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T e s t 1.
Task 1. a) The aim of Grammar is to present an outline of grammatical system, i.e. to define grammatical categories and analyse the mechanisms of grammatical formation of utterances out of words in speech making. In this respect grammar is concerned with listing principles of sentence formation that include the ways in which word forms with definite morphological categorical distinctions are arranged to create a phrase and a sentence, originating finally a text as the highest communicative unit.
b) Explicit predication creates creating the predicative line of explicitly expressed positions of subject and predicate while implicit predication is observed in creating the predicative line of implied positions of subject and predicate inferred through possible transformations inside. .
Task 2a) the risk of driving, record of the champion, point of view; children’ s television, instant’s silence, the three week’s rest.2.3
b) the clock struck(non-continuous, non-perfect) \ the clock was striking(cont, non-perfect); I have been wondering whether(cont, perfect) \ I have always wondered why(non cont, perfect); he’ll be visiting his granny(cont, non-perfect) \ he’ll visit his granny(non-cont, non perfect).
c) They prevented the crime being committed. These steps will enable us to seek new methods of work. We reached the lane leading to the back of the garden. They consider the ecology problem as timely brought into focus.6.4
d) company car \ car company, flower garden \ garden flower, school teacher \ teacher school, head office \ office head.
Task 3. Grammatical relevance-???????????; category of mood- Mood is the grammatical category of the verb expressing modality, i.e. the relation of the action denoted by the verb to reality from the speaker’s point of view.; notional part of speech-words (noun, adjective, numeral, pronoun, verb, adverb) have a full lexical nominative meaning of their own denoting things, qualities, actions, states, property of property and can function as independent parts of the sentence ; syntactic syntagma- a syntactic string of words that forms a part of some larger syntactic unit ; text- is the highest communicative unit; clause- a part of composite sentence which formed predicative lines, reflecting a number of elementary situational events.
T e s t 2.
Task 1. Being an analytical language , English is distinguished by
comparatively few grammatical inflections;
-scarcity of suppletive grammatical forms);
-a wide use of functional words to create grammatical forms and to connect words in a sentence;
-a more or less fixed word order to denote grammatical relations.
b) Unlike word-groups, sentences are characterized as an intonation contour, predication, modality, a relative sense completion In terms of the given assumptions sentence is understood to be …… a description of a situation of objective reality, represented as subject-predicate structure, called proposition; the link between subject and predicate is regarded as predication
Task 2a) citerion-criteria, leaf-leaves, ox-oxen, study-studies, key-keys; experience, difficulty, hair, work.
b) grew steadily(structural) \ grew tall(notional), went wrong(str) \ went downstairs(notional) , is depressed (str) \ is at home(notional), tasted sour(stcuc) \ tasted food(notion), have a nice flat(notional) \ have returned(struct).
c) neither sister nor brother, high quality products, the meeting in the office, facts referred to in the article, are aching terribly, both developed and undeveloped countries, the problem under discussion, congratulated him on the event. 4.3
d) A picturesque scenery. Winter but sunny. Quarter past five. Pass the salt please. To be on time? 3.5
Task 3.Morpheme- is the elementary meaningful part of the word.; category of tense-different word which indicate reference to present including the moment of speaking, or indicate reference to past excluding the moment of speaking; or having the grammatical meaning of reference to the moment of speaking makes up the category of tense ; part of speech- it is a lexico-grammatical class. So parts of speech are discriminated on the basis of the three criteria:
- semantic criterion based on the evaluation of the generalized categorical meaning characterizing all sets of words constituting a given part of speech and having complete or incomplete nominative meaning;
- formal criterion provides for the specific word-building features as well as formal properties of grammatical forms being possibly included into certain grammatical categories;
- functional criterion concerns the syntactic role of a given part of speech in the sentence production, serving either self-dependent functions (of subject, predicate, object, attribute, adverbial modifier) or non-self-dependent functions (i.e. mediatory).; syntax- Syntax studies sentence-building, i.e. ways of connecting words and word phrases into sentences giving a rise to the text; semi-composite sentence- is based on fusion of explicit (primary) and implicit (secondary) predication making the semi-predicative expansion of the sentence. Can be semi-complex and semi-compound. ; communicative type of sentence-
four kinds of sentence according to the purpose of the utterance:
• Declarative statements which state facts in affirmative or negative form: e.g.
• Interrogative sentences of such types of questions as general, special, alternative and disjunctive: • Imperative orders, commands, advice, request, which serve to induce a person to do sth: • Exclamatory sentences expressing various emotions:
T e s t 3.
Task 1. a) The system of grammatical forms building up paradigm with paradigmatic lines.. gives a rise to the grammatical category, defined as……… The general grammatical meaning of two or more grammatical forms in a paradigm opposed to each other ………. .
b) Subordinate relations correspond to the three types of semantic relations, such as: attributes as noun complements, object and adverbial modifiers as verb complements
Task 2a) permanent state, past habit, recently completed, changing situations, on-the-spot decisions, action in progress.3.3
b) crew, blood, simplicity, group, Turkish, basis, Mathematics, Moscow News, university, intelligence, coal, paper, student, the Pacific ocean.2.1
c) accordingly, hence, therefore, that is, such as- coordinating connectors, semi-functional clausal connectors of adverbial character , either … or. Otherwise- conjunctions proper.
d) He is said to be doing well at school. She denied having made mistakes. We got lost not knowing the address. all sentences have implicit predication
Task 3.Paradigm-a set of forms all of which contain a particular element, especially the set of all inflected forms based on a single stem or theme.; category of finitude is a grammatical form which divid the verb into finite and non-finite forms; functional perspective?????????; forms of predication- specifying sentence as a predicative syntactic unit; coordinative connectives- and, but, or, so, nor, yet; semantic type of sentence????.
T e s t 4.
Task 1. Supply missing detailed information on the subject of the given items:
a) In comparison with notional parts of speech, structural words Structural words have no lexical nominative meaning of their own and cannot be used as independent parts of the sentence. further on subcategorized into connectors (Here belong prepositions (at, in, from, on), conjunctions (that, which, what, till), auxiliaries (will, do, be, more, less), and linking verbs (seem, be, become, get, look) or determiners (These are articles and pronouns (a/the, his, this, that).
b) The centre of the sentence is ………… which is termed as a structural expression of ……… through …….. .???????????????????
Task 2. Make written theoretical comments on the grammatical phenomena as highlighted in the illustrative examples:
a) additional, kindness, nevertheless, dust bin, blackmail, underestimate, appropriateness, come down, otherwise, both. (1.3.2)
b) showed \ was shown, are going to give \ are going to be given, had explained \ had been explained, is looking for \ is being looked for.
c) it snowed, it was freezing, it was necessary to do, it is time to start, there is nothing to do, there were a lot of people waiting.
d) decided on grounds, ask no questions, take him as a scientist, consider the problems, gave nice gifts to her, divided the cake into halves, will be laughing at me.
Task 3. Produce short definitions of the following grammatical notions:
Grammatical structure of language, defined in terms of a coherent dynamic system, with constituents related to one another (a morpheme, a word, a phrase, a sentence), reflecting the body of grammatical units and the regularities of their use in the process of sentence production.; category of number is defined as a set of word forms, which have a common invariant grammatical meaning of quantification of substance, distinguished between oneness and more than oneness.; morphology The subject matter of Morphology is the grammatical classes and groups of words, their grammatical categories and systems of forms (paradigms), in which these categories actually exist.; syntactical devices?????; word-phrase is every word combination of two or more words which is a grammatical unit and the main syntactic unit; composite sentence opposed to the simple one, functions as a polypredicative unit, being formed of two or more predicative lines, reflecting a number of elementary situational events..
T e s t 5.
Task 1. Supply missing detailed information on the subject of the given items:
a) A single verbal grammatical form means a lexeme plus a grammatical affix alone or with a suppletive change whereas a combined verbal grammatical form consists of …more than one word with an auxiliary
b) A word-phrase as a syntactic unit is defined as ………….. which can be described in accordance with Task 2. Make written theoretical comments on the grammatical phenomena as highlighted in the illustrative examples:
a) likely to happen, untrue in the present, imaginary situation, contrary to facts, regret or criticism, implied condition.
b) were, him, better, mine, am, went, spoke, most, less, gone, worst.
c) A real beauty? - Yes, indeed. Do you agree? - Alright. You don’t mind if I do? - of course not.
d) at a party at my friend’s house, on purpose, really luxurious apartment, close enough to see, in spite of a long pause, by accident, waited impatiently, until next week, in order to get details.
Task 3. Produce short definitions of the following grammatical notions:
Grammatical category the grammatical category is defined as a system, expressing a generalized grammatical meaning by means of paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms, analytical or synthetical, which makes the specific peculiarity of the language.; category of aspect On the question of aspect, we must admit that aspective meanings in general reflect the mode of the realization of the process which to a large extent is expressed in the existence of terminative and non-terminative verbs; morphological relevance>??????; syntactical relations; sentence structure According to their structure, sentences are classified as follows:
simple, with only one predicative line expressed by subject and predicate, and composite, with two or more predicative lines, namely, complex, semi-complex, compound, semi-compound: complete, having full predication in the position of subject and predicate, and incomplete or elliptical, two-member and one member, extended, having some other parts besides subject and predicate, or unextended
.; predicative unite a predicative utterance – unit, presents some referents as making up a certain situational event showing the time of its occurrence, its being real or unreal, desirable or undesirable, necessary or unnecessary..
T e s t 6.
Task 1a) Due to the morphological features, the finite forms serve the function of … the function of a predicate in the sentence. , unlikewise, the verbals … do not express all the six grammatical categories: person, number, mood are missing. Therefore they cannot be used as the predicate
b) One way domination leads to one principle word called a head-word and ather is subordinate, dominated, called an adjunct-word. Conversely, two way domination results in … creating a predicative connection of words occupying the position of subject and predicate by forming predicative syntactic relations, which occur between the process including action, state, feeling and its subject either personal or impersonal .
Task 2. Make written theoretical comments on the grammatical phenomena as highlighted in the illustrative examples:
a) had been doing- (сделал бы тогда implide condition), would have been waiting, could come, should be writing, might have spoken, were to come, would drive.3.5
b) fat, flat, sink, content, present, lock, book, strike, tap, close, branch, future, hard, ring.
c) She looks down on me. He is an old friend of mine. He has been working here for years. It is getting hot. It sounds quite interesting. Lions have paws. The table stands at the window.
d) the work to be done, a three year experience, a small dreamy-looking man, relaxing atmosphere, a growing interest, a gold ring, a teacher of English, disadvantaged people.
Task 3.
grammatical meaning- the meaning of a word that depends on its role in a sentence> is a system of expressing the grammatical meaning through the paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms-expressed by grammatical opposition; category of case- morphological category manifested in the form of a noun declension showing the relations of a nounal reference to its neighbours, i.e. other objects of the reality ; transitivity- transitivity is a property of verbs that relates to whether a verb can take direct objects and how many such objects a verb can take. ; syntactical connection (it is a type of connection in subordinate clause, не уверина); predication??????; Hypotaxis- it is one of two principal types of connection between clause in composite sentence