Over 80 of ll primry schools re mixed
Работа добавлена на сайт samzan.net:
12
PAGE 12
Education in Great Britain
The quality of a country’s future life, commercially, industrially and intellectually, depends on the quality of its education system. From the end of the World War II the state in the United Kingdom provides a full range of free educational facilities.
In England schooling is compulsory for children aged from 5 to 16. Any child may attend, without paying fees, a school provided by the public authority, and the great majority attends such schools. A limited number of schoolchildren attend fee-paying schools called “public”, though they are in fact private schools.
At five years old, the age at which education becomes compulsory, children go to infant schools until they are seven and then go to junior schools until the age of 11. Over 80% of all primary schools are mixed.
Some junior schools carry out a policy of streaming. Pupils are streamed, according to their abilities to learn, into A, B, C and D streams – the brightest children go to the A stream and the least gifted to the D stream.
At the age of eleven children start the second stage of their education. They go to local secondary schools.
State schools are divided into the following types: grammar schools (children show a preference for academic subjects), technical schools (most courses are either commercial or technical), modern schools (boys and girls who are interested in working with their hands and learning in practical way can go to these schools).
Nowadays most of the secondary schools in Great Britain became comprehensive schools. These schools usually combine all types of secondary education. The Comprehensive school takes all children over eleven. In these schools children are not separated according to ability. Almost 50% of all secondary schools are single sex. In these schools children are not separated according to ability.
At 16 pupils take a national exam called “GCSE” (General Certificate of Secondary Education) and then they can leave school if they wish. This is the end of compulsory education.
There are also many schools which the state doesn’t control. They are private schools. They charge fees for education of children, and many of them are boarding schools, at which pupils live during the term time.
After leaving school many young people go to colleges of further education to study for more practical diplomas (hairdressing, typing, mechanics).
At 18 pupils pass a national exam called “A” level (Advanced Level). Universities and colleges of higher education accept students with “A” level from 18.
On graduating, the students can enter universities, colleges, polytechnics or other higher educational establishments.
There are about 90 universities in Britain. They are divided into these types: the old universities (Oxford, Cambridge and Edinburgh Universities); the 19th century universities such as London and Manchester Universities; and new universities.
Full courses of study offer the degree of Bachelor of Arts or Science. Most degree courses at universities last 3 years, language courses 4 years. Medicine and dentistry courses are longer (5-7 years).
Students may receive grants from their Local Education Authority to help pay for books, accommodation, transport and food. This grant depends on the income of their parents.
Most students live away from home, in flats or halls of residence.
Students don’t usually have a job during term time because the lectures, seminars, classes or tutorials are full time.
University life is considered “an experience”. The exams are competitive but the social life and living away from home are also important. The social life is excellent with a lot of clubs, parties, concerts, bars.
What is Business?
PREREADING ACTIVITY
Discuss the following questions.
1. When you see the word business, what do think about? Quickly write down the words or ideas as they come into your mind. How discuss your notes with your classmates.
2. Write your own definition of business. Begin your definition in this way:
Business is _________________________________________________
Compare your definition with the one written by the person next to you. Add to your definition if you find any new information.
Below is a list of terms that you find in the text. As you read "What is Business", see if you understand each term. Use this as a working list and add other terms with which you are unfamiliar.
|
NOUNS |
VERBS |
ADJECTIVES |
OTHERS |
|
exchange |
examine |
technical |
for instance |
|
production |
classify |
various |
on the other hand |
|
distribution |
perform |
||
|
sale |
remain |
||
|
goods |
create |
||
|
services |
|||
|
profit |
|||
|
conversion |
|||
|
surplus |
|||
|
expenses |
WHAT IS BUSINESS?
Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. But exactly what does it mean? The concepts and activities of business have increased in modern times. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition.
One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition, we will look at its various parts.
First, production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products. One example is the conversion of iron ore into metal car parts. Next these products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace. This is known as distribution. A car might be moved from a factory in Detroit to а car dealership in Miami.
Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. A car is sold to someone in exchange for money. Goods are products which people either need or want; for example, cars can be classified as goods. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or group performs for another person or organization. For instance, an auto-mechanic performs a service when he repairs a car. A doctor also performs a service by taking care of people when they are sick.
Business then, is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution, and sale. However, there is one other important factor. This factor is the creation of profit or economic surplus. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid. Creating an economic surplus or profit is, therefore, a primary goal of business activity.
COMPREHENSION
A. Answer the following questions about the meaning of business. The questions which are starred (*) cannot be answered directly from the text. Space is provided at the end for you to add your own questions.
1. What is one modern definition of business?
2. *How does this modern meaning of business differ from the traditional one? *What factors have brought about these changes?
3. What does production involve?
4. What example of distribution is given in the reading? Can you think of another example from real life?
5. How do goods differ from services?
6. In addition to production, distribution, and sale, what other factor is important in defining business?
7. What is profit? *In general, what do companies do with their profits?
8. Compare your definition of business with the one given in the reading. *How are they similar? *In what ways does your definition differ from the one presented in the text?
9. Additional questions____________________
B. Determine which of the following statements true and which are false. Then put T or F in the blanks. Correct those statements which are false by rewriting them.
1. ___ Business is not just one activity but a combination of different operations such as production, distribution and sale.
2. ___ From ancient to modern times the definition of business has remained the same.
3. ___ Moving a truckload of oranges from the orchard to the supermarket is an example of production.
4. ___ A sales clerk provides a service by answering customers' questions.
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
A. Look at the terms in the left-hand column and find the correct synonyms in the right-hand column. Copy the corresponding letters in the blanks.
|
goods |
moving or transporting |
|
conversion |
trade |
|
for instance |
however |
|
distribution |
look at |
|
exchange |
change |
|
on the one hand |
for example |
|
examine |
products |
B. Fill in the blanks with noun or verb forms. Use your dictionary if necessary.
|
NOUN |
VERB |
|
production |
|
|
perform |
|
|
examine |
|
|
conversion |
|
|
classify |
|
|
distribution |
|
|
create |
|
|
sаlе |
C. Usе the correct noun or verb form in the sentences. Change the grammatical form of the words if necessary.
1. sell
a. An annual report includes the __________ figures of the company for the current year.
b. An auto dealership ______________ cars, trucks, vans, and sometimes recreational vehicles.
2. distribute
a. Some companies hold exclusive __________rights for specific products.
b. factory representatives _____________ products to wholesalers and retailers.
3. produce
a. How efficiently a company ______________ its products will in large measure determine its success.
b. The ___________ of high-technology instruments is one of the most rapidly growing industries in the 1980s.
4. classify
a. Items ____________ in order to show the relationship between them.
b. ______________ means the grouping of items tо show the difference between them.
5. convert
a. When traveling from country to country on either business or leisure, people, _____________ one currency to another.
b. The production process often involves the ____________ raw materials into finished products.
CLASSIFICATION
Classification means the grouping of items to show the relationship between them. Items that are classified together have something in common: that in, something must apply to all the items in that group or class. Look at the items below. They may be classified as either goods or services. Review the definitions and examples given in the reading (lines 17-20). Classify the following items as either goods, or services.
|
car |
calculator |
|
medical diagnosis |
employment |
|
travel agency |
suit |
|
briefcase |
forklift |
|
auto repair |
office equipment repair |
|
financial planning |
newspaper delivery |
|
computer |
computer programming |
|
videotape recorder |
time clock |
|
management consultant |
law book |
|
accounting ledger |
income tax preparation |
|
GOODS |
SERVICES |
|
car |
medical diagnosis |
APPLICATION
A. Match these parts of the business definition to the following real-life situations.
production of goods distribution of goods
sale of goods sale of services
Examples:
|
Iron ore is made into metal car parts |
production of goods |
|
A salesman sells a car. |
sale of goods |
|
An auto mechanic repairs a car. |
sale of services |
A shipment of grain in transferred from a boat to truck. ________
A chemical plant turns raw materials into fertilizer. ________
A salesman from a concrete manufacturer convinces the owner of a building materials company to buy a shipment of drainage pipe from his company._______
A warehouse ships books to a bookstore. _______
A computer manufacturer receives silicon chips and puts them into minicomputers. _______
Careers in Business
PREREADING ACTIVITY
1. Discuss the following questions.
Have you ever worked? Describe your most interesting job. How did you get this job? What training or skills where required? What kinds of duties did you perform?
_______________________________________________________________
Name some of the different fields of business in which a person may work, such as marketing. Then try to name some of the specializations within different fields. For example, within marketing some may specialize in advertising or selling.
marketing advertising selling
_______________________________________________________________
Before selecting a career (the chosen work of one’s life) what should a person try to find out about himself or herself and the job? ________________________________
VOcabulary
2. Below is a list of terms that you will find in the text. As you read “Careers in business”, see if you understand each term. Use this as a working list and other terms with which you are unfamiliar.
|
NOUNS |
VERBS |
ADJECTIVES |
OTHERS |
|
career |
offer |
Suitable |
Consequently |
|
variety |
specialize in |
Available |
|
|
field |
|||
|
salary |
|||
|
aptitude |
|||
|
demand |
|||
|
advancement |
Careers in Business
Business is an increasing important activity throughout the world today. Consequently, the opportunities for a business career have grown in variety and number. There are now five broad fields or areas of business that offer exciting careers: management, marketing, accounting, finance and data processing. Within each of these fields are specific jobs in which you can specialize. For example, within the field of marketing you can specialize in market research, advertising, buying, selling, or distribution. The figure below gives an idea of the general career opportunities that are available in the various fields of business.
Business fields and careers
|
Management |
Marketing |
Accounting |
Finance |
Data Processing |
|
general manager |
researcher |
bookkeeper |
Banker |
computer operator |
|
personnel manager |
advertising |
private accountant |
Financial analyst |
computer programmer |
|
production manager |
buyer |
public accountant |
stock-broker |
system analyst |
|
seller |
governmental accountant |
|||
|
distributor |
Figure 1
In choosing a business career, there are several questions you may want to ask. For instance, does the work interest you? Are there any areas of business for which you have an aptitude or special capability? What are the opportunities involved, such as demand (or need) for the job, salary, and chance for advancement? Answers to these kinds of questions and careful planning will help in choosing a suitable and successful career in business.
Comprehension
3. Answer the following questions about business careers. The questions which are starred (*) cannot be answered directly from the text.
What are five different fields of business?
What are some specializations within the field of finance?
What are some different types of managerial careers?
What field of business is shown in the box on the far right of Figure?
What are some specializations within this field?
In the box which is second from the left, what information is presented?
What kinds of questions should you ask in order to choose a suitable and successful career?
The reading states that “business is an increasingly important activity throughout the world today”. *Does this general statement apply to your own country? *Why or why not? *What opportunities are there for business careers in your country?
Can you add any more business fields or careers to Figure 1? If you do not know the name in English, describe the work.
4. Circle the letter of the answers that best complete the sentences below.
1. The opportunities for a business career have:
not grown in variety or number
grown in variety and number
grown in number but not variety
grown in variety but not number
2. A person working in data processing may specialize in:
computer programming
computer operating
systems analyzing
all of the above
3. A bookkeeper is a specialist within the field of:
accounting
data processing
finance
marketing
4. In choosing a business career, one might ask questions regarding:
one’s area of interest
one’s aptitude
job opportunities
all of the above
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
5. Write down any terms that you did not understand in the reading. Find each term in the reading and lock at the other words around it. These surrounding words are known as the context. Frequently the context can help you understand the meaning of an unfamiliar term. Use the context to help you understand the terms you have listed.
Discuss these terms with your classmates.
6. Substitute appropriate terms for the italicized words or phrases in the sentences below.
|
careers |
field |
aptitude |
Advancement |
salary |
|
consequently |
variety |
offer |
Suitable |
specialize in |
Because data processing is a new and growing field, the opportunities for upward movement are great.
There is a wide range of careers in the business world.
The employee quit his job because of the poor amount of money earned.
The area of marketing offers different types of job, such as advertising or distributor.
The computer programmer had a (an) appropriate job because he didn’t like to work with people.
Business professions offer opportunities in the area of management, marketing, accounting, finance, and data processing.
Because the young accountant had a (an) special capability for mathematics, he was very successful.
A person may train in different types of management, such as personnel or production management.
7. Discuss the following questions with a partner. In giving your answers, try to use the italicized terms.
What are the five fields of business? Which of these fields interests you the most? Within that field, which specialization do you find the most interesting?
Do you know what the demand is for this specialization in your country? What do you know about salary and opportunities for advancement?
What questions should one ask before choosing a career? Do you think answer to these questions guarantee a suitable choice? Why or why not?
What skills do you think a bookkeeper should have an aptitude for? What skills should a manager have an aptitude for? What skills do you have an aptitude for?
Some of the factors people consider when choosing jobs are listed below.
8. Discuss each factor with your partner. Add to the list as you think of other factors. Then work alone to rank the factors according to their importance to you in choosing a job. Write the most important at the top of your list and the least important at the bottom. When you have finished, compare the results with your partner and other members of the class.
|
most |
least |
personal satisfaction
opportunities for advancement
salary
good hours, vacations, etc.
geographical location
type of work performed
variety of task
9. Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the list.
|
various |
demand |
offer |
suitable |
specialize in |
|
salary |
career |
aptitude |
field |
advancement |
Within the _____________ of accounting there are a number of areas that you might _________. These include bookkeeping and the ___________ types of accounting. In order to choose the specific accounting job that is most ____________, you might ask yourself how much this type of work interests you and if you have any ___________ for organizing financial data. You might also consider the average ______ earned by a book or accountant and the current ___________ for the work, particularly for the area in which you hope to live. Opportunity for _____________ in the accounting field is another factor that you, as a prospective bookkeeper or accountant, may wish to consider.
Write definitions for the following business fields by matching a field on the left with a definition on the right. Use this definition form:
Term being defined verb to be definition
|
Management |
the handling of large amounts of information generated by business operation |
|
Marketing |
the measurement and communication of financial information |
|
Accounting |
the acquisition and utilization of capital in order to start up, operate, and expand a company |
|
Finance |
the activities guiding a company to accomplish its objectives |
|
Data Processing |
the movement of goods and services from manufacturer to customer in order to satisfy the customer and to achieve the company’s objectives |
E.g. Management is the activities guiding a company to accomplish its objectives.
SIR PETER PARKER - A MAN OF MANY PARTS
Sir Peter Parker is well known as a top manager. He finally chose a career in business but there were always other things he wanted to do as well.
He studied history at Oxford University between 1947 and 1950, but he had many other interests. He wanted to be a sportsman: he played rugby for the University team and for his home town. He also wanted to be an actor and, when he was a student, he acted in a lot of plays. In 1948, he played the long and difficult role of Hamlet. He wanted to be a politician — in the same year, he was chairman of the University Labour Club. Three years later, he was a candidate for parliament in his home town, Bedford. He lost the election, but he increased his party's vote.
In 1956, Peter Parker organized a big international conference on The Human Problems of Industry' — the chairman was Prince Philip. He worked as a manager for a number of companies during the 1950s and 1960s, and later became well known to the public as Chairman of British Rail. He joined British Rail in 1976, and left in 1983. In 1978, he was awarded a knighthood by the Queen, and became Sir Peter Parker. He received another award from the Queen in 1993 for his 'contribution to public life'.
He is currently Chairman of several companies, including Mitsubishi Electric (UK), who appointed him in 1984. He was the first non-Japanese to become chairman of a Japanese company. In 1991, the Japanese Government awarded him the 'Grand Cordon of the Order of the Sacred Treasure.'
He wrote his autobiography, For Starters, in 1989.
The Levi's Story
LEVI'S make the most famous and popular trousers in the world. They are made of very strong cotton which originally came from Nîmes in France. 'De Nîmes' became denim.
Levi Strauss was a German immigrant who arrived in San Francisco in 1853. First, he made tents for gold prospectors. Then, he started to make trousers from the same material. In 1873, Levi's dyed the trousers blue. Levi's headquarters today is still in San Francisco and, in 1993, they sold 50 million pairs of their '501' blue jeans.
The company was not always successful. In the 1980s, they had problems but they changed management and, in 1985, Bob Haas became President of the company. With large investment in marketing and advertising, Levi's relaunched the original 501 jeans. The campaign was a huge success. In Great Britain the advertising was so successful that sales of 501 jeans rose by 800%!
Today, about 16,000,000 pairs of 501 jeans are sold in Western Europe and they are all made in factories in Scotland and France. More than half of Levi's profits come from exports.
The factory in France employs about 540 people who produce 18,000 pairs of jeans per day. With thirty-five factories in the US, Levi's is a major employer, particularly in the South. Unfortunately, because Levi's are such a popular product there are many 'pirate' copies made also. In 1993, for example, police throughout the world found 2,000,000 fake pairs of Levi's jeans.
In the future, Levi's hope that more companies will allow casual dress so that sales will rise as office employees to wear jeans to work. Just what Levi Strauss designed more than one hundred years ago — working trousers!
SO YOU WANT TO BE SUCCESSFUL AT WORK?
WE'RE HERE TO TELL YOU HOW.
First, tidiness. Did you know that the higher you are in an organization, the tidier your office should be? When you start out, make sure you put up lots of urgent messages on the wall next to your desk. That way people will see how hard you're working, But as you progress, untidiness can be seen as a sign of inefficiency, Lee Wassermann, the head of MCA Records, used to visit all the offices late every evening and throw any loose paperwork into the bin. 'If you can't get it done before you leave, 'he told his executives, 'you can't be doing it right.'
Never, ever throw away papers in your filing cabinet. They may take up a lot of space, but if you decide to throw them away, it's absolutely certain that you'll need them the very next day. The film producer, Sam Goldwyn, realized this, His secretary once asked him if she could destroy the files that were more than ten years old. 'Sure,' he said, 'but keep copies.'
If you wish to avoid making a decision, either send a memo or set up a committee to conduct an in-depth study'. If you actually want to reach a decision toss a coin. Yes, seriously! When the coin is in the air you will realize how you want the coin to land and the decision will be made.
If you want to get on in the office, first improve you job title. After all, 'administrative communications executive' sounds much better than 'post clerk'. If promotion is out of the question, try for a rise instead. Here, the basic rule is: never be afraid to ask.
In the 1950s, Tommy Docherty played alongside the great footballer, Tom Finney, for Preston North End, at that time one of the most successful English, football clubs. Both received the maximum wage of £15 during the season, but in the summer Docherty used to get £2 less than the great man. Docherty complained to the manager that this was unfair. But you're not as good a player as Finney, 'he was told. I am during the summer,' replied Docherty. He got his rise.
KENSHIN OSHIMA
MAKING MONEY OUT OF MONEY
For seven years, Kenshin Oshima had a very good job at the firm Mitsui and Co. But, at the age of 29, he did something very rare for a Japanese manager in his position — he resigned.
Oshima earned a good salary at Mitsui, but he wanted to make a lot of money, and to be very rich he needed to have his own company. He couldn't afford to start a company immediately, but during his years at Mitsui he spent very little money, and saved as much as he could.
In 1978, he invested his money, $236,500 in total, in his new company, Shohkoh Fund and Co. Shohkoh Fund specialized in lending money to businesses, but in small sums. This decision was a risk, as money-lending by private companies was not a respectable job in 1978. His first client was a firm in Tokyo, which paid back the money that it owed at an interest rate of 24%.
But his idea was good: his profits rose by 25% a year, and reached $38.5 million in 1992. He owns 80% of Shohkoh, and his shares in the company are now worth $997 million.
So, Oshima is now a billionaire, or nearly, but his strategy for the company is still the same: even now he specializes in smaller loans (a typical client borrows only $40,000), and he personally examines the references of every new client.
PAGE
PAGE 12
2. Дипломная работа- Методические основы использования электронных учебных пособий в образовании
3. Проектирование сетей
4. девушка понравился бы себе больше если бы был невысоким и в меру полным упускать возможности поиграть с соб
5. О государственных минимальных социальных стандартах
6. издательским советом Национального института бизнеса Нацио
7. Тело массой 6 кг начавшее двигаться под действием постоянной силы прошло за первую секунду путь 15 м
8. является осознанной энергозатратной целесообразной рациональной 2 требует приложений усилий и 3 я
9. I. Крещение Руси
10. ки быв. периодго непрерго и полунепрго дейст
11. производя ремонт силами собственного электроцеха; 2
12. это- порядок образования и структура высших органов государственной власти B национальнотерриториаль
13. Лист докум1
14. Понятие и виды обязательств, возникающих вследствие причинения вреда
15. А Фет Осенняя роза Осыпал лес свои вершиныСад обнажил свое челоДохнул сентябрь и георгиныДыханьем ноч
16. реферат дисертації на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата хімічних наук
17. Согласно СК РФ если лицо наряду с гражданством иностранного государства имеет гражданство Российской Феде
18. Лекція 1112 ПРОФОРІЄНТАЦІЙНА РОБОТА ЯК РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНИЙ СКЛАДНИК СИСТЕМИ ПСИХОЛОГОПЕДАГОГІЧНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧ
19. 1 Исторические эпохи и вехи становлении картографии
20. РЕФЕРАТ дисертації на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата юридичних наук Київ 2002