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Государственный комитет Российской Федерации по высшему образованию
Чувашский государственный университет им. И.Н.Ульянова
Английский язык
Сборник упражнений по обучению студентов видо-временным формам английского глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге.
Чебоксары 2004
Составитель: О.Я.Карпеева
Англ. язык: Сборник упражнений по обучению студентов видо-временным формам английского глагола в действительном и страдательном залоге.
/Сост. О.Я.Карпеева; ЧГУ им.Ульянова, Чебоксары, 2003/
Сборник составлен на основе общеупотребительной лексики и ставит своей целью обучение студентов видо-временных форм английских глаголов в устной и письменной речи.
ГРУППА ПРОСТЫХ ФОРМ
(Indefinite)
Группа Indefinite имеет три времени: настоящее (Present Indef inite), прошедшее (Past Indefinite) и будущее (Future Indefinite).
1. Present indefinite
Present Indefinite совпадает с первой основной формой глаго ла — инфинитивом без частицы to для всех лиц и чисел, кроме третьего лица единственного числа. В этой форме к основе инфини тива прибавляется окончание -s или -es.
Окончание -es используется тогда, когда глагол в инфинитиве оканчивается на:
a) s, ss, ch, sh, tch, x: (to) dress — dresses, (to) watch — watches, б) у, перед которым стоит согласная; у при этом меняется на i: (to) try — tries.
Вопросительная форма Present Indefinite образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола does для третьего лица единственного числа и глагола do для остальных лиц и чисел. Отрицательная форма Present Indefinite образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do или does и отрицания not.
Формы глагола в Present Indefinite
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. |
I (you) ask. Не (she, it) asks. |
Do I (you) ask? Does he (she, it) ask? |
I (you) do not ask. He (she, it) does not ask. |
|
Мн. |
We (you, they) ask. |
Do we (you, they) ask? |
We (you, they) do not ask. |
Present Indefinite употребляется в основном для выражения:
(а) повторяющегося действия или признака, постоянно харак теризующего предмет. E. g. Не often speaks English in class. (Повторное дей ствие.) She is not a little girl. (Признак, характеризующий предмет.)
(б) общеизвестного факта. Water boils at 100 degrees Centigrade.
Для указания на повторный характер действия часто употреб ляются слова every day / week, month, year, often (часто), seldom (редко), always (всегда), usually (обычно), never (никогда).
2. Past Indefinite
Past Indefinite правильных глаголов образуется при помощи окончания -ed или -d, прибавляемого к основе инфинитива. Окон чание -ed используется в большинстве случаев.
Окончание -d прибавляется к основе инфинитива, если она оканчивается на е, e.g. to invite — invited. Если глагол оканчивается на у, перед которым стоит согласная, у перед окончанием -ed меняется на i, e. g. to try — tried. Если глагол оканчивается на согласную, которой предшествует краткий гласный, конечная согласная обычно удваивается, e. g. to stop — stopped.
Past indefinite неправильных глаголов образуется особо. Неправильные глаголы нужно запомнить сра зу во всех основных формах.
Вопросительная форма past indefinite образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в форме did, который ста вится перед подлежащим. Основной глагол при этом ставится в форме инфинитива без частицы to. Отрицательная форма Past Indefinite образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола do в форме did, за которым идет отрицание not.
Формы глагола в Past Indefinite
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. и мн. |
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) asked. |
Did I (you, he, she, it, we, they) ask? |
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) did not ask. |
Past Indefinite употребляется для выражения:
(а) повторяющегося действия или постоянного признака пред мета в прошлом; e. g. Не always came to school on time.
(б) цепи последовательных действий в прошлом; e. g. Не took a book, opened it and began reading it.
(в) однократного действия в прошлом, e. g. I took the book from the library yesterday.
В таких предложениях для указания на прошедшее время часто употребляются слова yesterday, a week ago (неделю на зад) , last night, last week / month, year, the other day (на днях) и т. д.
3. Future Indefinite
Future Indefinite образуется при помощи вспомогательного гла гола shall для первого лица единственного и множественного числа или will для второго и третьего лица единственного и множествен ного числа. Смысловой глагол при этом стоит в форме инфинитива без частицы to.
Формы глагола в Future Indefinite
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. |
I shall ask. You (he, she, it) will ask. |
Shall I ask? Will you (he, she, it) ask? |
I shall not ask. You (he, she, it) will not ask. |
|
Мн. |
We shall ask. You (they) will ask. |
Shall we ask? Will you (they) ask? |
We shall not ask. You (they) will not ask. |
Future Indefinite употребляется для выражения:
(а) повторного действия или постоянного признака предмета в будущем; e. g. He will go to the swimming-pool every other day.
(б) однократного действия в будущем, e. g. I shall take the book from the library tomorrow.
В предложениях с Future Indefinite для указания на будущее время часто употребляются слова tomorrow, next week/ month, year, in two days (через два дня), one of these days (на днях) и т. д.
В придаточных предложениях времени или условия для выра жения будущих действий употребляется Present Indefinite, а не Future Indefinite. E. g. When (if) he reads this book he will return it to the library.
EXERCISES
PRESET INDEFINITE
Вставьте глагол “to be”.
10. Who ___ at the office.
11. Who ___ they.
12. What colour ___ the desks at your office?
13. What ___ your friends? They ___ engineers.
14. Where ___ the faxes? They ___ under my book.
Вставьте глагол “to have”.
5. ___ you questions? No, we ___ not.
8. Jane's friend a room or a flat in Kiev? She ___ a one-room flat,
9. Nina's son ___ not a red pencil.
10. I ___ not French books at home. I don’t know French.
Закончите предложения так, чтобы ваша часть контрастировала с первой по смыслу.
Model: I buy newspapers everyday but my friend … (seldom).
I buy newspapers everyday but my friend seldom buys them.
Поставьте предложения в вопросительной и отрицательной форме:
Поставьте в нужную форму глаголы в скобках, используя Indefinite (Simple) Tense.
Вставьте следующие глаголы в форме прошедшего времени в предложения по смыслу.
find, fall, keep, leave, meet, sell, hurt, cost, give, write, teach, put
1. We needed some money, so we ... our car. 2. They ... last Saturday as usual. 3. I ... a pet-dog when I was a boy. 4. Who ... the window open last night? 5. Mary ... down the stairs this morning and … her leg. 6. She ... a dress which ... a lot of money. 7. I ... this box on the beach yesterday. 8. My brother ... me this beautiful bag. 9. I ... him on the way to the University. 10. A. Christie ... many novels and stories. 11. Mother ... me to read and write. 12. I ... all your books on the shelf over there.
Придумайте вопрос к каждому предложению.
Model: I went to the Black Sea coast in summer. – When did you go to the Black sea coast?
1. I spent there a fortnight. I got up early, went to the sea, bathed and lay in the sun.
2. The weather was sunny and hot.
3. My friend and 1 rented a nice room in a private house.
4. No, it was not far from the sea.
5. We cooked our meals at home.
6. Vegetables and fruits were not very expensive.
7. I greatly enjoyed my holiday.
Ответьте на вопросы отрицательно, поясните свой ответ.
Model: Did you have a date yesterday? No, I didn't. I was very busy.
1. Did you watch TV yesterday? 2. Did you travel much last summer? 3. Did your parents go to the country on Sunday? 4. Did you go to the swimming-pool on Wednesday? 5. Did you do the shopping at the weekend? 6, Did your friend work during his holidays? 7. Did you keep any pets in your childhood? 8. Did you often get bad marks at school? 9. Did you often quarrel with your friends when you were a kid?
Переведите предложения на английский язык.
1. Они купили новый дом в прошлом году. 2. Когда вы видели его в последний раз? 3. Когда он сказал вам об этом? 4. На прошлой неделе мы никуда не выходили из дома по вечерам. 5. Это случилось неделю назад. 6. Они поженились, когда Джону было 24, а Лизе - 18. 7. Его родители умер ли, когда он был еще совсем ребенок. 8. Кто встре чал вас на вокзале? 9. Когда они уехали из России? 10. Я нашла это в шкафу. 11. Он начал писать сти хи, когда ему было 14 лет. 12. Прошлая зима бы ла теплой. 13. Где вы познакомились с этой де вушкой? 14. Почему вы не пришли к нам в воскре сенье? 15. Мы решили послать эту телеграмму вчера. 16. Она посмотрела на доску и списала но вые слова. 17. С кем вы обсуждали этот вопрос раньше? 18. Сколько раз в неделю вы бывали в институте в прошлом году?
Закончите следующие предложения, используя Past Indefinite Tense.
Model: Now he lives in Moscow, but a few years ago he lived in Kiev.
1. Now he studies English, but at school...
2. Now he often sleeps in the daytime, but he never... before.
3. Now she knows something about the life of these people but before she came to live here she ... nothing about them.
4. Now I play tennis well but when I was eighteen...
5. I am a student now and have my lunch at the college but when I was a schoolboy I...
6. He leaves home at 8 in the morning but when he lived in the country he ...
7. He doesn't smoke now but only a few months ago ...
8. She seldom writes to me now, but there was a time when she ...
9. This year we stayed at our friend's when we came to Minsk but last year we ... at the hotel.
Вставьте следующие глаголы в будущем времени по смыслу: be come get like look meet be
1 Why don't you try on this jacket? It.......... nice on you. 2. You must meet George sometime. I think you .......him. 3. It's raining. Don't go out. You ........... wet. 4. They've invited me to their house. They ........... offended if I don't go. 5. Goodbye. I expect we........... again before long. 6 I've invited Sue to the party but I don't think she ........... 7. I wonder where I.................... 20 years from now.
Вставьте will or won't.
Model: Can you wait for me? I won't be very long.
1 There's no need to take an umbrella with you. It..... rain. 2 If you don't eat anything now, you ....... be hungry later. 3 I'm sorry about what happened yesterday. It.......happen again. 4 I've got some incredible news! You ............ never believe what's happened. 5 Don't ask Margaret for advice. She ...... know what to do.
Вставьте глагол to be в Present, Past или Future Simple.
1. My father ... a teacher. 2. He ... a pupil twen ty years ago. 3. I ... a doctor when I grow up. 4. My sister ... not ... at home tomorrow. 5. She ... at school tomorrow. 6. ... you ... at home tomorrow? 7.... your father at work yesterday? 8. My sister ... ill last week. 9. She ... not ill now. 10. Yesterday we ... at the theatre. 11. Where ... your mother now? — She ... in the kitchen. 12. Where ... you yesterday? — I... at the cinema. 13. When I come home tomorrow, all my family ... at home. 14. ... your little sister in bed now? — Yes, she ... 15. ... you ... at school tomorrow? — Yes I ... . 16. When my granny ... young, she ... an actress. 17. My friend ... in Moscow now. 18. He ... in St. Petersburg to morrow. 19. Where ... your books now? — They ... in my bag.
Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глагол to be в Present, Past или Future Simple.
1. Мой брат сейчас в школе. 2. Мой брат был вчера в кино. 3. Мой брат будет завтра дома. 4. Ты будешь дома завтра? 5. Она была вчера в парке? 6 Он сейчас во дворе? 7. Где папа? 8. Где выбыли вчера? 9. Где он будет завтра? 10. Мои книги были на столе. Где они сейчас? 11. Моя мама вчера не была на работе. Она была дома. 12. Мой друг не в парке. Он в школе. 13. Завтра в три часа Коля и Миша будут во дворе. 14. Мы не были на юге прошлым летом. Мы были в Москве. 15. Завтра мой дедушка будет в дерев не. 16. Когда твоя сестра будет дома? 17. Ты бу дешь летчиком? — Нет, я буду моряком.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в Present, Past или Future Simple.
1. My friend (to know) Spanish very well. 2 Who (to ring) you up an hour ago? 3. He (to live) on the third floor.4. When your lessons (to be) over on Monday? 6. I (to have) dinner with my fam ily yesterday. 7. You always (to get) up at seven o'clock? - No, sometimes I (to get) up at half past seven
I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock every day. 2.I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock yesterday. 3. I (to go) to bed at ten o'clock tomorrow. 4. I (not to go) to the cinema every day. 5. I (not to go) to the cinema yesterday. 6. I (not to go) to the cinema tomorrow. 7. You (to watch) TV every day? 8. You (to watch) TV yesterday? 9. You (to watch) TV tomorrow? 10. When you (to leave) home for school every day? 11. When you (to leave) home for school yesterday? 12. When you (to leave) home for school tomorrow? 13. My brother (to go) to work every day. He (to leave) home at a quarter past eight.
ГРУППА ДЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ФОРМ
(Continuous)
Группа Continuous имеет три времени: настоящее (Present Con tinuous), прошедшее (Past Continuous) и будущее (Future Continuous).
Все формы Continuous образуются при помощи вспомогательно го глагола to be в соответствующем времени (настоящем, прошед шем или будущем) и смыслового глагола с окончанием -ing.
1. Present Continuous
Present Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в настоящем времени и смыслового глагола с окончанием -ing.
Формы глагола в Present Continuous
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. |
I am asking. You are asking. He (she, it) is asking. |
Am I asking? Are you asking? Is he (she, it) asking? |
I am not asking. You are not asking. He (she, it) is not asking. |
|
Мн. |
We (you, they) are asking. |
Are we (you, they) asking? |
We (you, they) are not asking. |
Present Сontinuous употребляется для выражения конкретного действия, длящегося в настоящий момент или период. Указание на время типа now (сейчас), at the moment (в данный момент) может быть либо выражено, либо подразумеваться. E. g. Не is reading a book (now, at this moment).
С глаголами, которые обозначают не действие, а состояние Present Continuous обычно не употребляется: to feel (чувствовать), to be (быть, находиться), to live (жить), to stay (оставаться), to hear (слышать), to see (видеть), to know (знать), to remember (помнить), to think (думать), to want (хотеть), to like (любить, нравиться), to love (любить) и др.
2. Past Continuous
Past Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного гла гола to be в прошедшем времени и смыс лового глагола с окончанием -ing.
Формы глагола в Past Continuous
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. |
I (he, she, it) was asking. You were asking. |
Was I (he, she, it) asking? Were you asking? |
I (he, she, it) was not asking. You were not asking. |
|
Мн. |
We (you, they) were asking. |
Were we (you, they) asking? |
We (you, they) were not asking. |
Past Continuous обычно употребляется для выражения конкрет ного действия, длившегося в точно указанный момент или период в прошлом. E. g. When I entered the room he was reading a book. At three o'clock yesterday I was reading a book.
3. Future Continuous
Future Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to be в будущем времени (см. Future indefinite) и смыслового глагола с окончанием -ing.
Формы глагола в Future Continuous
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. |
I shall be asking. You (he, she, it) will be asking. |
Shall I be asking? Will you (he, she, it) be asking? |
I shall not be asking. You (he, she, it) will not be asking. |
|
Мн. |
We shall be ask ing. You (they) will be asking. |
Shall we be asking? Will you (they) be asking? |
We shall not be asking. You (they) will not be asking. |
Future Continuous употребляется для выражения конкретного действия, которое, как мы ожидаем, будет длиться в точно указан ный момент или период в будущем. E. g. Не will be reading an English book when I return home.
В придаточных предложениях времени и условия для выражения будущих дей ствий употребляется Present Continuous, а не Future Continuous (см. Future Indefinite). E.g. When (if) you are packing our things I'll be making arrangements about the tickets over the telephone.
PRESET CONTINUOUS.
Закончите следующие предложения, поставив глагол в скобках в Present Continuous Tense, придумав остальную часть предложения.
Model: She can’t hear me well because… (to make much noise) – She can’t hear me because her sister is making much noise.
Переведите на английский язык, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous.
Ответьте на вопросы, используя глаголы в скобках.
Model 1: Are you copying the words? (write a dictation) - No, I'm not, I'm writing a dictation.
1. Is he doing his homework? (watch television)____ 2. Are you reading Byron's poems? (learn them by heart)___ 3. Is John smoking in his study? (read a newspaper)____ 4. Are they listening to the radio? (talk with a friend)____ 5. Are you hurrying to the theatre? (go home)_____ 6. Is Joan playing the piano? (listen to a concert), 7. Are you working at your essay? (write a story)___ 8. Is she washing up? (do the cooking)___
Model 2: Is Kate very busy just now? (cook) - Yes, she is. She is cooking.
1. Is Tom very busy just now? (write)___ 2. Are the students very busy just now? (read)_____3. Is Susan very busy just now? (have breakfast)____ 4. Are the Greens very busy just now? (shop)____ 5. Is Miss Black very busy just now? (type)___6. Is Jane very busy just now? (wash up)___ 7. Is Henry very busy just now? (skate)___ 8. Are the girls very busy just now? (rehearse)__
Model 3: What are you doing, Jim? (copy a poem) - I'm copying a poem.
1. Why is Bob making such a terrible noise? (play football)__ 2. What are you doing with the scissors? (cut out a dress)___ 3. Where are you hurrying to? (run to the theatre)____ 4. What are you doing in this shop? (buy a pair of shoes)_ 5. Why are you leaving so soon? (go to the University)__ 6. Why is she playing the violin so late? (rehearse for a concert)___ 7. Why are the children listening so attentively? (listen to an interesting story) ____ 8. What is George doing in the kitchen? (cook supper)
Поставьте глагол в Present Continuous.
Model: Please don't make so much noise. I am studying, (study). Let's go out now. It isn't raining (not/rain) any more. Listen to those people. What language are they speaking (they/speak )?
1. Please be quiet. I (try) to concentrate. 2. Look! It (snow). 3. Why (you/look) at me like that? Have I said something wrong? 4. You (make) a lot of noise. Can you be a bit quieter? 5. Excuse me, I (look) for a phone box. Is there one near here? 6. Listen! Can you hear those people next door? They (shout) at each other again. 7. Why (you/wear) your coat today? It's very warm.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Present Continuous или в Present Simple
1. I (to read) books in the evening. 2. I (not t read) books in the morning. 3. I (to write) an exer cise now. 4. I (not to write) a letter now. 5. They (to play) in the yard now. 6. They (not to play) in the street now. 7. They (to play) in the room now? 8. He (to help) his mother every day. 9. He (to help) his mother every day? 10. He (not to help) his mother every day. 11. You (to go) to school on Sunday? 12. My friend (not to like) to play foot ball. 13. I (not to read) now. 14. He (to sleep) now? 15. We (not to go) to the country in winter. 16. My sister (to eat) sweets every day. 17. She (not to eat) sweets now. 18. They (to do) their home work in the afternoon. 19. They (not to go) for a walk in the evening. 20. My father (not to work) on Sunday. 21. He (to work) every day. 22. They (to read) many books. 23. They (to read) many books? 24. They (not to read) many books. 25. The children (to eat) soup now. 26. The children (to eat) soup now? 27. The children (not to eat) soup now. 28. You (to play) volley-ball well? 29. What Nick (to do) in the evening? 30. He (to go) to the cinema in the evening? 31. We (not to dance) every day. 32. Look! (to dance). 33. Where (go) in the morning? 34. He (not to sleep) after dinner. 35. Nina (not to type) now. 36. Where John (to live)? — He (to live) in England.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя Present Indefinite, Present Continuous или Future Indefinite.
Раскройте скобки, используя Simple Present или Present Continuous Tense.
Поставьте глаголы в Past Continuous.
1. Why you (walk) along Oxford Street late yes terday evening? 2. I (read) in bed when I heard a scream. 3. What you (do) at this time yesterday? 4. What the girl (try on) when the fire alarm rang? 5. She (put) a pair of gloves into her bag when the shop-girl caught her at it. 6. You ( wait) for your friend when I saw you. 7. It (get) colder when the sun set. 8. The children (play) quietly on the floor when their mother came back.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Continuous.
1. Не (to get) up at seven o'clock yesterday. 2. Father (to come) home at six o'clock yesterday. 3. I (to read) a book at six o'clock yesterday. 4. She (to fall) asleep at eleven o'clock yesterday. 5. Moth er (to drink) tea at eleven o'clock yesterday. 6. He (to watch) TV at ten o'clock yesterday. 7. I (to go) to bed at nine o'clock yesterday. 8. I (to finish) my homework at nine o'clock yesterday. 9. I (to play) the piano at five o'clock yesterday. 10. He (to begin) to do his homework at four o'clock yester day. 11. She (to wash) the floor at four o'clock yes terday. 12. I (to meet) Nick at three o'clock yester day. 13. When I (to come) home, Kate (to play) the piano. 14. When I (to meet) John, he (to go) to the railway station. 15. When I (to go) to the museum, 1 (to see) a big crowd of people in the street. 16. They (to play) in the yard in the evening yester day. 17. They (to play) in the yard the whole evening yesterday. 18. I (to clean) my teeth at eight o'clock in the morning yesterday. 19. We (to go) to the wood in summer. 20. When the teacher (to open) the door of the classroom, the pupils (to sit) at their desks.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Past Simple или Past Continuous.
1. At this time yesterday I (to sit) at the thea tre. 2. He (to come) back to St. Petersburg on the 15th of January. 3. I (to go) to the institute when I (to see) him. 4. At this time yesterday we (to have) dinner. 5. He (to write) a letter when I (to come) in. 6. He (to make) a report when I (to leave) the meeting. 7. Yesterday he (to write) a letter to his friend. 8. When I (to look) at them, they (to smile) at me. 9. What you (to do) at six o'clock yesterday? 10. I (to go) to bed at half past eleven. 11. Yesterday the lesson (to begin) at nine o'clock. 12. The cat (to take) a piece of fish and then (to run) away. 13. He (to read) a newspaper when I (to come) in. 14. Yesterday I (to get) up at seven o'clock. 15. The train (to start) at fifteen minutes to ten. 16. He (to put) on his coat and cap, (to open) the door and (to go) out. 17. I (to feed) my cat with fish yesterday. 18. What you (to do) at four o'clock yesterday? — I (to feed) my cat. 19. What your brother (to do) yesterday? — He (to play) computer games. 20. I (to begin) re pairing my camera at six o'clock yesterday. 21. At five o'clock yesterday Helen (to cook) soup. 22. We (to play) badminton from nine till eleven yester day. 23. Kate (not to go) for a walk yesterday. She (to write) a composition the whole day yesterday. 24. When your father (to come) home yesterday? — He (to come) home at seven o'clock. 25. When my father (to come) home yesterday, my mother (to make) supper.
Используйте Simple Past или Past Continuous Tense.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Future Continuous.
1. Don't ring her up at 12 o'clock. She (write) her composition then. 2. At this time tomorrow the boys of our group (play) football. 3. When we arrive in St. Petersburg, it probably (rain). 4. I (clean) my flat from 2 to 5 tomorrow.
Ответьте на вопросы, используя время Future Continuous.
Model: What will he be doing tomorrow afternoon ? (drive to the seaside) He will be driving to the seaside.
1. What will she be doing on Sunday? (make a dress) 2. What will you be doing at this time next week? (bathe in the Black Sea) 3. What will grandfather be doing when we arrive? (work in the garden) 4. What will he be doing at the University for five years? (study law) 5. What will they be doing at this time tomorrow? (fly to Kiev) 6. What will she be doing at the concert tonight? (sing Russian folk-songs) 7. What will he be doing at this time the day after tomorrow? (interview a foreign delegate) 8. What will she be doing next term? (lecture at the Institute of Foreign Languages)
Поставьте в нужную форму глаголы в скобках, используя Continuous Tense.
10. While my mother was cooking dinner I (lay) the table.
ГРУППА ПЕРФЕКТНЫХ ФОРМ
(Perfect)
Группа перфектных форм (Perfect) имеет три времени: настоящее (Present Perfect), прошедшее (Past Perfect) и будущее (Future Perfect).
Все времена Perfect образуются при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в соответствующем времени (настоящем, прошед шем или будущем) и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола.
1. Present Perfect
Present Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного гла гола to have в настоящем времени (have, has) и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола.
Формы глагола в Present Perfect
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. |
I (you) have asked. Не (she, it) has asked. |
Have I (you) asked? Has he (she, it) asked? |
I (you) have not asked. He (she, it) has not asked. |
|
Мн. |
We (you, they) have asked. |
Have we (you, they) asked? |
We (you, they) have not asked. |
Present Perfect употребляется:
а) для выражения действия, происходившего до настоящего момента и уже завершенного или прекратившегося к этому момен ту. Время, когда именно происходило действие, выраженное Present Perfect, не упоминается. Важно только то, что это действие связано с настоящей ситуацией, которая является как бы продол жением этого действия, его результатом: e. g. I have read this book by now. I can give it to you, if you like. 'Have read' (прочла) выражает действие, завершенное к мо менту речи (к тому времени, когда мы разговариваем). Действие закончилось до настоящей ситуации, но его результатом является то, что сейчас я могу дать тебе книгу. Связь действия, обозначаемого present perfect, с настоящей си туацией иногда выражается указанием на период времени в настоящем, который еще не закончен: today (сегодня), this week (на этой неделе), this month, year (в этом месяце, году) и др.
Обратите внимание на то, что Present Perfect никогда не упот ребляется:
1) с указаниями на прошедшее время типа yesterday (вчера), last week / month, year (на прошлой неделе, в прошлом месяце, году), in 1930 (в 1930 году) и т. д.;
2) в вопросительном предложении, начинающемся с when (когда). В этих случаях употребляется Past Indefinite. E. g. I am sorry about what happened last night. When did you last see her?
б) для выражения действия или состояния, начавшегося в про шлом и продолжающегося в момент речи: e. g. We have known each other since we were children. В таких предложениях обычно указывается, когда началось это действие или состояние ('since we were children') или сколько вре мени оно продолжалось ('for a few days').
Предложения с Present Perfect часто содержат слова already (уже), never (никогда), ever (когда-либо), yet (еще не), just (только что) и др.
2. Past Perfect
Past Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времени (had) и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола.
Формы глагола в Past Perfect
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. и мн. |
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had asked. |
Had I (you, he, she, it, we, they) asked? |
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had not asked. |
Past Perfect употребляется:
а) для выражения действия, завершившегося до какого-либо момента или другого действия в прошлом: e. g. Не had read the book by 5 o'clock yesterday (by the time I came; when I came). Форма 'had read' (прочел) обозначает действие, завершенное в прошлом до определенного момента или до другого действия: 'by 5 o'clock', 'by the time I came', 'when I came'.
б) в предложениях, в которых одно действие завершилось до другого действия, длящегося в прошлом: e. g. Не had read the book and was watching TV when I came. Когда я пришел, он уже прочитал книгу и смотрел телевизор. К этому времени (т. е. к моему приходу) действие, выраженное глаголом в past perfect 'had read' (прочитал), завершилось до другого длящегося в прошлом действия 'was watching' (смотрел).
3. Future Perfect
Future Perfect образуется при помощи вспомогательного глаго ла to have в будущем времени (shall/will have) и третьей основной формы смыслового глагола.
Формы глагола в Future Perfect
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. |
I shall have asked. You (he, she, it) will have asked. |
Shall I have asked? Will you (he, she, it) have asked? |
I shall not have asked. You (he, she, it) will not have asked. |
|
Мн. |
We shall have asked. You (they) will have asked. |
Shall we have asked? Will you (they) have asked? |
We shall not have asked. You (they) will not have asked. |
Future Perfect употребляется для выражения действия, которое будет происходить до определенного момента или другого действия в будущем и завершится или прекратится до него. E. g. He will have done his lessons by five o'clock (by the time I come; when I come.)
Он сделает уроки до пяти часов (к пяти часам) завтра (к тому времени, как я приду; когда я приду).
ГРУППА ПЕРФЕКТНО-ДЛИТЕЛЬНЫХ ФОРМ
(Perfect Continuous)
Группа форм Perfect Continuous имеет три времени: настоящее (Present Perfect Continuous), прошедшее (Past Perfect Continuous) и будущее (Future Perfect Continuous)- это время мы рассматривать не будем.
1. Present Perfect Continuous
Present perfect continuous образуется при помощи вспомога тельного глагола to be в форме present perfect (have been, has been) и смыслового глагола с окончанием -ing.
Формы глагола в Present Perfect Continuous
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. |
I (you) have been asking. He (she, it) has been asking. |
Have I (you) been asking? Has he (she, it) been asking? |
I (you) have not been asking. He (she, it) has not been asking. |
|
Мн. |
We (you, they) have been asking. |
Have we (you, they) been asking? |
We (you, they) have not been asking. |
Present Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое началось и протекало до момента речи, т. е. до настоящего момента, и продолжается в момент речи или уже не происходит. При этом нам важно подчеркнуть, что действие длилось (находилось в процессе). Предложение может содержать указание на момент, когда началось действие, типа since 3 o'clock (с трех часов), since he returned (с тех пор, как он вернулся), или в предложе нии сказано, как долго это действие длится: for two hours (два часа), all day long (весь день) и т. д.: e. g. Не has been doing his lessons since 2 o'clock (since morning, since he returned home from school). Он делает уроки с двух часов (с утра, с тех пор как он вернулся домой из школы). В случае если действие уже завершилось, указание на время just (только что) либо выражено, либо подразумевается: e. g. Show me the book you have (just) been reading. Покажи мне книгу, которую ты (только что) читал.
2. Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous образуется при помощи вспомогатель ного глагола to be в форме Past Perfect (had been) и смыслового глагола с окончанием -ing.
Формы глагола в Past Perfect Continuous
|
Число |
Утвердительная форма |
Вопросительная форма |
Отрицательная форма |
|
Ед. и мн. |
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had been asking. |
Had I (you, he, she, it, we, they) been asking? |
I (you, he, she, it, we, they) had not been asking. |
Past Perfect Continuous употребляется для выражения действия, которое началось до определенного момента (или другого действия) в прошлом, продолжалось определенное время и к тому моменту в прошлом уже завершилось или еще нет. Такие предложения обыч но содержат указания на время типа for two hours (два часа), since 5 o'clock (с пяти часов), since I came (с тех пор как я пришел): e. g. Не said he had been working since 5 o'clock. Он сказал, что он работает с пяти часов. (Он начал работать в пять часов и продолжает работать в момент речи.) I took the book which he had been reading. Я взял книгу, которую он читал.
PRESENT PERFECT
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в Present Perfect.
1. I don't know this man. I never (meet) him before. 2. "Where is Nick?" - "He just (go) out." 3. "Don't you know what the story is about?"-"No, I (not/read) it." 4. Don't worry about the letter. I already (post) it. 5. "Is he a good boy?" - "Oh yes, he (help) me a lot." 6. I know London perfectly well. I (be) there several times. 7. I can't find my bag. I think, somebody (take) it by mistake. 8. "Do you speak Greek?" - "No, I never (study) it." 9. "Do you know where he lives?"- "No, he recently (move) to a new flat. I (not/be) there yet."
Ответьте на вопросы, употребляя глагол в Present Perfect.
Model: Is his article ready ? (write) - Yes, he has written it.
1. Are her rooms clean ? (do) 2. Is our dinner ready, Mother ? (cook) 3. Does she know the poem ? (learn) 4. Do you know this sort of pencil ? (use) 5. Does he know how nice the cake is? (eat) 6. Do you know that your gloves are on the table ? (find) 7. Is Bobby's face clean ? (wash) 8. Do you know how beautiful these songs are ? (hear)
Составьте предложения со словом already.
Model: Don't forget to post that letter. I've already posted it.
1. Don't forget to phone Tom. I ___. 2. Why don't you read the paper? ___ . 3. Shall I pay the waiter? No, I____.
Задайте вопросы по образцу.
Model: (you ever/be/to Italy?) Have you ever been to Italy ?
1. (you ever / be / to South America?) 2. (you / read / any English books?) 3. (you / live / in this town all your life?) 4. (how many times / you / be / in love?) 5. (what's the most beautiful country you / ever / visit?) 6. (you / ever / speak / to a famous person?).
Переведите на английский, используя Present Perfect Tense.
1. Мария получила новую квартиру. Ты ее видел? 2. Ты показал друзьям свою работу? -Нет, она еще не готова. 3. Я посмотрел этот фильм. А ты? - Да. Это интересный фильм. 4. Ты был в этом парке? - Да. 5. Она только что вернулась. 6. Возьмите эти журналы. Я уже прочитал их. 7. Вы были когда-нибудь в Италии? - Да, это очень красивая страна. 8. Мы еще не сделали упражнение пять. 9. Она никогда не переводила такие трудные статьи. 10. На этой неделе я звонил ему несколько раз. 11. Сегодня он уехал в Москву. 12. Ты видел Джона сегодня? - Нет. 13. В этом году мы купили новый телевизор.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в Present Indefinite и Present Perfect.
1. I (see) the snow (stop). 2. Ann (want) to see you. You (not/be) here for ages ! 3. "What (be) your name?" - "My name (be) always Brighton." 4. "You (read) this book?" - "Yes." - "What you (think) of it?" 5. I (not/be) to a zoo before. It (be) a nice feeling to go somewhere you never (be) before. 6. "You (know) Eliza?" - "Yes." - "How long you (know) her?" - "I (know) her for 10 years." 7. There (be) a lot of things I (want) to do for a long time and I (not/do) them. 8. You (realize) we (know) each other for quite a period of time now? And this (be) the first occasion you (ask) me to come with you. 9. "You (know) the girl who just (leave) the shop?" - "Yes, that (be) Ann Smith." - "She (be) a customer of yours?" - "Not, exactly. She (be) here several times, but she never (buy) anything." 10. Come in; I (be) awake since sun-up. 11. (not/see) your pictures for a long time. Can I look round ? 12. It'll be good to see him again. How long he (be) away ? It (seem) ages. 13. I (know) you for thirty-five years, but I never (hear) you look or speak like that before.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.
1. He (to be) abroad five years ago. 2. You (to be) in the Caucasus last year? 3. They (to leave) England when he (to be) still a child. 4. He (not yet to come) back. 5. He (to go) already? 6. When you (to see) him last? 7. I (not to see) him for ages. 8. His health (to improve) greatly since I (to see) him last. 9. Last night I (to feel) tired and (to go) to bed very early. 10. Where you (to spend) your holidays? 11. You ever (to spend) your holidays in the Crimea? 12. While travelling in the Crimea I (to meet) your friend. 13. I never (to visit) that place. 14. He (to visit) that place last year. 15. I just (to get) a letter from Tom. 16. You (to take) any photographs while travelling in the south?
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в Present Perfect или Past Simple.
1. The sun (not to rise) yet, but the sky in the east is getting lighter every minute. 2. I (to see) you walking along the street the other day with a heavy bag. 3. I (not to read) the newspapers today. 4. It is very late, and trams (to stop) running: we must find a taxi to get home. 5. How many times you (to be) to St. Petersburg? 6. At last I (to trans late) this article: now I shall have a little rest. 7. We (to go) to the country yesterday, but the rain (to spoil) all the pleasure. 8. My watch was going in the morning, but now it (to stop). 9. The lecture (not yet to begin) and the students are talk ing in the classroom. 10. She just (to go) out.
Закончите предложения, используя глаголы в скобках
Model 1: Most of my friends were no longer there. They had left (leave)
1. My best friend, Kevin , was no longer there. He (go away). 2. The local cinema was no longer open. It (close down). 3. Mr. Hendrix was no longer alive. He (die). 4. I didn't recognize Mrs. Dietrich. She (change) a lot. 5. Bill no longer had his car. He (sell) it.
Model 2: Mr. and Mrs. Cocker were in an airplane. They were very nervous, as the plane took off because they (fly) had never flown before.
1. The woman was a complete stranger to me. I (see) never before. 2. Margaret was late for work. Her boss was very surprised, she (be/late) before. 3. Jane played tennis yesterday - at least she tried to play tennis. She wasn't very good because she (play) before. 4. It was Keith's first driving lesson. He was very nervous and didn't know what to do. He (drive) before.
Составьте предложения, используя слова в скобках, по образцу.
Model: I wasn't hungry. (I / just / have / lunch) - I had just had lunch.
1. Tom wasn't at home when I arrived, (he / just / go / out) 2. We arrived at the cinema late, (the film / already / begin) 3. They weren't eating when I went to see them, (they / just / finish / their / dinner) 4. I invited Ann to dinner last night but she couldn’t come, (she / already / arrange/ to do something else). 5. I was very pleased to see Nora again after such a long time. (I / not / see / her for five years).
Закончите предложения, используя Past Perfect Tense.
A
10. She hoped that I (pay for the tickets already).
11. When he woke up next morning and looked out of the window he understood that it (rain heavily during the night).
B
C
D
3. When I (throw out all of the old newspapers and magazines) I could arrange my new books nicely on the shelf.
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в Past Simple или Past Perfect.
1. When I (to come) home, mother already (to cook) dinner. 2. When father (to return) from work, we already (to do) our homework. 3. When the teacher (to enter) the classroom, the pupils already (to open) their books. 4. Kate (to give) me the book which she (to buy) the day before. 5. Nick (to show) the teacher the picture which he (to draw). 6. The boy (to give) the goats the grass which he (to bring) from the field. 7. Mother (to see) that Nick (not to wash) his hands. 8. The teacher (to understand) that Lena (not to do) her homework, 9. I (to know) that my friend (not yet to come). 10. Tom (to re turn) from the cinema at five o'clock. 11. Tom (to return) from the cinema by five o'clock. 12. I (to finish) my homework at seven o'clock. 13. I (to finish) my homework by seven o'clock. 14. He (to think) that he (to lose) the money. 15. Ann (to tell) me that she (to see) an interesting film. 16. When (to wake) up yesterday, father already (to go) to work. 17. Nick (to think) that his father (not yet to come) home. 18. Mary (to tell) us that she (to cook) a good dinner. 19. Yesterday I (to find) the look which I (to lose) in summer. 20. When we (to tome) to the station, the train already (to leave).
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в одном из следующих времен: Present Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous, Present, Past Perfect.
1. When you (to come) to see us? — I (to come) tomorrow if I (not to be) busy. 2. I (not to like) apples. 3. He (to come) home at five o'clock yester day. 4. I (to ring) you up as soon as I (to come) home tomorrow. 5. I (to show) you my work if you (to like). 6. He (to come) home by six o'clock yes terday. 7. Pete certainly (to help) you with your English if you (to ask) him. 8. This little boy never (to see) a crocodile. 9. Send me a telegram as soon as you (to arrive). 10. Let's go for a walk. The rain (to stop) and the sun (to shine). 11. If you (to help) me, I (to do) this work well. 12. I always (to get) up at eight o'clock, but tomorrow I (to get) up a little later. 13. What you (to read) now? — I (to read) Tom's book. I (to be) in a hurry. Tom soon (to come), and I (to want) to finish reading the book before he (to come). 14. As soon as you (to see) your friend, tell him that I (to want) to see him. 15. When I (to come) home yesterday, my brother (to sleep).
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в одном из следующих времен: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous; Present, Past Perfect.
1. Yesterday Nick (to say) that he (to read) much during his summer vacation. 2. At the age of twenty my father (to combine) work and study. 3. A great number of students (to study) in the reading-room when I (to enter) it last night. 4. The storm (to rage) the whole night, and the sailors (to try) to do their best to save the ship. 5. Mike's friends could hardly recognize him as he (to change) greatly af ter his expedition to the Antarctic. 6. When I (to enter) the hall, the students (to listen) to a very interesting lecture in history. 7. Hello! Where you (to go)? — Nowhere in particular. I just (to take) a walk. 8. Our students (to do) all kinds of exercises and now they (to be) sure that they (to know) this rule well. They (to hope) they (to make) no mis takes in the test-paper. 9. The expedition (to cov er) hundreds of kilometers, but they still (to be) far from their destination. 10. You (to go) to Great Britain next year?
Раскройте скобки, употребляя гла голы в одном из следующих времен: Present, Past, Future Simple; Present, Past Continuous; Present, Past Perfect.
1. Mike (to eat) ice-cream every day. Look, he (to eat) ice-cream now. When I (to see) him in the morning, he (to eat) ice-cream, too. He (to say) he (to eat) one ice-cream already by that time. I think he (to fall) ill if he (to eat) so much ice-cream. 2. They (to walk) along the street and (to talk). Suddenly Nick (to stop) and (to say): "Oh, what shall we do? I (to lose) the key to the door." "If you (not to find) it," said Pete, "we (to have) to wait for mother in the street." 3. When I (to come) to the station yesterday, I (to learn) that my train already (to leave). 4. What he (to do) when you (to see) him yesterday? 5. I (to give) you this book as soon as I (to finish) reading it. 6. When the ship (to cross) the ocean, a great storm (to break) out.
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму.
Используйте глаголы “to have” и “to be” в правильной форме.
10. You ___ in the final year at school, ___ you? Yes, I ___.
11. What ___ you fond of? My hobby ___ drawing.
Поставьте глаголы в нужную форму.
"You (read) the story of Robinson Crusoe?"
"No, I haven't, but I (read) it now. Robinson Crusoe (be) the story of a man who (live) many years on an island. At the beginning there (be) nobody there. Robinson (bring) many things from a ship that (be) In the sea near the coast, and he (build) a house. Then one day he (save) the life of a black man. Robinson (give) him the name Friday, because he (find) him on Friday. He (teach) him the English language."
"Can you (show) me the book?"
"I (bring, not) it with me, I (give) it to you tomorrow?"
Поставьте в нужную форму глаголы в скобках.
In our country workers always (try) to help each other. Sometimes you can even (see) them together after work: nobody in the factory (want) the other workers to be behind.
But not everybody (understand) this. Sometimes young workers (think) that if they (compete), they must not (show) their friends how (use) their machines better.
One day Igor (say) to Yury. "Let's (compete). We (work) even better? So they (begin) (compete). Igor (make) more parts than Yury. One Sunday Yury (go) to Igor and (say) to him. "I (know) that we (compete).I want you (help) me. We (fight, not) each other, we (compete). We (want) to make our factory the best in the country. Will you (show) me how to work better?" Igor (help) Yury and Yury (begin) (work) even better than Igor.
Раскройте скобки, используя нужную форму времени.
There is no present without the past. Although we (live) in the 21st Century, many people (be interested) in things that (happen) in the 16th century or (happen) in the 22nd century. A lot of films, books and plays (be) about historical subjects or science fiction. One day you (watch) a film about Henry VIII. and the next day (read) a book about men on Mars.
We must remember though that the present (come) from the past and the future (come) from what (happen) now.
It (be) difficult to imagine man in different ages. What (feel) ft like to live m the 13th century? What (eat) we in the year 2000 or 2010? Of course, we (know) a lot about what (happen) in the past There (be) books that describe the past, letters and things from the past centuries. But what it (be) like in the 22nd century? Historians (look) at our clothes and (laugh)? They (be surprised) that our transport (be) stow, and our life busy? Perhaps they (think) we (be) lucky to live in a world which still (have) some room and where people (be) happy. Or perhaps they (be) happy living on the Moon or even Mars (stay) there and (not wonder) about what (happen) on Earth.
Поставьте в нужную форму глаголы в скобках, используя Present Continuous и Present Indefinite.
10. When it is foggy in London, cars (move) very slowly
11. Our train (move) very fast.
Ответьте на вопросы, используя Present, Past или Future Continuous Tense.
10. Why do you think you wont get much sleep tonight? (travel all night)
11. Will you come to the party? (not move to a new fiat)
Используйте Past Indefinite или Past Continuous Tense в зависимости от предложения.
10. The whole family (watch) a detective film on TV when I (came) into the room.
11. I (look) into the window and (see) an old woman (sit) at it, a cat (sleep) on the window still next to the Flower pot.
12. Ships (travel) from Southampton to New York in four or five days last season.
Раскройте скобки, используя нужную форму времени
Rainy Sunday
It was Sunday. I never (get up) early on Sundays. I sometimes (stay) in bed until lunch time. Last Sunday I (get) up very late. I (look) out of the window. It (be) dark outside. "What a day." I (think). "It (rain) again." Just then the telephone (ring). It (be) my aunt Lucy. "I (be) at the station. I (come) to see you. But I still (have) breakfast." I (say). "What you (do)," she (ask), "I (have) breakfast!" I (repeat). "Dear me," she (say), "you always (get up) so late." It (be) one o'clock.
Раскройте скобки
In the Waiting Room
I (enter) the dentist's waiting room which (be) full. Like any other waiting room, it (have) an atmosphere of its own. A small table (be covered) with very old magazines; the curtains (be) of indefinite colour and the armchairs definitely unclean. There (be) dusty pictures on the wall. I (take) my seat and (decide) to pass the time watching the people around me.
A little man beside me (turn) over the pages of a magazine quickly and nervously. It (be) hard to understand what he (look at) from time to time he (throw) the magazine on the tale and (pick up) another. Opposite me there (be) a young mother why (try) hard to quiet her son. The boy (make) aeroplane noises as he (move) an ashtray on the floor. Near him an old man (steep) and the boy's mother (be) afraid that sooner or later her son (wake up) him. I myself (be) sleepy. The boy (be) quiet now in his mother's arms. There (be) a deathly silence m the room and just at this moment the loud speaker (call) out the name of the next lucky person.
Используйте Present Continuous вместо инфинитива в скобках.
10. The weather is fine. The sun (shine) and the birds (sing).
11. Somebody (knock) at the door.
12. You (go) anywhere tonight?
13. Why you (speak) so fast?
14. Who (wait for)? I (wait) for my sister.
15. I can't hear what they (talk) about.
Поставьте глаголы в скобках в Present Indefinite или Present Continuous Tenses.
10. The sun (set) late in summer.
11. What you (look for) - We (look for) our grandmother's spectacles.
12. I (not, know) what he (want).
13. What time she (come) here as a rule?
14. Look, snow still (fall).
15. It often (rain) in October.
Ответьте на вопросы, используя Present Perfect Tense.
10. Where is yesterday's newspaper? (just, throw out)
11. How long have you lived in Moscow? (since, be born)
12. How much time has passed since he left? (a fortnight)
Ответьте на вопросы.
Ответьте на вопросы.
10. Have they finished discussing the problem?
11. Have you decided who will make a report on the international situation?
12. Has she had lunch yet?
13. Have they finished working at their course papers?
14. Has he woken up?
15. Has she made breakfast?
Закончите предложения, используя Future Perfect Tense.
Раскройте скобки, используя нужную форму глагола.
Mr. Sherlock Holmes (sit) one morning at the breakfast table in his room in Baker Street. His friend Dr. Watson (stand) near the window, examining a walking stick which a visitor (forgot) the day before. "To Mr. Mortimer, from his friend," was engraved upon ft, with the date "1884." Sherlock Holmes suddenly (turn) to Watson and (say), "the owner of this stick (have) a dog which (be) larger than a terrier and smaller than a mastiff."
How you (know)" (ask) Watson in surprise. "I (examine) that stick carefully and (notice) the marks of a dog's teeth on it," (answer) Holmes. "They (be) too broad for a terrier and not broad enough for a mastiff. Probably the dog often (carry) the stick behind its master. I think it must be a spaniel in fact (be) a spaniel."
Holmes (leave) the breakfast table and (stand) near the window as he (say) this. Watson (look) at him In surprise and (ask), "how can you be so sure of that?"
For the simple reason that I (see) the dog at our door and I (hear) the bell which its master (ring). I wonder why Or. Mortimer (want) to see Mr. Sherlock Holmes. Well, we soon (know). "Come in," he (add). There (be) a knock at the door.
1. We (to raise) the quality of the goods manu factured last year. When our country obtains skilled engineers, scientists and workers we will be capable of solving any technical problem. The students (to work) in the laboratory for three hours. He (to bring) the necessary documents before the meeting began. The space flights by Soviet cos monauts (to provide) important data. 3. Our scientists (to conduct) a great amount of research work in the field of satellites and rockets before they decided to launch this orbital station. Due to the latest inventions in radio electronics our engineers (to develop) the best transistor devices in the mid 1970-es. 6. The rapid development of rocketry is largely due to K. E. Tsiolkovsky who (to lay) the foundation of the theory of rocket motion. As she (to make) her experiments she came across an interesting phenomenon. The mercury in the thermometer (to rise) when we (to raise) the temperature.
We (to call) oxides and sulphides, some metal alloys as well as chemical elements semiconductors. All of them (to conduct) electric current worse than metals do. Some of the devices that use semiconduc tors (to let) electric current pass through them only in one direction and do not conduct it at all in the other. In 1957 the output of consumer goods (to go up) 13 times compared with 1913. Science (to play) never before such a role in the history of mankind as it did in the XXth century.
Rocket engine (to combine) very small weight with immense power. Our government (to build) the road by 2010. The current (to stop) flowing when the electric circuit is broken somewhere. This invention (to raise) the output at our plant. 22. The Luna 9 automatic station which (to make) its soft landing on the moon's surface was followed by Luna 10. 23. Since the discovery of X-rays engineers (to use) them for machine parts examination. After he (to complete) his drawing he gave it to the engineer.
The coffee tree which belongs to the Brazilian tropics has been growing in the Botanical Garden of the Institute of the Academy of Sciences of Azerbaidjan since 1954. 2. The automatic lines manufacturing automobile pistons have been functioning for a number of years. 3. We have been carrying on "this experiment since nine o'clock and have not yet been through with it.
1. New iron ore deposits are already being worked. 2. The Nurek hydro-electrical station was being built when I came there. 3. Various laser-based instruments for use in engineering, chemical and ship-building enterprises are now being produced commercially in the Soviet Union. 4. Auto mation is being increasingly used at our hydro-electric stations. The atom has been harnessed by Soviet scientists to serve industry, agriculture, medicine.