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CAMBRIDGE
There is evidence of people having lived on or near the site of Cambridge since the Stone Age at least. The University’s Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology bears witness to that.
When the Romans arrived in Britain they too recognized it as a suitable place for settlement, being at a point at which a navigable river could be bridged. By the 4th century AD they had built a town and surrounded it with a wall. The Cam was bridged by a road taking traffic from Cambridge to Colchester.
After the Romans left, the town decayed and was not revived until the end of the 8th century. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (875) calls the town Grantabrycge, showing the importance attached to the bridge. Cambridge is a corruption of the Saxon name.
Under the Saxon King Edgar (956-77) the town became a royal mint. The numerous surviving Saxon grave slabs of very high quality indicate the wealth and prosperity on both sides of the river. The south bank was the busier because it had better facilities for docking barges and transporting goods.
In 1068 William the Conqueror visited Cambridge and ordered a castle to be built on what is now Castle Hill (only the mound remains). The site was cleared of 27 houses, and the Domesday Book records that another 370 stood around the wooden castle. Two hundred years later it was reconstructed in stone by Edward I and, after many vicissitudes, was finally demolished in 1842.
Some of Cambridge’s legacies suggest its prosperity in Norman times; St. Radegund’s Priory which became Jesus College, St. John’s Hospital which became St. John’s College, and the Round Church.
Peterhouse was the first of the Cambridge colleges. It was founded in 1284 by Hugh de Balsham, Bishop of Ely, for a Master and fourteen Fellows ‘studiously engaged in the pursuit of Literature’.
The origins of the University itself are too obscure to be traced with certainty; riots of 1261 and 1381 destroyed records of the earliest days. The ancient inter-Varsity sport of lying provides imaginative proof of the antiquity of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge; they are well-documented elsewhere. But a surviving letter of Pope Clement V, dated 1308, states that Cambridge had for a long time enjoyed the status of the 20 Continental Studia in Europe before 1300. Universities had begun in Italy and spread to France. Scholars had migrated from Paris to Oxford in 1167, and from Oxford to Cambridge in 1209, following the hanging of some students for murder of the townspeople of Oxford. Enough students stayed in Cambridge to warrant the foundation of a university there and by 1226 it had a chancellor at its head.
In 1231 the townspeople of Cambridge were dismayed at Henry III’s stricture that university towns were not to exact exorbitant rents from scholars. Relations were uneasy between town and gown and became more so when a royal charter of 1317 decreed that the mayor and town bailiffs were obliged, on taking office, to swear to maintain the privileges of the university. Finally, in 1381, the Peasants’ Revolt saw a general rising against the scholars – the colleges by now owned large parts of the town and were seen as harsh landlords. The university charters were seized and burnt in the Market Place and the university authorities were forced to draw up a deed giving up all their privileges. The King, Richard II, was so severely displeased that he transferred the town’s rights to regulate weights and measures and the prices of food and drink to the university, which kept them until the 19th century.
The college system in Cambridge, as at Oxford, is attributable to the friars who arrived early in the 13th century; their houses provided residential amenities, but soon secular learning demanded the establishment of colleges free of monastic control, like those in Paris. Merton College, Oxford, completed in 1274, became a model for subsequent collegiate foundations.
Medieval students entered Oxford and Cambridge at about the age of 14 or 15 and spent 3 years studying the Trivium (Latin, Grammar, Rhetoric and Logic) leading, after a successful oral examination, to the degree of Master of Grammar. A further 4 years with the Quadrivium (Arithmetic, Geometry, Astronomy and Music) and another successful oral examination, led to the title of Master of Arts. Those who aspired to a Doctorate, in theology, law or medicine, had further years of rigorous application ahead.