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Предоплата всего
Подписываем
Вариант 1
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. A marble pavilion protects the house. 2. The boys will paint the roof of the house. 3. Tom Sawyer whitewashed the fence. 4. The waves carried the boat away. 5. We shall do the translation in the evening.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. Nobody ( saw/was seen) him yesterday. 2. The telegram (will be received/will receive) tomorrow. 3. He (will give/will be given) me this book next week. 4. The answer to this question (was found/found) in the encyclopedia. 5. We (showed/were shown) the historical monuments of the capital to the delegation.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. At the last competition the first prize (to win) by our team. 2. The question (to settle) as soon as they arrived. 3. Your report must (to divide) into two chapters. 4. Soon he (to send) to a sanatorium. 5. The book (to discuss) at the next conference.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
Retailing is selling goods and services to the ultimate consumer. Thus, the retailer is the most expensive link in the chain of distribution. Being middlemen, they make their profit by charging the customer 25 to 100 per cent more than the price they paid for the item.
The retailers operate through stores, mail-order houses, vending machine operators. There are different types of retail stores: department stores, discount houses, cooperatives, single line retailers. The major part (over 95 per cent) of retail establishments concentrate on a single line of merchandise for example, food, hardware, etc. But nowadays there is a trend for many single line stores to take on a greater variety of supplies.
The retailer performs many necessary functions. First, he may provide a convenient location. Second, he often guarantees and services me merchandise he sells. Third, the retailer helps to promote the product through displays, advertising or sales people. Fourth, the retailer can finance the customer by extending credit. Also the retailer stores the goods in his outlet by having goods available.
Вариант 2
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. You promised me these books long ago. 2. The explorers gave the newspaper reporters a long interview. 3. The news surprised me. 4.The storm damaged the roof. 5. They will install the computer next week.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. You (will find/will be found) interesting information about the life in the USA in this book. 2. Budapest (divides/is devided) by the Danube into two parts: Buda and Pest. 3. Yuri Dolgoruki (was founded/ founded) Moscow in 1147. 4. Moscow University (founded/was founded) by Lomonosov. 5. We (cal/are calledl) Zhukovski the father of Russian aviation.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. The young man (to introduce) to me only a couple of hours ago but it seems to me that I've known him for years. 2. The rule explained by the teacher at the last lesson (to understand) by all of us. 3. The poem was so beautiful that it (to learn) by everybody. 4. I hope the invitation (to accept) by everybody. 5. The letter (to post) in half an hour.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
WHAT IS INTERNATIONAL TRADE ?
The basic idea of international trade and investment is simple: each country produces goods or services that can be either consumed at home or exported to other countries.
The main difference between domestic trade and international trade is the use of foreign currencies to pay for the goods and services crossing international currencies. Whenever a country imports or exports goods and services, there is a resulting flow of funds: money returns to the exporting nation, and money flows out of the importing nation. Trade and investment is a two-way street, and with a minimum of trade barriers, international trade and investment usually makes everyone better off. In a interlinked global economy, consumers are given the opportunity to buy the best products at the best prices. By opening up markets, government allows its citizens to produce and export those things they are best at and to import the rest, choosing from whatever the world has to offer.
Some trade barriers will always exist as long as any two countries have different sets of laws. However, when a country decides to protect its economy by erecting artificial trade barriers, the result is often damaging to everyone, including those people whose barriers were meant to protect. The Great Depression of the 1930s, for example, spread around the world when the United States to erect trade barriers to protect local producers. As other countries retaliated, trade plumpered, jobs were lost, and the world entered into a ling period of economic decline.
Вариант 3
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. She took a long time to write the composition. 2. Don't put the cup there: somebody will break it. 3. They invite me to the party. 4. We met many difficulties but all the same we finished the work in time. 5. We shall leave you behind if you are not quick.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. My dog (took/was taken) the food from the table. 2. During the second time the footballer (has been taken/has taken) to the hospital.3. The sandwich (will be made/will make) for me in time. 4. He (had washed/has been washed) his sweater in the hot water. 5. My sister (sells/is sold) insurance polices.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. The composition must (to hand) in on Wednesday. 2. Yesterday he (to tell) to prepare a speech. 3. The article (to publish) last week if I am not mistaken. 4. The lectures (to attend) by all of us. 5. A taxi (to call) fifteen minutes ago so we are expecting it any moment.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
WHOLESALING
Wholesaling is a part of the marketing system. It provides channels of distribution which help to bring goods to the market. Generally indirect channels are used to market manufactured consumer goods. It could be from the manufacturer to the wholesaler, from the retailer to the consumer or through more complicated channels. A direct channel moves goods from the manufacturer or producer to the consumer.
Wholesaling is often a field of small business, but there is a growing chain movement in the western countries. About a quarter of wholesaling units account for one-third of total sales.
Two-third of the wholesaling middlemen are merchant wholesalers who take title to the goods they deal in. There die also agent middlemen who negotiate purchases or sales or both. They don't take title to the goods they deal in. Sometimes they take possession though. These agents don’ t earn salaries. They receive commissions. This is a percentage of the value of the goods they sell.
Wholesalers simplify the process of distribution. For example, the average supermarket stocks 5.000 items in groceries alone, a retail druggist can have more than 6.000 items. As a wholesaler handles a large assortment of items from numerous manufacturers he reduces the problem of both manufacturer and retailer. The store-keeper does not have to deal directly with thousands of different people. He usually has a well-stocked store and deals with only a few wholesalers
Вариант 4
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother ). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. I spent all my money on books last month. 2. We shall do all this work today: there is too much of it. 3. When I start doing this, somebody always stops me. 4. Don't leave these sweets on the table: somebody will eat them. 5. The bees attacked the bear when it tried to take their honey.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. They (wrote/were written) many articles for the magazine last year. 2. All the graduates (defend/ are defended) their candidate theses before the Examination Board. 3. Many compulsory subjects ( will be taken/will take) by the first-year students. 4. These data (are refered to/ refer to) often. 5.The water (has boiled/has been boiled) already.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. Progress is made every day in the world of science. 2. This problem is being given much attention to at present. 3. The new cosmic achievements are much spoken about. 3. The delegation of foreign students (to show) all the laboratories of our institute last week. 4. Many subjects (to study) in the first year. 5. I (to surprise) by his present for my last birthday.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
FOREIGN EXCHANGE RATES
The foreign exchange market is the market in which the currencies of different countries are exchanged for one another. The foreign exchange market is made up of thousands of people all over the world - importers and exporters, banks and specialists in the buying and selling of foreign exchange called foreign exchange brokers.
The foreign exchange market opens on Monday morning in Tokyo, when it is still midnight on Sunday in London. As the day advances, the foreign exchange market also opens in Zurich, Frankfurt, London, New York and finally in Vancouver and Los Angeles.
Before these last two markets have closed, Tokyo is open again for the next day of business.
The price at which one currency exchanges for another is called a foreign exchange rate.
In the UK there are three possible foreign exchange rate regimes. They are:
Under a fixed exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be pegged by the Bank of .England. Under a flexible exchange rate regime, the value of the pound would be determined by market forces with no intervention by the Bank of England. Under a managed exchange rate regime, the Bank of England would intervene in the foreign exchange market to smooth out fluctuations in the value of the pound but it would not seek to maintain the pound at an absolutely constant value for a long period of time.
Вариант 5
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. They developed a new method of teaching. 2. Everybody will see the new film soon. 3. The teacher corrects our exercises at home.4. The students are translating a text during the lesson. 5. The students have passed a difficult examine History.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. The Examination Board (has put/has been put) all the graduates good and excellent marks. 2. They (are discussing/are being discussed) the results of the new experiment at present. 3. We (shall mee/shall be met) by our friends at the station tonight. 4. Helens mother (taught/was taught) her daughter English and music in her childhood. 5. I (was invited/invited) to the conferernce last week.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. Care (to take) about the child soon. 2. He is very foolish and often (to laugh) at. 3. The ground (to cover) by in winter. 4. I (to teach)t music and singing at school 10 years ago. 5. It (to plan) to solve the worlds energy problem with the technological means at our disposal.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
CONSUMER RIGHTS
In their role as consumers, ordinary EU citizens are key players in the Union's new frontier-free single market. The Union has in fact incorporated as the basis of its consumer policy the protection of the five fundamental rights which lie at the heart of national policies. These are:
The protection of consumers' health and safety.
Only products which will not endanger health or safety may be put on the market. This means setting safety requirements, providing full information about potential risks, protecting consumers against physical injury.
The protection of consumers' economic interests.
There is for example a general ban on misleading advertising and unfair terms in contracts with consumers.
Consumer rights to information and education.
Consumers need to be put in a position where they can make an informed choice among goods and services offered. This includes objective information on the features and price of the items available. Consumers also require proper information about their efficient and safe use.
The right to redress.
Consumers have the right to receive advice and help when seeking redress for faulty products or for injury or damage resulting from the use of goods and services. There need to be simple, affordable and rapid procedures for settling complaints and claims.
Consumer representation and participation.
Representatives of consumers need to be presenting decision-taking procedures on issues of concert to them at local, national or EU level.
Вариант 6
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. The Normans brought the French language to England. 2. An automatic driver will conduct trains according to the schedule. 3. The students are translating a difficult text in English at present. 4. They will construct a variety of new modern buildings in our town next year. 5. Professor N. usually makes interesting reports in Physics.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. The author of the famous book (was forgotten/forgot) for some time but later he (was remembered/remembered). 2. Infra-red waves (are stopped/stop) by glass. 3. Everybody (laughed/was laughed) at the joke. 4. The scientists (are paying/are being paid) much attention to the problem of metal shortage at present. 5. 1. Hot dinners (are had/have) here.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. The delegation (to show) the new equipment of a modern metallurgical plant yesterday. 2. His hesitation (to put an end to) already. 3. I (to wait for) the whole evening.4. Fruitful research in quantum theory(to do) every year by University physicists.5. They (to meet) by their friends already.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
Economics is divided into two major branches: macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics is the study of behavior of the economy as a whole with emphasis on the factors that determine growth and fluctuations in output, employment, and the level of prices. Macroeconomics studies broad economic events that are largely beyond the control of individual decision makers and yet affect nearly all firms, households, and other institutions in the economy. Specialists in macroeconomics are particularly interested in understanding those factors that determine inflation, unemployment, and growth in the production of goods and services. Such an understanding is necessary in order to develop policies that encourage production and employment while controlling inflation.
The other major branch of economics is microeconomics. Microeconomics is the study of behavior of individual units within the economy. The division of economics has resulted from the growing complexity and sophistication of economic research.
These two approaches and the topics they include are in fact interdependent. Individuals and firms make their decisions in the context of the economic environment, which has an impact on the constraints the decision makers face as well as their expectations about the future.
Вариант 7
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. The North Sea and the English Channel separate Great Britain from the European continent. 2. The designer has been erecting this museum of history for 5 years. 3. They equipped the rocket with six engines having a total capacity of 20 million h.p. 4. Students will translate a very difficult text at the next lesson. 5. Before holidays Muscovites decorate the streets of the city with flags, flowers and decorations.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. These data (are often referred to/refer to). 2. This phenomenon (will be spoken about/will speak). 3. This method (was used/ used) often because it saved time.. 3. The research workers (brought/was brought) many new devices to their laboratory last month. 4. The students ( will show/will be shown) well-equipped lecture halls to their foreign students. 5. Workers (are building/are being built) a new office of a well-known company at present.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. She (to listen) to by everybody yesterday. 2. Papers after the conferences (to publish) often. 3. The results of his ten-year work (to refer to) by many scientists by last month. 4. His scientific work in the field of chemistry (to take notice of) next lecture. 5. His writings (to know) all over the world very often.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
The Gross National Product (GNP) has been used for many years to measure the total value of all the goods and services that the economy produces within a year. In other words, the GNP has told us a lot about the nation’s wealth. If the GNP increased, there was more of everything available for people. If the GNP decreased, less was available. In 1991, however, the government began measuring the USA economy’s production with the Gross Domestic Product (GDP).GDP is used by most of the world’s countries to measure their production of goods and services. The GDP and the GNP are very similar. Some of the differences are described below alongside with guidelines for interpreting their meaning.
We have said that the GNP is the total value of the goods and services produced by the U.S. citizens and firms within a single year. To avoid the overstating the GNP by counting the same item two or more times, only final goods are included. Let’s suppose that a bicycle manufacturer pays suppliers $100 for the parts used in making 10-speed bicycle. The manufacturer sells the bicycle to a retail store for $175. The store sells the bike for $295. How much did the production of a single 10-speed bicycle add to the GNP? Since only final goods are counted, $295. The $100 paid to the parts supplier and the $175 paid to the manufacture were not added to the final count because the $295 covers the previous transactions.
Вариант 8
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. Julius Caesar called England Albion because of the white cliffs on the English coast. 2. They will produce different agricultural products on their farm. 3. The plants research laboratory is developing new alloys for an important experiment. 4. Green Grass and beautiful flowers cover the ground in spring in our place. 5. Students of our group often visit History and Art Museums in our town.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. They (showed/were shown) many places of interest in Moscow during their last visit. 2. One (will build/will be built) a new metro station next year. 3. Tourists (are admiring/are being admired) Moscow University on the Lenin Hills now.4. The laboratory assistants (were asked/asked) for a new experiment to equip. 5.Newton (founded/was founded) higher mathematics by working out the calculus.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. The man was run over by a motor-car. 2. Your clothes will be looked after. Enough has been said at the meeting about the equipment of the chemical laboratory. 3. She (to hand) an important message by Oleg next week. 4. Professor N (to send) for by a first year student already. 5. We (to ask) many questions by the teacher now.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
Geographers often seek to categorize places using a scale of development, frequently dividing nations into the "developed" and "developing," "first world" and "third world," or "core" and "periphery." All of these labels are based off of judging a country's development, but this raises the question: what exactly does it mean to be "developed," and why have some countries developed while others have not? Since the beginning of the twentieth century, geographers and those involved with the vast field of Development Studies have sought to answer this question, and in the process, have come up with many different models to explain this phenomenon.
One of the key thinkers in twentieth century Development Studies was W.W. Rostow, an American economist and government official. Prior to Rostow, approaches to development had been based on the assumption that "modernization" was characterized by the Western world (wealthier, more powerful countries at the time), which were able to advance from the initial stages of underdevelopment. Accordingly, other countries should model themselves after the West, aspiring to a "modern" state of capitalism and a liberal democracy. Using these ideas, Rostow penned his classic Stages of Economic Growth in 1960, which presented five steps through which all countries must pass to become developed: 1) traditional society, 2) preconditions to take-off, 3) take-off, 4) drive to maturity, and 5) age of high mass consumption.
Вариант 9
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге.
1. A loud noise frightened us. 2. I have taken my little brother to the skating-drink with me. 3. You visit this museum every day. 4. Researchers make various experiments in their modern, well-equipped laboratory.5. The students have passed just a difficult exam in History.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. The graduates (were defending/were being defended) their theses for 5 hours yesterday. 2. Our students (will have learnt/will have been learnt) 30 English words by heart by Monday. 3. English (will teach/will be taught) next year. 4.I (am invited/invite) for my friends’ birthday parties. 5. My younger brother and I seldom (met/were met) them in the yard.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. You are usually (to see) at the bus stop in the morning by your fellow – students. 2. She (to recognize) by him at first sight. 3. Professor N (to speak) about by his students often. 4. A new metro station (to build) in Novosibirsk in 5 years. 5. A new film (to show) us yesterday.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
Trade Through Joint Ventures
Provision is made for the development of new forms of economic relations with foreign firms. Transition from primarily trade relations to deep-going specialization and cooperation. in the fields of science, technology and production and to the establishment of joint ventures is being ensured.
Joint ventures are set up for the output of products currently imported from abroad. Also, they carry out active export operations, including those using the marketing and servicing net works of both partners.
Joint ventures are established on the basis of joint capital with the share of the foreign participant not exceeding 49 per cent. Its exact contribution can take the form of equipment, technology or currency funds.
Joint ventures do hot receive any obligatory planned assignments from Russian authorities and determine their production programs themselves. The provision of Russian-produced material resources to them and, the marketing of products to Russian users are handled through Russian trade associations at the agreed prices with account of world market prices. These enterprises also pay for the lease of land and for the water consumed. They can carry out foreign economic operations either direct or through Russian foreign economic associations specializing in the corresponding field.
The Chairman of the Board and the Director-General are usually appointed from among Russian citizens. Foreign partners get the right to a substantial participation in running the enterprise and in monitoring the quality of its output, too.
Вариант 10
1. Поставьте предложения в страдательный залог (Образец: Mother waters the flowers in the evening. — The flowers are watered in the evening (by mother). Переведите исходное предложение и предложение в страдательном залоге
1) Don’t be afraid, he will look after your clothes. 2) Bright leaves cover the ground in autumn.
3) I have sent a telegram to my mother lately.4) Students showed the guests all the laboratories of our Institute.5) They have been translating a long text for an hour.
2. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Active или Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1) The English Channel (separates/is separated) England from Europe.2) They (invited/were invited) their friends last weekend.3) Tourists from abroad (have visited/have been visited) St. Petersburg lately.4) We (were watching/were being watched) an interesting film all the evening yesterday. 5. He (was forgiven/forgave) by her.
3. Раскройте скобки, употребляя глаголы в Passive Voice. Переведите предложения.
1. They (to give) an interesting book by professor N tomorrow. 2. The text (to translate) the by students now. 3. A new job (to offer) him lately. 4. I (to thank) for help always. 5. A new project (to develop) by our group now.
4. Переведите текст на русский язык. Выпишите предложения в страдательном залоге, подчеркните сказуемое, укажите время сказуемого, пользуясь таблицей «Времена в страдательном залоге»
Direct Trade
As of January 1, 1990, over 23 ministries and departments of Russia as well as more than 13.000 major individual and amalgamated factories were granted the right to direct participation in export-import transactions on the markets of capitalist and developing countries. These ministries, departments and factories have their own foreign trade firms often transferred to them from the appropriate foreign economic associations of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations. They are operating on a profit or loss basis.
The Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations retains its functions of trading in most important raw materials and foodstuffs, as well as in a number of goods of national importance. In addition to organizing the construction of industrial installations abroad, the Ministry is in charge of supervising the construction in Russia of enterprises with foreign firms involved.
Also, the Ministry renders tactical, informative and consultancy services to all participants in developing foreign economic activities direct, guides and coordinates common credit and price policy on the foreign market and ensures the balanced development of Russian foreign economic ties.
These production associations thai are yet without the right to enter foreign markets direct may export and import products on the basis of contractual relations with the foreign economic associations of the Ministry.
Provision is made for the development of new forms of economic relations with foreign firms.