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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ
РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЕ АГЕНСТВО ПО ОБРАЗОВАНИЮ
РОСТОВСКАЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ АКАДЕМИЯ
АРХИТЕКТУРЫ И ИСКУССТВА
ИЗ ИСТОРИИ ДРЕВНИХ ИСКУССТВ
ЧАСТЬ I
Методические материалы
к практическим занятиям по английскому языку
Ростов-на-Дону
2006
УДК 803.83=(088.8)+(07)
Из истории древних искусств. Часть I: Методические материалы к практическим занятиям по английскому языку / Сост. Дмитриева Е.В. – Ростов н/Д: Рост. гос. акад. архит. и иск-ва, - 2006. – 58 с.
Предназначены для работы со студентами I курса, изучающими архитектуру, дизайн, и содержат материал о развитии искусства в Древнем Египте, Месопотамии, Греции.
Данные методические материалы состоят из 6 разделов, в каждый из которых включены тексты по профессиональной тематике, словарь, упражнения текстового характера, которые направлены на проверку понимания прочитанного, а также задания, способствующие развитию навыков профессионально ориентированной монологической и диалогической речи.
Рекомендуется преподавателям вузов, студентам-архитекторам и студентам-дизайнерам, а также всем, кто хочет самостоятельно расширить свои знания в этой профессиональной области на английском языке.
НАУЧНЫЙ РЕДАКТОР
доктор педагогических наук, профессор Карпова Г.Ф.
РЕЦЕНЗЕНТЫ
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Белоусова Т.Ф.;
кандидат педагогических наук, доцент Машкина Е.Н.
© Ростовская государственная академия архитектуры и искусства
CONTENTS
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Page |
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UNIT 1. Egypt |
4 |
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UNIT 2. Mesopotamia |
12 |
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UNIT 3. Babylon |
19 |
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UNIT 4. The art and architecture of Babylonia and Assyria |
24 |
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UNIT 5. Wonders of the World |
30 |
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UNIT 6. Greek Architecture |
45 |
UNIT 1
Egypt
1. Read and translate the text.
The first world’s style was born in Egypt. The priests and kings of the land thought it out and preserved. Thousands of slaves from every part of the ancient world carried it out. There were three kinds of art in ancient Egypt: for home (furniture, jewellery, dishes, etc.), for the dead (masks, tombs, mummy cases, etc.) and, finally, for the gods (temples, paintings, statues, etc.).
In Neolithic times the first kings were burred in pits. Later, the Egyptians built rectangular tombs above the ground, called “mastabas”. There were tunnels and rooms inside for rituals. During the reign of the Pharaoh Djoser (circa 2650) the architect Imhotep conceived the idea of the first pyramid by setting one mastaba on the top of another.
Later on, pharaohs like Khufu (Cheops) and Khafre (Chephren) built larger pyramids (c.2570, 2530). Those pyramids had smooth sides faced with polished stone. Each Egyptian ruler wanted to construct a tomb for himself more impressive and longer lasting than the ones of his predecessors. The Egyptian pyramids remain one of the greatest structures of the world. The pyramids were built to last, and they are still standing at Giza near Cairo. Lots of visitors from around the word still wonder at their perfect geometrical forms and huge dimension.
The greatest of the three pyramids near Cairo has the square base with a side of 230.4 m. It rises in 201 steps to a height of 146.6 m. Built of more than 2,500,000 blocks of stone, the pyramid was built for Khufu, the King of the IV dynasty.
The builders had neither pulleys nor wheels, but they had thousands of slaves and abundant stone in the Nile quarries. They cut millions of stone blocks each weighing tones, floated them across the river, dragged over the sands and, finally, knocked into place. Later on, the pharaohs began building more delicate structures (c.2660 – 2180) – temples and tunnel tombs in the Nile cliffs.
The Egyptian architects didn’t change the plan of their temples for over two thousand years. The temple was a gloomy structure. A huge wall protected it outside. Inside there was an open courtyard for common people. There was also a huge, protected sanctum for the nobles and priests. The hall of the temple, called hypostyle, often had huge symbolic lotus columns. Visitors came into the temple through a heavy gateway with ponderous pylons. Relief sculptures of the gods and rulers decorated the gateway. Nearby there were tall obelisks with metal tips decorated with colored flags. Avenues of sphinxes intensified the impression of the approaching visitor. The temple was visible from a distance as a mass of masonry.
Vocabulary:
1) preserve – сохранить;
2) carry out – выполнять;
3) set (set, set) – установить;
4) remain – оставаться (в остатке);
5) wonder at – удивляться чему-то;
6) conceive – создать;
7) approach – подход, подходить;
8) knock into – вставлять;
9) face with – облицовывать чем-то;
10) weigh – весить;
11) temple – храм;
12) gloomy – мрачный;
13) visible – видимый;
14) gateway – ворота;
15) smooth sides – гладкие стороны;
16) rectangular – прямоугольный;
17) tomb – гробница, могила;
18) jewellery – драгоценности;
19) furniture – мебель;
20) mummy case – саркофаг;
21) painting – живопись;
22) predecessor – предшественник;
23) dimension – размер;
24) pulley – лебедка;
25) wheel – колесо;
26) abundant – обильный, изобилующий;
27) courtyard – двор;
28) masonry – каменная кладка;
29) quarry – каменоломня;
30) precious stones – драгоценные камни.
2. Answer the questions.
1. What kinds of art were there in ancient Egypt?
2. What are “mastabas”?
3. Who invented the first pyramid in Egypt?
4. How can you describe the pyramids?
5. What pyramids is the greatest?
6. How could Egyptians build pyramids without pulleys or wheels?
7. What was the plan of the Egyptians temples?
8. How did visitors come into the temple?
3. Find the English equivalents in the text.
Огромные размеры; во время правления; обычные люди; более долговечный; над землей; были построены на века; гладкий камень; переплавлять через; издалека; придумать; квадратное основание; тяжеловесные опоры.
4. Choose the right adjective.
1. The temple was a _____ structure.
a) light;
b) affective;
c) gloomy.
2. There was a _____ gateway with ponderous pylons.
3. The Egyptians built _____ toms above the ground.
4. The pharaohs began building _____ structures – temples and tunnel tombs.
5. There was an open courtyard for _____ people.
6. Those pyramids had _____ sides faced with polished stone.
7. A _____ wall protected the temple outside.
5. Fill in the missing forms of the verbs. Say in which situations they are used in the text.
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build |
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set |
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cut |
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came |
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thought |
6. Find antonyms to the following words in the text and make four sentences with them.
Pour, outside, ribby, modern, tiny, leave, reduce.
7. Find synonyms to the following words in the text and make four sentences with them.
Build, eleborate, ponderous, at last, dramatic, enormous, save, elegant, shrine, ideal.
8. Make five questions (all types) to the following sentence.
Lots of visitors come to Egypt every year.
9. Retell the text “Egypt”.
10. Write a written translation.
The Mastabas
The mastabas are tombs of a parallelepiped shape, sized according to the importance of their owners. The external structure is composed of one or more chapels giving access to the hypostyle chambers by way of a staircase or a shaft. There are numerous well preserved examples at Saqqara.
The decoration of mastabas represents the highest expression of the figurative art of the Old Kingdom. Of particular interest is the tomb of Mereruka and his wife Sesheshet. With its 32 rooms, this is the largest and the most complex of the Old Kingdom mastabas. Decorations with the everyday subject matter such as hunting and fishing scenes, domestic and wild animals, farmers, labourers and craftsmen at work and family portraits have provided archeologists with insights into the daily lives of the ancient Egyptiants.
Other significant mastabas in the area are those of Kagemni and, in particular, Ty. The fascinating relief decorations in the latter are among the most beautiful from the Old Kingdom.
UNIT 2
Mesopotamia
1. Read and translate the text.
The geographical name “Mesopotamia” is of the Greek origin and literally means “between two rivers”. The huge, rich and fertile plain, watered by the rivers Euphrates and Tigris was the place where many civilizations succeeded each other. The flourishing cities were built in Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium B.C. Because of the lack of stone, granite and marble the Mesopotamians turned to sundried brick, bronze and gold. The small fragile carving in ivory and bone were surely the fine pieces of art. Though Mesopotamia was greatly influenced by Egypt, the arts produced there were more varied and less conventional. The explanation of the fact possibly lies in the character of religion since the peoples of Mesopotamia had no strong faith in afterlife but believed in animal and human god-heroes. The superstitions based on the stars and sorcery were also a part of their spiritual life.
The famous capital of the ancient Mesopotamia Babylon was successfully rebuilt in the 6th century B.C. The single gateway to the city was covered with turquoise-blue enameled tiles and adorned with golden lions and griffins. Far behind the gateway a great temple-tower, the Tower of Babel, rose. It was mentioned in the Old Testament. Although Babylon was a luxurious and cosmopolitan city it was heavily fortified and had an advanced defence system.
The Western civilization owes much to Mesopotamia including the art of town-building, the invention of the arch and dome, the hydraulic system, the unique architecture of splendid palaces and high towers, the huge stone relieves and others. Among these, however, the famous “Hanging Gardens” counted as one of the wonders of the world, have been attracting attention of all generations since then. The most part of the ancient Mesopotamia comes into area of the modern Iraq.
Vocabulary:
1) flourish – процветать;
2) marble – мрамор;
3) brick – кирпич;
4) ivory – слоновая кость;
5) carve – вырезать, высекать (из камня, дерева);
6) influence – влиять;
7) produce – производить;
8) faith – вера;
9) superstition – суеверие;
10) tile – плитка, черепица;
11) enamel – глазурь;
12) adorn – украшать;
13) cover – покрывать;
14) defence – защита;
15) invention – изобретение;
16) arch – арка;
17) dome – купол;
18) palace –дворец;
19) attract attention – привлекать внимание;
20) achievement – достижение.
2. Answer the questions.
1. What’s the geographical outline of Mesopotamia?
2. What can you tell about the religion of Mesopotamia?
3. What materials did they use in building?
4. How can you describe the capital of Mesopotamia?
5. What architectural inventions belong to Mesopotamia?
6. What technical achievements of Mesopotamians do you know?
7. What wonder of the world was born in Mesopotamia?
8. What country occupies the most area of ancient Mesopotamia?
3. Guess the meaning of the following words.
Civilization, religion, human, cosmopolitan, hydraulic system, sculptor, relief, dynasty, proportion, irrigation figure, arch, cupola, capital, granite, type, statue, platform, bronze, fantastic, column, interest, occupation, style.
4. Choose the right word.
1. Although Babylon was a ____ and cosmopolitan city it was heavily fortified.
2. The first flourishing cities were ____ in Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium B.C.
3. The Mesopotamians invented the ____ and dome.
4. Though Mesopotamia was greatly influenced by ____ the arts produced there were more varied and less conventional.
5. The gateway to the city was ____ with turquoise-blue enameled tiles.
6. Babylon had a/an ____ defence system.
5. Translate and learn the following word combinations.
More varied, less conventional, unlike this culture, a strong religious faith, a divine power, to believe in superstitions, to be based on the stars and sorcery, to invent arch and dome, to influence later buildings, to lack granite and marble, to turn to gold and silver, fragile carvings, in ivory and bone, a luxurious city, the Tower of Babel, great temple towers, a wonder of the world, brick and stone vaults, to owe much to …, turquoise-blue colours, enameled tiles, attention of generations.
6. Choose the right synonyms for the underlined words.
1. The single gateway was adorned with golden lions and griffins.
2. The great walls defended the city.
3. the first flourishing cities were built in Mesopotamia in the fourth millennium B.C.
4. The rivers Euphrates and Tigris watered the huge, rich and fertile plain.
5. Babylon was successfully rebuilt in the sixth century B.C.
Prosperous, enormous, decorated, restored, protected.
7. Classify the following words into nouns, verbs and adjectives.
Silver, huge, palace, arch, flourish, brick, wood, dome, adorn, slender, ponderous, heavy, paint, successful, invent, granite, temple, wall, large, gateway, carve, hydraulic, splended, superstition, flourising, success, produce.
8. Write a written translation.
1. The name Mesopotamia comes from Greek words meaning “between the rivers”. It was used for the fertile valleys of the great Tigris and Euphrates rivers and the lands between them.
2. Mesopotamia is bounded on the west by the Arabian Desert and on the north and east by the mountains and highlands of Turkey and Iran.
3. The ruins of many cities 4,000 to 5,000 years old prove that this area was thickly populated in ancient times.
4. Archeology shows that the first people in Mesopotamia lived in small villages in the north, where by 4000 B.C. they fashioned decorated pottery, produced cloth, and traded with their neighbors.
5. By 3000 B.C. several distinct groups of people lived in Mesopotamia. The Sumerians of unknown origin and racial connections lived in the south.
6. Soon after 3000 B.C. the Sumerians began to develop a brilliant civilization. Their rule was followed by that of the Babylonians, Assyrians, Persians, and Creeks.
9. Retell the text “Mesopotamia”.
UNIT 3
Babylon
1. Read and translate the text.
Babylon was one of the great cities of the ancient world. It was the capital of the kingdom of Babylonia in Mesopotamia. There are still some remains of ancient Babylon today. These were parts of the city built by one of the most famous of Babylonian kings Nebuchadnezzar (sometimes spelled Nebuchadrezzar).
The ancient Greek historian Herodotus described the great size and magnificence of Babylon. According to him the city was square, surrounded by walls, each side being about 22 km (14 miles) long. The walls were made of baked brick, more than 90 meters (300 feet) high and 25 meters (80 feet) thick, and were so solid that a four-horse chariot could turn round on the top of them.
A wide sacred street ran through the city. It was the “processional way”, along which religious processions passed during festivals. It led out of the city at a huge gate called the Ishtar gate, which was crowned with towers and decorated with carving of animals. The river Euphrates divided the city into two equal parts and was banked by walls of brick. Where these walls met the ends of the streets, there were gates of bronze.
Among the many fine buildings in the city there was a royal palace, built round a vast courtyard, and several enormous temples. One of the temples was dedicated to the god Marduk, the chief Babylonian god. Another, to the god Baal, was a ziggurat, or rectangular building of several stories each smaller than the one below. The stories were linked by great outside stairways. This temple may have been the Tower of Babel described in the Bible. The famous “hanging gardens”, one of the Seven Wonders of the World, were brick terraces covered with trees and plants so that from a distance the building was completely hidden.
Babylon was captured in 539 B.C. by the Persian king Cyrus. His successors pulled down the walls and plundered the city.
Vocabulary:
1) size –размер;
2) magnificence – великолепие;
3) according to – в соответствии с;
4) surround – окружать;
5) solid – твердый, прочный;
6) chariot – колесница;
7) sacred – священный, неприкосновенный;
8) huge –огромный;
9) carving – резная работа;
10) vast – обширный, громадный;
11) dedicate – посвящать, предназначать;
12) plunder – грабить.
2. Answer the questions.
1. What was the capital of Babylonia?
2. How did Herodotus describe Babylon?
3. What were the walls of the city made of?
4. Where did religious processions pass during festivals?
5. What parts did Euphrates divide the city?
6. Who were two famous temples dedicated to?
7. How were the “hanging gardens” constructed?
8. When was Babylon captured?
3. Say if these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. The walls were made of sundried brick, more than 90 meters high and 25 meters thick.
2. Marduk was the chief Babylonian god.
3. The towers crowed a huge gate called the Ishtar gate.
4. A four-horse coach could turn round on the top of the walls.
5. Babylon was captured in 589 B.C. by the Persian king Cyrus.
6. One of the temples was built in honour of the god Marduk.
4. Find antonyms to the following words in the text and make four sentences with them.
Thin, unsteady, unknown, modern, round, tiny, low, few, narrow, bad.
5. Put different adjectives, adverbs and nouns in this sentence to make it more interesting and informative.
Babylon was the capital of Babylonia.
6. Fill in the gaps with the Past Simple of the verbs in brackets.
1. Trees and plants (to cover) the brick terraces.
2. The wide sacred street (to lead) out of the city at a huge gate.
3. The large walls (to surround) Babylon.
4. The Greek historians Herodotus (to write) about the great size and magnificence of Babylon.
5. The walls (to be) more than 90 meters high and 24 meters thick.
7. Find the English equivalents for the following.
Описывать, обоженный кирпич, прямоугольное здание, вести из, внешние лестницы, окруженный стенами, более чем, внутренний двор, такой прочный, разрушить, несколько этажей, две равные части, посвященный богу.
8. Write a written translation.
Вавилон был самым большим и богатым городом Древнего Востока. Его площадь равнялась 450 га. В нем были прямые улицы с двухэтажными домами, системой водопровода и канализацией, каменный мост через Евфрат. Город окружало двойное кольцо крепостных толстых стен, через которые в город вели восемь ворот. Самыми важными были двадцатиметровые ворота богини Иштар, сложенные из бирюзового глазурованного кирпича с орнаментом из 575 львов, драконов и быков.
9. Retell the text “Babylon”.
UNIT 4
The Art and the Architecture of Babylonia and Assyria
1. Read and translate the text.
Babylon and Assur were two of the greatest cities of Mesopotamia. They became the centers of the empires of Babylonia and Assyria. Their histories were closely connected, as one or the other controlled the fertile region between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates.
The Babylonians and Assyrians were influenced to a great extend by the artistic and intellectual achievements of the Sumerians. Like the Sumerians, they built their temples and palaces of brick made from mud dried in the sun or kilns. In the center of each city was the shrine of a local god. As a city grew in size and importance, its shrine became more elaborate until it might end up as a magnificent temple. The temple building was based on a large platform reached by ramps and staircases. It was crowned with a high tower. The Babylonians made some towers in the form of might steps up to seven stories, and these were known as ziggurats. The Biblical Tower of Babel was probably a ziggurat. A small temple stood on the top, it was usually covered with blue glazed tiles.
The Babylonians and Assyrians decorated their public buildings in different ways. The Babylonians covered the walls with colored glazed brickwork. The Assyrians preferred carved slabs of limestone or alabaster. The sculptures depicted scenes of war and hunting or religious and court scenes. Many of them showed the king as a distinguished figure with a beard and curly hair, while the people by him looked all alike and comparatively insignificant. The hunting scenes were vivid.
Outside the gates of the Assyrians’ temples and palaces, lions or bulls with human heads kept guard. The cities were well planned with wide avenues. Great aqueducts were constructed to supply water.
Vocabulary:
1) to a great extent – в большой степени;
2) mud – грязь;
3) kiln – печь для обжига;
4) shrine – храм;
5) ramp – наклонная плоскость;
6) mighty – могущественный;
7) slab – плита;
8) depict – описывать;
9) vivid – яркий, живой.
2. Answer the questions.
1. What country controlled the region between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates?
2. How did they make bricks?
3. What was in the center of each city?
4. How can you characterize their shrine?
5. What was the difference in the decoration of Assyrian and Babylonian buildings?
6. What did the sculpture describe?
7. What were usually outside the important buildings?
8. Can we see the remains of ancient Babylon? Where are they?
3. Fill in the gaps with right prepositions: of, by(2), to, in(2), with, on.
1. The shrine was built ____ a large platform reached ____ ramps and staircases.
2. The arts ____ Babylonia and Assyria were influenced ____ the Sumerians.
3. The temple was crowned ____ a high tower.
4. These cities rapidly grew ____ size.
5. They tried ____ construct great temples.
6. The bricl was made ____ mud dried ____ the sun or kilts.
4. Match the beginning of the sentences to their ends using information from the text.
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1. The Babylonians and Assyrians were influenced |
a) a large platform reached by ramps and staircases. |
|
2. The Babylonians covered the walls with |
b) war and hunting or religious and court scenes. |
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3. Great aqueducts were constructed to |
c) made from mud dried in the sun or kilns. |
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4. The temple building was based on |
d) colored glazed brickwork. |
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5. They built their temples and palaces of brick |
e) to a great extend by the artistic and intellectual achievements of the Sumerians. |
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6. The sculptures depicted scenes of |
f) supply water. |
5. Translate the following phrases into Rusiian and make four sentences with them.
To be crowned with a tower, to a great extend, look all alike, distinguished figure, keep guard, a local god, colored glazed brickwork, be known as, closely connected, in different ways.
6. Write a written translation.
1. In the 10th century B.C. Southern Mesopotamia fell to the Assyrians a warlike people from the north.
2. The Assyrians built great cities and lined the walls of their palaces wuth huge stone reliefs.
3. The Tower of Babel was built high upon a pyramid of stepped-up brick platform, as the country was constantly menacad by floods.
4. Within the walls splendid palaces were built and a profussion of flowers, drooping from the famous “hanging gardens”, were irrigated with water from the Euphrates by means of advanced hydraulic system.
5. These gardens couldn’t have been built without the invention of the arch, which allowed the beds to be placed hogh over brick or stone vauits.
7.Make five questions (all types) to the following sentence.
The Babylonians and Assyrians decorated their public buildings in different ways.
8. Write a written translation.
Ассирийские владыки стремились превзойти все, что было создано до них. Ассирийские дворцы поражали роскошью, включали в себя и храмы, и зиккураты. Так, храмовый ансамбль Ашшура состоял из большого двора, обнесенного массивной стеной с воротами и двумя зиккуратами. Дворец включал в себя 200 помещений, богато украшенных рельефами, росписями, изразцами.
Рельефы и росписи были связаны между собой, изображали жизнь и быт дворца. Яркость цветов, четкость контуров делали рельефы легко читаемыми.
9. Retell the text “The Art and the Architecture of Babylonia and Assyria”.
UNIT 5
Wonders of the world
1. Read and translate the text.
The Egyptian pyramids
In the Libyan Desert you can see the only remained wonder of the world – the Egyptian pyramids. Once there were about 80 pyramids, the oldest one was Zocer’s pyramid made by the first named architect Imhotep in the 3rd millennium B.C. The height of the pyramid was about 60 meters. It was the staircase leading to the Heavens.
Today there exist 3 pyramids – Cheops’s, Chephren’s and Mecerine’s ones. The largest one is the Pyramid of Cheops. It is about 147ms high with the square side about 233ms long and 201 steps. The total square is about 50.000 square meters. It consists of 2.300.000 cubic blocks of stone (limestone plus polished white stone). The pyramid had been being built for 20 years. Its architect was Khemium.
Vocabulary:
1) staircase – лестница;
2) length – длина;
3) height – высота;
4) width – ширина;
5) high – высокий;
5) wide – широкий.
2. Read and translate the text.
Hanging Gardens
In 90 km from Baghdad there lie the ruins of Babylon, the richest and the biggest city in the Middle East. The Hanging Gardens are connected with the name of the legendary Assyrian Queen Semiramide but it hasn’t been proved yet. The Hanging Gardens were created later by the order of the king Nebuchadnezzar for his favourite wife Amitis from the place of Midie. The Hanging Gardens were planted on the terraces resting on the pylons and vaults. The height of the each “floor” was about 28 meters. Each terrace was covered with the thick layer of the fertile black soil.
They say that Alexander the Great spent his last days in those famous gardens in 323 B.C. The Gardens were ruined by the waters of Euphrates.
Vocabulary:
1) layer – слой, пласт;
2) fertile – плодородный;
3) soil – почва, земля;
4) vault – свод;
5) ruin – разрушать.
3. Read and translate the text.
Artemis Temple
Ephesus, on the West Coast of the Asia Minor, had reached great fame, richness and popularity by the 6th century B.C. The protector of the city was Zeus’s daughter Artemis. This goddess was considered to be the supreme and in her honor the Temple was erected in 530 B.C. The construction was going for about 120 years.
When the white-marble wonder was accomplished – it was something unbelievably beautiful.
In 356 B.C. the Temple of Artemis was destroyed (set on fire by Herostratus), but later on the citizens restored the beauty. Nevertheless little by little the bogs on which the Temple was standing and the Gothic tribes made their ill affair.
Vocabulary:
1) erect – сооружать, воздвигать;
2) bog – болото;
3) restore – реставрировать;
4) accomplish – завершать;
5) consider – считать, рассматривать.
4. Read and translate the text.
Zeus Statue
The ancient Greek town of Olympia was the place of the high worship of the supreme god Zeus.
The Statue of Zeus in his temple belongs to the Seven Wonders of the World. The master of the wonder was Phidius. He is well-known all over the world. The sculpture was executed in the 5th century B.C. It was made of gold, wood, ivory and precious stones. The coat, the hair and the beard of Zeus were made of pure gold. In one hand Zeus was holding the statue of Nicka (winged goddess of Victory), in the other hand – the king’s scepter with the eagle on the top. The statue was almost alive and dynamic – a real masterpiece. The wonder of the world was destroyed during the fire in the palace of the Constantinople Emperor Theodosius II in the 5th century A.D.
Vocabulary:
1) worship – культ, поклонение;
2) execute – выполнять, доводить до конца;
3) winged – крылатый;
4) masterpiece – шедевр;
5) destroy – разрушать, уничтожать;
6) all over the world – во всем мире;
7) belong to – принадлежать кому-то.
5. Read and translate the text.
The Tomb of Mausoleum
The Tomb of Mausoleum in Asia Minor (since that time the word “mausoleum” has come into life as the name for the funerary monuments erected in honor of the outstanding persons), belongs to the seven wonders of the world. The Tomb of Mausoleum was made in the 4th century B.C. and they say that the great master Scopias took part in that wonderful creation. The Tomb is featured by the massive simplicity, unique architectural devices, fine geometry and surprisingly beautiful general sight. The three-staged structure reached the height of about 50 meters. The Tomb had been standing and producing a really great impression for 19 centuries as the monument of architecture and as the sign of devotion of Artemisia (Mausoleum’ s wife) to her husband and her king.
Vocabulary:
1) in honor of – в честь кого-то;
2) outstanding – выдающийся;
3) feature – черта, особенность;
4) device – приспособление, механизм, устройство;
5) sight – вид (внешний);
6) reach – достигать, доезжать;
7) sign – знак.
6. Read and translate the text.
The Colossus of Rhodes
In the eastern part of the Mediterranean Sea in eighteen km from the Asia Minor peninsular there lies a small island Rhodes, the center of the Aegean culture.
The statue of the God of Sun or Helios (sometimes The King of the Sun) on the island of Rhodes belongs to the Seven Wonders of the World. The statue is mostly known as the Colossus of Rhodes. It was erected in the 3rd century B.C. On the knoll seven meters high dressed with marble there stood the figure of the youth made of gold. The statue itself was about 36 meters high. The life of that wonder was short enough about 50 years, but the fame proved to be very long – for ages! The earthquakes characteristic of Asia Minor destroyed the Colossus of Rhodes in 224 B.C., but the remains of the wonder are occasionally found in the deep-sea waters.
Vocabulary:
1) island – остров;
2) culture – культура;
3) cultural – культурный;
4) statue – скульптура;
5) earthquake – землетрясение.
7. Read and translate the text.
The Pharos of Alexandria
Alexander the Great had established the new capital of the Hellenic Egypt in 331 B.C. It was famous Alexandria. Not so far from Alexandria, on the rocky island Pharos in the Nile’s mouth there existed one of the Seven Wonders of the World – The Pharos of Alexandria (“beacon” in English). Limestone, marble, granite and other durable and beautiful materials were used for that construction. The structure consisted of the three towers, the highest tower played the part of the lantern. It was supplied with the dome on the granite columns and crowned with the statue of the God of the Sea – Poseidon. It was eight meters high. The Pharos of Alexandria struck imagination of everybody, who was lucky to see it, by the height, beauty and the engineering solution of the problem of light reflection. In the vicinity of 100 miles ships and boats were able to detect the location of the harbor due to the complicated system of mirrors. For 1.500 years the beacon served people and was destroyed by earthquakes and winds.
Vocabulary:
1) establish – основывать;
2) supply – снабжать;
3) location – местонахождение,
4) complicated – сложный;
5) durable – прочный;
6) lantern – фонарь.
8. Answer the questions.
1. How many pyramids exist now?
2. Who ordered to create the Hanging Gardens and why?
3. What was the height of each storey of the Hanging Gardens?
4. Why did the citizens of Ephesus erect the beautiful temple?
5. Who did the Statue of Zeus?
6. What are the characteristic features of the Tomb of Mausoleum?
7. Where is Rhodes situated?
8. What materials were used for the Pharos of Alexandria?
9. When was the Statue of Zeus destroyed?
10. What is the only remained wonder of the world?
11. What was destroyed in 224 B.C.?
12. Who destroyed the Temple of Artemis?
13. What was the height of the Colossus of Rhodes?
14. When was the Tomb of Mausoleum made?
15. What crowned the Pharos of Alexandria?
9. Find synonyms to the following words in the text and make four sentences with them.
A long way from, happy, miracle, fabulous, execute, famous, produce, sculptor, sight, participate, cupol, link, decision, called, destroy, place, wealth, defender, glory, achieve.
4. Choose the right word.
1. The Hanging Gardens are connected with the name of the ____ Assyrian Queen Semiramide.
a) unknown;
b) fair;
c) legendary.
2. The word “mausoleum” has come into life as the name for the ____ monuments erected in honor of the outstanding persons.
a) divine;
b) funerary;
c) distinctive.
3. In the Libyan Desert you can see the only ____ wonder of the world – the Egyptian pyramids.
a) left;
b) attractive;
c) remained.
4. Artemis was considered to be the ____ and in her honor the Temple was erected in 530 B.C.
a) supreme;
b) superior;
c) super.
5. The life of the statue of the God of Sun was ____ enough about 50 years.
a) average;
b) short;
c) long.
6. The statue of Zeus was made of gold, wood, ivory and ____ stones.
a) expencive;
b) beautiful;
c) precious.
7. Limestone, marble, granite and other ____ and beautiful materials were used for the Pharos of Alexandria.
a) durable;
b) flexible;
c) complicated.
8. When the white-marble wonder was accomplished – it was something unbelievably ____.
a) modern;
b) brilliant;
c) beautiful.
11. Match the beginning of the sentences to their ends using information from the text.
|
1. The Hanging Gardens are connected with the name of the legendary Assyrian Queen Semiramide |
a) fine geometry and surprisingly beautiful general sight. |
|
2. Zeus Statue was destroyed during the fire in |
b) ), but later on the citizens restored the beauty. |
|
3. Once there were about 80 pyramids, the oldest one was Zocer’s pyramid |
c) the Temple was erected in 530 B.C. |
|
4. On the knoll seven meters high dressed with marble |
d) in the other hand – the king’s scepter with the eagle on the top. |
|
5. Zeus’s daughter Artemis was considered to be the supreme and in her honor |
e) but it hasn’t been proved yet. |
|
6. The Pharos of Alexandria struck imagination of everybody, who was lucky to see it, |
f) made by the first named architect Imhotep in the 3rd millennium B.C. |
|
7. The Tomb is featured by the massive simplicity, unique architectural devices, |
g) as the monument of architecture and as the sign of devotion of Artemisia to her husband and her king. |
|
8. In one hand Zeus was holding the statue of Nicka (winged goddess of Victory), |
h) the palace of the Constantinople Emperor Theodosius II in the 5th century A.D. |
|
9. In 356 B.C. the Temple of Artemis was destroyed (set on fire by Herostratus |
i) by the height, beauty and the engineering solution of the problem of light reflection. |
|
10. The Tomb had been standing and producing a really great impression for 19 centuries |
j) there stood the figure of the youth made of gold. |
12. Add suffixes and make a) adjectives, b) verbs. Translate them.
a) –ary: element, fragment, legent, revolution, parliament;
-ar: column, module, line, circle, tube;
-ory: regulate, illusion, advise;
-an: Rome, urb, Assyria, Corbusier, basilica;
b) –ify: beauty, class, glory, fort, simple, intense.
13. Write a written translation.
1. Одним из самых грандиозных сооружений был Александрийский маяк, построенный на острове Фарос Состратом из Книда в 283 г. до н.э. Он состоял из трех ярусов, первый был квадратный в плане, стены ориентированы по сторонам света. Второй ярус был восьмигранным, по направлению восьми главных ветров. Третий ярус увенчивал купол, на котором стояла восьмиметровая статуя Посейдона. Огонь 120-метрового маяка был виден на расстоянии 60 км.
2. Одним из семи чудес света в древности была признана статуя Зевса для храма в Олимпии высотой 18 метров. Она выполнена из золота и слоновой кости. Зевс держал на правой руке, опиравшейся на ручку трона, Нику, левая его рука опиралась на жезл, на верхушке которого сидел орел. Вокруг каждой ножки трона танцевало по четыре Ники, передние ножки завершались сфинксами, на перекладине между ножками было изображено восемь видов олимпийских состязаний.
14. Translate into Russian without dictionary.
The Tomb of Mausoleum was rectangular in plan, with base dimention of about 40m (120ft) by 30 m (100ft). Overlying the foundation there was a stepped podium which sides were decorated with statues. The burial chamber and the sarcophagus of white alabaster decorated with gold were located on the podium and surrounded by Ionic columns. The colonnade supported a pyramid roof which wes in turn decorated with statues, A statue of chariot pulled by horses adorned the top of the tomb.
The total height of the Mausoleum was 45 m (140ft). This was broken down into 20m (60ft) for the stepped podium, 12m (38ft) for the colonnade, 7m (22ft) for the pyramid, and 6m (20ft) for the chariot statue at the top.
The beauty of the Mausoleum was not only in the structure itself, but in the decorations and statues that adorned the outside at different levels on the podium and the roof. these were tens of life-size as well as under and over life-size free-standing statues of people, lions, horses and other animals. The statues were carved by four Greek sculptors: Bryaxis, Leochares, Scopas and Timotheus, each responsible for one side. As the statues were of people ans animals, the Mausoleum holds a special place in history as it was not dedicated to the gods of Ancient Greece.
15. Make and act the dialogue using the following questions.
1. Have you heard about the Seven Wonders of the World?
2. What are they?
3. What do you know about ...?
4. What monument would you like to see if you lived in the past?
16. Tell about the Seven Wonders of the World.
UNIT 6
Greek Architecture
1. Read and translate the text.
Architectural ideas also spread from Egypt, across the Mediterranean, to Crete and Greece. Around 1300 B.C., the Greek hill towns of Tiryns and Mycenae were strong and primitive, built of craggy rocks. But by the 5th century B.C., great writers and philosophers were working in Athens and great artists and sculptors were decorating the city. Architecture was beautiful and elegant. Architects still used the same simple structures, of flat beams supported on columns, as the Egyptian did, but had learned to design them with perfect refinement.
They placed a special emphasis on the design of temples, to honor their many gods and goddesses. A Greek temple consisted of a room where there was a statue of the god or goddess. Behind there was another, smaller room called the treasury, and these two rooms made the temple an oblong shape. There was a large porch called a portico all the way across the building at both ends. The whole temple was surrounded by columns, which supported the roof. Temples were built on stone platforms rising up in steps.
Greek temples in Sicily and in the main part of Greece were built in the Doric order, which is plain and sturdy. In the earliest ones the columns were massive, and placed close together; later on they became lighter and more graceful, and were spaced further apart. The most beautiful example is the Parthenon at Athens. This temple, dedicated to Athena the goddess of wisdom, was built on a rocky hill in the center of the city. An “acropolis”, as this high place was called, was the religious center of any Greek city. At the bottom of the hill there was “agora”, or a meeting place, where the commercial and political life of the city went on. The statue of the goddess inside the Parthenon was one of the most famous work of the sculptor Pheidias; it was about 12 meters (39 feet) high, made of gold and ivory, and the eyes were precious stones. The part of the building above the marble pillars (called the entablature) was carved with all kinds of figures taking part in legendary or historical scenes.
In another style of pillar called Ionic, the pillars are thinner than Doric ones, and have capitals carved in a spiral shape. The temple of Diana at the city of Ephesus was built in this style. An ancient writer said it had 100 columns, 36 of them were wonderfully sculptured round the bottom.
Corinthian columns have a much more complicated capital than the other two, with rich carving in the shape of leaves of the acanthus, a plant which grows in Mediterranean countries.
Vocabulary:
1) spread – распространяться;
2) craggy – скалистый, отвесный;
3) beam – балка;
4) support – поддерживать;
5) refinement – усовершенствование, изящество;
6) oblong – продолговатый, удлиненный;
7) porch – портик, крытая галерея, веранда;
8) plain – простой;
9) sturdy – крепкий, твердый, сильный;
10) thin – тонкий;
11) bottom – основание, фундамент.
2. Answer the questions.
1. What architecture was in the fifth century?
2. What parts did the Greek temple consist of?
3. What were the temples’ platforms made of?
4. How did the Doric columns change?
5. Where was the Parthenon built?
6. What was “acropolis”? What was “agora”?
7. Who made the statue of the goddess inside the Parthenon?
8. How many columns were there in the temple of Diana?
9. How do the Corinthian columns differ from Doric and Ionic ones?
3. Write English equivalents.
Грек, греческий, акрополь, Афины, пропорция, классически идеальная архитектура, факт, копировались, цивилизация, план, Крин, форма колонн, элементы, типичный, вал, культурный, религиозный, эллинистический, фонтаны, театры, орнаментированный.
4. Translate and classify the following words.
Crypt, gigantic, lintel, slender, silver, passageway, dome, wall, perfect, gateway, palace, granite, heavy, decorate, delicate, fragile.
5. Say if these statements are true or false. Correct the false ones.
1. Temples were built on a brick platform rising up in the steps.
2. Tiryns and Mycenae were on the hills.
3. The Parthenon was one of the ugliest work of the sculptor Pheidias.
4. Athena was the goddess of wisdom.
5. The statue of Athena was about 12 meters high.
6. The temple of Zeus at the city of Ephesus had 100 columns.
7. Ionic columns have a much more complicated capital than Corinthian columns.
6. Fill in the gaps with right prepositions: above, with, to (2), at, on, in, of, from.
1.The Greek architects placed a special emphasis ____ the design of temples.
2. The Parthenon was dedicated ____ Athena.
3. There was a meeting place ____ the bottom ____ the hill.
4. The entablature was ____ the marble pillars.
5. The capitals were carved ____ a spiral shape.
6. Architectural ideas also spread from Egypt ____ Crete and Greece.
7. The Greek architects designed the simple structure ____ perfect refinement.
7. Classify the following verbs into three groups and make four sentences with them.
Went, be, come, have, fell, began, given, was, go, came, seen, had, fall, gave, were, gone, come, see, had, fallen, given.
8. Choose the right synonyms for the underlined words.
1. The Parthenon was one of the most famous work of the sculptor Pheidias.
2. In 1300 B.C. the Greek architects still used the same simple structures.
3. Later on the columns became lighter and more graceful.
4. The Greek architects learned to design buildings with perfect refinement.
5. The Greek hill towns of Tiryns and Mycenae were strong and primitive, built of craggy rocks.
6. They placed a special emphasis on the design of temples.
7. Greek temples in the main part of Greece were built in the Doric order.
Particular, elegant, principal, identical, greatest, ideal, easy, plain.
9. Match the beginning of the sentences to their ends using information from the text.
|
1. The entablature is |
a) a large porch, which went all the way across the building at both ends. |
|
2. The “acropolis” is |
b) the goddess of wisdom. |
|
3. The “agora” is |
c) the style of the column. |
|
4. The portico is |
d) a hill in the center of the city, on which the temple was built. |
|
5. The order is |
e) the part of the building above the pillars. |
|
6. Athena is |
f) a meeting place, where the commercial and political life of the city went on. |
10. Translate into Russian without dictionary.
1. The Acropolis stands on a low rocky hill and contains the ruins of several ancient Greek architectural monuments.
2. The common materials of Greek architecture were wood, used for supports and roof beams; unbaked brick, used for walls, especially for private houses; limestone and marble, used for columns, walls and upper portions of temples and public buildings; and metals, especially bronze, used for decorative details.
3. The Parthenon is the most famous surviving building of ancient Greece, and has been praised as the finest achievement of Greek architecture. Its decorative sculptures are considered one of the highest points of Greek art.
4. The statue of Athena was sculpted in ivory and gold by Phidias.
5. The most characteristic feature in the architecture and decoration of the temple is the Ionic frieze running around the exterior walls of the cella.
11. Write a written translation.
В период архаики расцветает каменная архитектура. Каменные храмы на вершинах холмов были посвящены божеству, они не были местом собрания людей. Греческие храмы никогда не были слишком высокими и представляли собой прямоугольную, вытянутую в длину постройку, со всех сторон окруженную колоннадой. Свет проникал в храм только через дверь, поэтому внутри было полутемно. Распространенным стал прямоугольный в плане храм, окруженный колоннадой, имеющей один ряд колонн. Эта колоннада называлась перистиль, внутри находилось четырехугольное святилище, в котором помещалась статуя божества.
12. Tell about ancient Greek architecture.
13. Read and translate the text.
Orders of architecture
Each Greek temple was designed in one of three architectural styles: the Doric, the Ionic and the Corinthian. These styles were called “orders”. An order consisted of the base, its column, and the capital, and the roof, which it supported. In the orders, as in all Greek sculptures, the proportions of the parts determined the design.
The Doric order predominated on the mainland. The acknowledge masterpiece is the Parthenon (448-432 B.C.) crowning the Athens Acropolis. A thick Doric column, like those of the Parthenon, had to bear a study cross beam divided up into simple alternating blocks of sculpture and blank stones. The Doric capital ended in a sturdy, flat slab.
The Doric columns are about five and a half diameters high. There are 20 elliptical flutes, separated by sharp edges. The height of the entablature is rather more than twice the diameter of the column. There were two Doric suborders: Roman and Greek. Roman Doric had a base and was less massive.
The Ionic order originated in the cities on the islands and coasts of Asia Minor. It features capitals with spiral volutes (scrolls), a more slender shaft with quite different fluting, and elaborate and curvilinear lines. There were 24 semi-circular flutes, separated by flat fillets. The columns are eight-nine diameters high and a little more than two diameters apart.
The Ionic order was used inside the Propylaea (begun 437 B.C.) and in the Erechteum (begun 421 B.C.) both on the Athens Acropolis. The beam of the Ionic order was more delicate than the Doric. Its fascinating entablature has continuous frieze, usually dentils in the cornice. Its base is molded.
The Corinthian order, a late development, introduced Ionic capital elaborated with acanthus leaves. It has the advantage of facing equally in four directions and it’s therefore more adaptable than Ionic for corners. It was the richest and most elegant of all the three styles, invented around 420 in the rich merchant city of Corinth. The design may have originated in Egypt, becoming more realistic with the time.
A simplified version of the Roman Doric is the Tuscan order with a less decorated frieze and no mutules in the cornice. The columns have no fluting. There are also fewer moldings. The Composite order is also a late Roman development, featuring a Roman combination of elements from both the Doric and Corinthian orders. The order is a version of the Corinthian.
Vocabulary:
1) roof – крыша;
2) determine – определять;
3) predominate – господствовать, преобладать;
4) thick – толстый;
5) have to – должен;
6) bear (bore, bore) – нести, выдерживать, подпирать;
7) flat – плоский;
8) flute – каннелюра, желобок, выемка;
9) edge – край;
10) suborder – подразделение;
11) volute – волюта, спираль, завиток;
12) slender – тонкий, стройный;
13) shaft – колонна, столб, вал;
14) elaborate – украшать;
15) fillet – поясок, углубление, полоска;
16) dentil – дентикула;
17) mo(u)ld – форма, формировать;
18) advantage – преимущество.
14. Answer the questions.
1. What is the order?
2. What are the parts of the order?
3. What was used in the construction of the Parthenon?
4. What is the height of the Doric columns?
5. What is the difference between the Roman Doric and the Greek Doric orders?
6. What are the characteristic features of the Ionic order?
7. Where was the Ionic order used?
8. What is the advantage of the Corinthian order?
9. Where was the Corinthian order invented?
10. How do the Roman Doric order and the Tuscan order differ from each other?
15. Compare the elements of the three orders:
the entablature;
the capitals;
the column;
the base.
16. Make up your own story of Greek orders. Use these phrases as the plan.
1. Doric:
a) was designed in ;
b) were called;
c) consisted of;
d) as in all Greek sculptures;
e) on the mainland;
f) the acknowledged masterpiece;
g) ended in.
2. Ionic:
a) on the islands and coasts;
b) spiral volutes;
c) was used;
e) fascinating entablature.
3. Corinthian:
a) a later development;
b) more adaptable for corners;
c) the most elegant.