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A new study conducted to protect western gray whales near Sakhalin Island
Whale experts have teamed up with the oil and gas industry to develop a step-by-step guide for reducing the impacts of noise pollution from marine seismic surveys on whales and other marine species. The paper, published in the current issue of the journal Aquatic Mammals, was the result of collaboration between scientists from Switzerland and Russia.
"We wanted to create a go-to document for people who are planning one of these surveys so that they can minimize the risks to wildlife," said Doug Nowacek, an oceanographer at Duke University and the paper's lead author.
The energy industry uses marine seismic surveys to map the seafloor and identify areas of potential interest for oil and gas drilling. To conduct the surveys, ships tow arrays of air guns that repeatedly fire powerful bursts of sound aimed at the ocean bottom. Sensors measure the return echo to reveal details of the seafloor and the underlying geologic structure. "The air guns' shots are going off every 10 to 15 seconds for days to weeks to months on end," Nowacek said.
Studies have shown that the sound bursts—which can reach 250 decibels, loud enough to be detected 4,000 kilometers away—can disturb and even harm marine life. For examples, whales rely on sound for communication, navigation, and foraging, so exposure to loud noise can result in stress and behavior changes, affect foraging and nursing, or cause direct physical damage.
The region near Sakhalin Island harbors huge oil and gas reserves, but it is also an important feeding area for the whales, which are listed as critically endangered on the Red List of Threatened Species. The area is being developed by Sakhalin Energy, which is a consortium that includes the Russian company Gazprom, Royal Dutch Shell,* and the Japanese companies Mitsui and Mitsubishi.
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3.1 The types of technology that (to go) to improve this situation are solar panels and power sources that (to get) us away from fossil fuel.
3.2 Satellite data (to show) the September minimum (to shrink) by more than 11 percent per decade since 1979, researchers say.
3.3 As the volume and frequency of open water in the Arctic (to grow), so (to do) activity by oil and gas, shipping, mining, and other industries.
3.4 The oceans (to absorb) about 50 percent of carbon dioxide from our carbon emissions, (to result) in a 30 percent increase in ocean acidity.
3.5 They recently (to discover) what (to suspect) long time, that more garbage patches (to exist) in other oceans.
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4.1 The water cycle we learnt about ___the grade 4th has been dramatically altered ___the time, living us ___a broken system, dealing ___ water management problems.
4.2 The white cover ___ sea ice that blankets the Arctic is receding dramatically__ the summer months.
4.3 The tiny population ___ western gray whales affected ___ Sakhalin Energy's surveys grew ___ 3 percent a year, ___ 140 individuals, during the survey period.
4.4 Concerns about large-scale marine pollution, fuelled by the Gulf of Mexico oil spill, are set to be heightened by a new development in exploitation of the
4.5 It was discovered ___ American scientists ___ 1977 ___ the Galapagos rift ___ the Pacific seafloor.