BP is in ongoing discussions with the DoJ and other federal agencies regarding a possible settlement of these claims and whilst it is ready to settle on reasonable terms, a number of unresolved issues remain and there is significant uncertainty as to whether an agreement will ultimately be reached. BP has repeatedly said that it is willing to settle on reasonable terms but otherwise continues to prepare vigorously for the start of trial MDL 2179, now scheduled for late February 2013.
Bob Dudley concluded: “BP is becoming a tightly-focused oil and gas company. I am confident we will be well-positioned to grow long term sustainable free cash flow and create value for our shareholders.”
Further information:
Name: BP press office
Location: London
Phone : +44 (0)20 7496 4076
Email: bppress@bp.com
РАЗДЕЛ 2 ПЕРЕВОД ОФИЦИАЛЬНО-ДЕЛОВЫХ ДОКУМЕНТОВ
Тема 1 Перевод отчета компании
Текст 10
Перевод публицистических текстов
Текст 11
The underworked American
Jun 11th 2009
From The Economist print edition
Children are exceptions to the country’s work ethic
AMERICANS like to think of themselves as martyrs to work. They delight in telling stories about their punishing hours, snatched holidays and ever-intrusive BlackBerrys. At this time of the year they marvel at the laziness of their European cousins, particularly the French. Did you know that the French take the whole of August off to recover from their 35-hour work weeks? Have you heard that they are so addicted to their holidays that they leave the sick to die and the dead to moulder? There is an element of exaggeration in this, of course, and not just about French burial habits; studies show that Americans are less Stakhanovite than they think. Still, the average American gets only four weeks of paid leave a year compared with seven for the French and eight for the Germans. In Paris many shops simply close down for August; in Washington, where the weather is sweltering, they remain open, some for 24 hours a day.
But when it comes to the young the situation is reversed. American children have it easier than most other children in the world, including the supposedly lazy Europeans. They have one of the shortest school years anywhere, a mere 180 days compared with an average of 195 for OECD countries and more than 200 for East Asian countries. German children spend 20 more days in school than American ones, and South Koreans over a month more. Over 12 years, a 15-day deficit means American children lose out on 180 days of school, equivalent to an entire year.
American children also have one of the shortest school days, six-and-a-half hours, adding up to 32 hours a week. By contrast, the school week is 37 hours in Luxembourg, 44 in Belgium, 53 in Denmark and 60 in Sweden. On top of that, American children do only about an hour’s-worth of homework a day, a figure that stuns the Japanese and Chinese. Americans also divide up their school time oddly. They cram the school day into the morning and early afternoon, and close their schools for three months in the summer. The country that tut-tuts at Europe’s megaholidays thinks nothing of giving its children such a lazy summer. But the long summer vacation acts like a mental eraser, with the average child reportedly forgetting about a month’s-worth of instruction in many subjects and almost three times that in mathematics. American academics have even invented a term for this phenomenon, “summer learning loss”. This pedagogical understretch is exacerbating social inequalities. Poorer children frequently have no one to look after them in the long hours between the end of the school day and the end of the average working day. They are also particularly prone to learning loss. They fall behind by an average of over two months in their reading. Richer children actually improve their performance.
The understretch is also leaving American children ill-equipped to compete. They usually perform poorly in international educational tests, coming behind Asian countries that spend less on education but work their children harder. California’s state universities have to send over a third of their entering class to take remedial courses in English and maths. At least a third of successful PhD students come from abroad. A growing number of politicians from both sides of the aisle are waking up to the problem. Barack Obama has urged school administrators to “rethink the school day”, arguing that “we can no longer afford an academic calendar designed for when America was a nation of farmers who needed their children at home ploughing the land at the end of each day.” Newt Gingrich has trumpeted a documentary arguing that Chinese and Indian children are much more academic than American ones.
These politicians have no shortage of evidence that America’s poor educational performance is weakening its economy. A recent report from McKinsey, a management consultancy, argues that the lagging performance of the country’s school pupils, particularly its poor and minority children, has wreaked more devastation on the economy than the current recession.
Learning the lesson
A growing number of schools are already doing what Mr Obama urges, and experimenting with lengthening the school day. About 1,000 of the country’s 90,000 schools have broken the shackles of the regular school day. In particular, charter schools in the Knowledge is Power Programme (KIPP) start the school day at 7.30am and end at 5pm, hold classes on some Saturdays and teach for a couple of weeks in the summer. All in all, KIPP students get about 60% more class time than their peers and routinely score better in tests. Still, American schoolchildren are unlikely to end up working as hard as the French, let alone the South Koreans, any time soon. There are institutional reasons for this. The federal government has only a limited influence over the school system. Powerful interest groups, most notably the teachers’ unions, but also the summer-camp industry, have a vested interest in the status quo. But reformers are also up against powerful cultural forces.
One is sentimentality; the archetypical American child is Huckleberry Finn, who had little taste for formal education. Another is complacency. American parents have led grass-root protests against attempts to extend the school year into August or July, or to increase the amount of homework their little darlings have to do.
They still find it hard to believe that all those Chinese students, beavering away at their books, will steal their children’s jobs. But Huckleberry Finn was published in 1884. And brain work is going the way of manual work, to whoever will provide the best value for money. The next time Americans make a joke about the Europeans and their taste for la dolce vita, they ought to take a look a bit closer to home.
Текст 12
The newspaper industry
News adventures
After years of bad headlines the industry finally has some good news
Dec 8th 2012 | from the print edition
IN A recent issue of the beloved comic book, Superman’s alter ego, Clark Kent, quits his job as a journalist at the Daily Planet because the paper has gutted its news coverage. Is the outlook for newspapers really so dire that even superheroes have given up on them? Ever since 2006, when The Economist asked on its cover who had “killed the newspaper”, the industry’s pains have only intensified. Advertising has plunged. Readers have kept moving online. Revenues of newspapers continued to fall, dropping to $34 billion last year in America—only about half of what they were in 2000.
Yet things have started to look a bit less grim, particularly in America. Revenues from advertising are still falling, but those from circulation have at last started to stabilise. At some papers, such as the New York Times, circulation revenues this year are forecast to offset the decline in advertising for the first time in at least five years.
Some newspaper stocks already reflect this good news. Over the past six months the New York Times Company’s share price has risen by 37%. Those of Gannett and McClatchy, two other big publishers, have climbed by 34% and 24% respectively (although part of Gannett’s gain is attributable to its television unit, which was boosted by America’s election campaign). Hearst, a private company, has seen profits at its newspaper group rise by 25% this year and is having its best year since 2007, says Lincoln Millstein, an executive at the firm.
In May Berkshire Hathaway, Warren Buffett’s firm, bought a legion of local papers from Media General. Some may see the celebrated investor’s blessing as a sign of better days ahead. In any event, it is a bet that papers with strong brands and no competitors in smaller towns will be able to charge for content and be profitable.
Many papers have been raising the price of their subscriptions and news-stand copies, which has helped to stem losses. But a more important contributor to the change of mood in newspapers is what Ken Doctor of Outsell, a consultancy, terms a “revolution in reader revenue”. “Paywalls”, methods of charging readers for online content, have become popular. The number of American newspapers with some sort of paywall has at least doubled this year. More than a quarter of newspapers now have one, and most big groups that do not have plans to charge for digital access. This is a global trend: newspapers in Brazil, Germany and elsewhere are fed up with giving away their articles for nothing on the internet.
Charging for content online used to be the privilege of the lucky few, such as the Financial Times and Wall Street Journal, offering market-sensitive information readers would pay for. General newspapers opposed charging because they feared their traffic would drop—and their fragile digital ad revenues would fall rather than rise.
Several factors have changed their mind. For one, technology has got better and cheaper. Online pay systems were expensive to build and test, but Press+ changed that. The firm, which was founded in 2010—and was bought last year by RR Donnelley, a big printing and marketing firm—licenses the technology for newspapers to erect a pay system in return for a cut of digital revenues. So far 566 (mostly American) papers have signed up, and 400 of them have launched.
Tablets and other mobile devices have also been a boon for news organisations, because they make paid digital subscriptions more attractive. Many newspapers have started offering “all access” editions, bundling print and digital subscriptions (sometimes at a slightly higher price). Executives say that if they can train people to pay for digital subscriptions, they will be less threatened by print’s persistent and inevitable decline, since digital editions bring in fatter margins.
Newspapers have been heartened by evidence that pay systems can work. In the industry’s most closely watched experiment to date the New York Times adopted a paid-access model in March 2011. It chose a pay “meter”, which is more porous than a hard “wall”, and allows readers to view a certain number of articles each month before having to pay. The advantage of this is that search engines and social media can still direct casual readers to a newspaper’s site. Traffic typically drops by only around 20%, according to J.P. Morgan, an investment bank. This means online advertising revenue can be mostly preserved while readers are required to open their wallets. In October the New York Times and International Herald Tribune, its global sister, had nearly 600,000 paid digital subscribers. During the first nine months of the year circulation revenue grew by $55m to $695m—enough to make up for losses in advertising, which fell by $47m.
But it has also become clear that digital advertising dollars will never offset what newspapers are losing in print advertising—which is why papers want to be less dependent on ad revenue. Advertising, which is high-margin, has historically contributed around 80% of American newspapers’ revenues, far more than in most other countries. This is changing, mostly because advertising has slid so far. In the third quarter the New York Times earned more than 55% of its revenues from circulation, compared with only 29% in 2001. Newspaper bosses say they are moving their papers to a model where they get half their revenues from advertising and half from circulation.
Paywalls may have prompted a mood-change in the industry, but is the worst really over? There is still plenty to depress newspaper enthusiasts. On December 3rd News Corporation, a media conglomerate, announced plans to close the Daily, its tablet-only newspaper. Newspapers in the crisis-plagued euro zone have been hit particularly hard. El País, Spain’s leading newspaper, has had to lay off a third of its workers. On December 7th the Financial Times Deutschland, a German newspaper, is due to close (see article).
Life continues to be particularly difficult for newspapers in saturated markets like Britain. It has not helped that British papers have lately been slower to innovate and more cautious about charging for online access than American peers. Many will watch the performance of News Corp’s publishing unit, which is being separated from its entertainment unit. On December 3rd Robert Thomson, the editor of the Wall Street Journal, was appointed to run the publishing spin-off.
It is also too early to tell exactly how successful paywalls will be. They may not work at national newspapers without any real comparative advantage in news, or at newspapers in competitive districts where other papers are giving away content free. The Washington Post, which has had a tough time, has opposed a paywall so far, presumably because it worries it will not woo enough paying readers.
Most important, a paper’s content has to be worth paying for, which is bad news for papers that have cost-cut themselves into journalistic wraiths. For the industry to experience a real turnaround, advertising would also have to stabilise, but that depends on the economy.
Shattered newspaper executives are right to be hesitant to call the bottom. But Gordon Borrell of Borrell Associates, a consultancy, thinks that newspapers are in a similar situation to radio in the 1950s. When television became popular, many advertisers fled, much as they did from print after the internet arrived. But within several years some returned to radio and ad revenues stabilised at a lower level (see chart on previous page). By the time this happens to newspapers, Clark Kent may want his old job back.
Перевод объявлений
Текст 13
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