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MODULE 6
HOW COMPUTERS WORK
Exercise 1. Write the transcription of the following words. Read and memorize the words. Make sentences with them. Compile a short story or a dialogue using these words.
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the bus input device output device to weld graph to direct operation basic input/output system operating system to prompt manage data request load execute click press to process representation add possibilities pattern quantity character random access memory (RAM) read-only memory alter the central processing unit (CPU) retrieval flash drive |
шина, провід, кабель ввідний пристрій вивідний пристрій збирати, з’єднувати графа спрямовувати операція базова ввідна-вивідна система операційна система підказувати оперувати даними запитувати завантажувати виконувати клацати натискати обробляти представлення додавати можливості зразок величина, об’єм, кількість символ оперативна пам’ять пам’ять «тільки для читання» замінювати центральний пульт управління відновлення флеш-накопичувач, «флешка» |
Exercise 2. Read and translate the text.
The physical computer and its components are known as hardware. Computer hardware includes the memory that stores data and instructions; the central processing unit (CPU) that carries out instructions; the bus that connects the various computer components; the input devices, such as a keyboard or mouse, that allow the user to communicate with the computer; and the output devices, such as printers and video display monitors, that enable the computer to present information to the user. The programs that run the computer are called software. Software generally is designed to perform a particular type of task–for example, to control the arm of a robot to weld a car's body, to write a letter, to draw a graph, or to direct the general operation of the computer. The interaction between the input and output hardware is controlled by software called the Basic Input Output System software (BIOS).
When a computer is turned on it searches for instructions in its memory. Usually, the first set of these instructions is a special program called the operating system, which is the software that makes the computer work. It prompts the user (or other machines) for input and commands, reports the results of these commands and other operations, stores and manages data, and controls the sequence of the software and hardware actions. When the user requests that a program run, the operating system loads the program in the computer's memory and runs the program. Popular operating systems, such as Windows 7 and LINOX operating system, have a graphical user interface (GUI)–that is, a display that uses tiny pictures, or icons, to represent various commands. To execute these commands, the user clicks the mouse on the icon or presses a combination of keys on the keyboard.
To process information electronically, data are stored in a computer in the form of binary digits, or bits, each having two possible representations (0 or 1). Each time a bit is added, the number of possible patterns is doubled. Eight bits is called a byte; a byte has 256 possible combinations of 0s and 1s.
A byte is a useful quantity to store information because it provides enough possible patterns to represent the entire alphabet, in lower and upper cases, as well as numeric digits, punctuation marks, and several character-sized graphic symbols, including non-English characters such as π . A byte also can be interpreted as a pattern that represents a number between 0 and 255. A kilobyte– 1024 bytes–can store 1024 characters; a megabyte can store 1 million characters; a gigabyte can store 1 billion characters; and a terabyte can store 1 trillion characters.
The physical memory of a computer is either random access memory (RAM), which can be read or changed by the user or computer, or read-only memory. (ROM), which can be read by the computer but not altered. One way to store memory is within the circuitry of the computer, usually in tiny computer chips that hold millions of bytes of information. The memory within these computer chips is RAM. Memory also can be stored outside the circuitry of the computer on external storage devices, such as flash drives, which can store about 36 gigabytes of information and even more; hard drives, which can store thousands of megabytes of information; and CD-ROMs (compact discs), which can store up to 630 megabytes of information.
Memory refers to the computer chips that store information for quick retrieval by the CPU. Random access memory (RAM) is used to store the information and instructions that operate the computer's programs. Typically, programs are transferred from storage on a disk drive to RAM. RAM is also known as volatile memory because the information within the computer chips is lost when power to the computer is turned off. Read-only memory (ROM) contains critical information and software that must be permanently available for computer operation, such as the operating system that directs the computer's actions from start up to shut down. ROM is called nonvolatile memory because the memory chips do not lose their information when power to the computer is turned off.
The bus is usually a flat cable with numerous parallel wires. The bus enables the components in a computer, such as the CPU and memory, to communicate. Typically, several bits at a time are sent along the bus.
Input devices, such as a keyboard or mouse, permit the computer user to communicate with the computer. Other input devices include a joystick, a rod like device often used by game players; a scanner, which converts images such as photographs into binary information that the computer can manipulate: plight pep, which can draw on, or select objects from, a computer's video display by pressing the pen against the display's surface; a touch panel, which senses the placement of a user's finger; and a microphone, used to gather sound information.
A typical computer system consists of a central processing unit (CPU), input devices, storage devices, and output devices. The CPU consists of an arithmetic/logic unit, registers, control section, and internal bus. The arithmetic/logic unit carries out arithmetical and logical operations. The registers store data and keep track of operations. The control unit regulates and controls various operations. The internal bus connects the units of the CPU with each other and with external components of the system. For most computers, the principal input device is a keyboard. Storage devices include external flesh drives and internal memory boards. Output devices that display data include monitors and printers.
Information from an input device or memory is communicated via the bus to the CPU, which is the part of the computer that translates commands and runs programs. The CPU is a microprocessor chip–that is, a single piece of silicon containing millions of electrical components. Information is stored in a CPU memory location called a register. Registers can be thought of as the CPU's tiny scratchpad, temporarily storing instructions or data. When a program is run, one "register called the program counter keeps track of which program instruction comes next. The CPU's control unit coordinates and times the CPU's functions, and it retrieves the next instruction from memory.
In a typical sequence, the CPU locates the next instruction in the appropriate memory device. The instruction then travels along the bus from the computer's memory to the CPU, where it is stored in a special instruction register. Meanwhile, the program counter is incremented to prepare for the next instruction. The current instruction is analyzed by a decoder, which determines what the instruction will do. Any data the instruction needs are retrieved via the bus and placed in the CPU's registers. The CPU executes the instruction, and the results are stored in another register or copied to specific memory locations.
Once the CPU has executed the program instruction, the program may request that information be communicated to an output device, such as a video display monitor or a flat liquid crystal display. Other output devices are printers, overhead projectors, videocassette recorders (VCRs), and speakers.
Exercise 3. Answer the questions to the text.
1. What is hardware?
2. What is software?
3. What is the operating system?
5. How does a computer store information?
6. What is a byte?
8. What is the bus?
9. What do input devices include?
10. What is the main component in a computer?
11. What are the CPU's functions?
12. Name the output devices of a PC.
Exercise 4. Translate the following sentences into English.
Exercise 5. Read the text from exercise 2 once more and complete the following sentences.
1. The hardware inside the machine expresses arithmetical and logical…2. A computer can take in and store… 3. The part of a computer which store information is called…4. Computer is the most amazing…5. After performing calculations a computer displays…6. The basic job of computers is the processing of…7. The input and output devices are to supply information and to obtain it from… .
Exercise 6. Fill in the correct words from the list below. Use the words only once. Translate word combinations.
carry out, graphical, run, hardware, represent, various, memory, process, central, store, software, operating, physical
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1. … computer |
7. the sequence of the … and … actions |
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2. the … processing unit |
8. the computer's … |
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3. to … instructions |
9. … system |
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4. … computer components |
10. … user interface |
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5. to … the computer |
11. to … various commands |
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6. to … and manage data |
12. to … information electronically |
Exercise 7. Using the plan retell the text in writing.
Шкала оцінювання
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Твір на „3” |
15 речень |
Не повністю розкриті всі пункти плану; структура твору нелогічна; не висловлена власна думка з теми твору. |
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Твір на „4” |
20 речень |
Розкриті всі пункти плану, але допущені незначні помилки, які стосуються стилю та структури твору; подається власне бачення на проблему. |
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Твір на „5” |
25 речень |
Повністю розкрито всі пункти плану; структура есе – логічна та продумана; висловлена власна думка щодо проблеми, яка розглядається. |
Use this table when writing your compositions:
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Додаткова ідея |
in addition; equally important; likewise; furthermore; moreover; besides; also; too; again; and then; in other words; |
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Протилежна ідея |
on the other hand; in contrast; at any rate; but; despite; although true; however; nevertheless; instead; still; nonetheless although; though; even though; whereas; while; on the contrary; |
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Порівняння |
in a like manner; in the same way; likewise; on the same hand; similarly; |
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Поступка |
after all; although true; and yet; at the same time; granted; naturally; perhaps; of course; |
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Вибір або альтернатива |
otherwise; if unless; |
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Пояснення |
in fact, indeed; |
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Приклад |
for example; for instance; |
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Час |
after a short time; after a while; afterward; at last; at length; lately; presently; recently; shortly; since then; |
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Послідовність + результат |
finally; first, eventually; gradually; last; next; secondly; thirdly; ultimately; |
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Результат |
accordingly; as a result; as a consequence therefore; consequently; hence; thus; so |
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Висновки |
in conclusion; in summary; in brief; in short; on the whole; to conclude; to summarize; undoubtedly; |
Exercise 9. Review the information at p. 13–16. Read and translate the text. Write the annotation to the text.
iPad
You are sure to hear about the iPad, aren’t you? It’s the latest gadget from Apple. What can it do? And is it as good as they say it is?
In favour
The iPad is basically a portable entertainment device. It’s beautiful, stylish, sleek and fun to use – a fantastic all-in-one gadget with 10 hours of battery life. I can put all my music on it and the speakers are excellent. You can also watch films or TV programs on it. And as the screen is really big (compared to other portable devices) – it’s much more like watching a real TV. The picture quality is fantastic, too. On top of that, the iPad has also got an application called iBooks. This is a type of eReader, so you can download dozens of books onto it. Obviously, you can use an iPad to go online too, so you can go to your favorite sites, read online newspapers or check your e-mail. There are also lots of games included, and you can download more. I love my iPad!
Against
I’ve got an iPad but I’m not that keen on it. The keyboard is good but you can’t type very quickly on it. The screen is OK, but it’s hard to read outside because of the glare from the sun. You can read e-books on it, but I’m not sure I could read a whole novel on one I think my eyes would get tired after about 15 minutes. Another problem with the screen is its size. Basically, many of the applications are for the iPhone, which is smaller than an iPad. So, if you use these apps on an iPad, the visuals get stretched. But the real problem for me is that there’s nothing an iPad can do that my laptop can’t do. For example, with my laptop I can watch movies, listen to music, read PDFs of books, and go online. Can an iPad do anything else? No, I don’t think so. I say, if you’ve already got a laptop, save yourself the money and don’t bother buying an iPad!